FS 2 – EPISODE 11

SELECTING NON-DIGITAL OR CONVENTIONAL RESOURCES AND

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

FS GROUP NAME: _________________________ PROGRAM: ____________

Intended Learning Outcomes:

 Show skills in the selection, development and use of a variety of teaching

and learning resources, to address learning goals. (PPST 4.5.1)
 Show skills in the positive use of non-digital/conventional resources and
materials for student engagement in teaching and learning.
 Demonstrate positive attitude towards the use of resources and
instructional materials.
 Use professional reflection and learning to improve practice. (PPST
7.4.1)

Preparation

Clarify Your Task

We choose the most appropriate or suitable resources or instructional materials

based on our lesson objectives or learning outcomes. Even when technology-based
educational materials abound, the teacher still needs to be competent in selecting and
developing resources and materials that are not ICT-based. Teachers should know how to
be resourceful in tapping non-digital or conventional resources and materials
available in the area and situation.

Any book on educational technology or instructional materials would usually

devote some pages to Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience. It is a classic model articulating
the different types of audiovisual materials and how these audiovisual types relate to each
other. Seventy-five years ago, in 1946, Dale already identified ten classifications of
instructional materials, which remain to be relevant today, namely: (1) Direct, Purposeful
Experiences; (2) Contrived Experiences; (3) Dramatic Participation; (4) Demonstrations;
(5) Field Trips; (6) Exhibits; (7) Motion Pictures; (8) Radio/Recordings/Still Pictures; (9)
Visual Symbols and (10) Verbal Symbols.

According to Dale, “The cone device is a visual metaphor of learning

experiences, in which the various types of audiovisual materials are arranged in the order
of increasing abstractness as on proceeds from direct experiences.” As such, the Cone of
Experience can be seen more as a continuum, not just a hierarchy. It is a way to see
instructional materials in a continuum from increasing concreteness in one direction to
increasing abstractness in the other.

Jerome Bruner explained the three ways by which we can represent knowledge.
These representations are: 1. Enactive – which involves movement and physical
manipulation, 2. Iconic – which involves pictures and images; 3. Symbolic, which
involves symbols like letters and numbers. Both the teachers and students make
representations of knowledge. The teachers, when they teach or impart knowledge and by
learners when they show or demonstrate what they have learned.

Ideally, the more direct and real the experience given to students to learn
something, the better is the opportunity for learning. However, it is not always possible to
do so. For instance, during the pandemic, all classes switched to flexible learning
utilizing online modalities, TV, Radio, and printed modules. Situation and context
challenge teachers to choose the best instructional materials considering the limitations.

As you work on this episode, remember that you take the role of an FS student
now participating and assisting in the work of selecting non-digital or conventional
resources and instructional materials. You are not simply a detached observer, but you
are now a participant as well. You are more involved in the tasks, becoming more and
more a teacher.

Be mindful that you are also developing yourself as a teacher-researcher. Always

use your capacity to notice what is going well? Or what can be missing; what can be
improved? What can be a new way of doing things? Then focus on finding out the
answers to these questions. That as a teacher, you can always find ways to do things
better and more effectively. Also, aim to develop the confidence to try and initiate to
continuously improve your skills.

Revisit the infographics on the Dale Cone of Experiences showing types of

audiovisual instructional materials and the selection criteria and steps in using
instructional materials. (Today, some of these materials can be described as multi-
sensory, not just audio-visual.) They will prepare you to perform well in this episode. Go
FS student, go!

Presentation

Revisit the Infographic/s

THE DALE CONE OF EXPERIENCE AND EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES AND

MATERIALS
 Demonstrations
Direct-Purposeful Experiences
 How to cook bibingka
 Tree-planting
 How to use the microscope
 Working with puzzles
 Performing an experiment  How to wash hands properly
 Running a fund drive Field Trips
Contrived Experiences
 Zoo
 Model of the brain  Museum
 Mock-up of a car  Factory
 Simulation of a courtroom session
 Games Exhibits

Dramatic Participations  Painting exhibit

 Photo gallery
 Dramatic play
 Career Fair
 Pantomime
 Puppet Motion Pictures/TV
 Tableau
 Biography movies
 Greek mythology movies
Audio Recordings/Photos  Documentaries
 Educational TV
 Recorded lectures Verbal Symbols
 Audio books
 Usually written words that
Visual Symbols represent an object, an
idea or a principle
 Charts
 Reviewer notes
 Graphs
 Maps  Selected readings
 Drawings

SELECTING RESOURCES AND INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: SOME POINTS

TO CONSIDER

The resource or instruction material:

 Has accurate and meaningful content

 Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
 Elicits student interest and engagement
 Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
 Is developmentally appropriate
 Fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
 Allows collaboration among learners
 Flexible for group or self-study
 Time and cost-efficient

THE PROPER USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS (IM)

 1. Prepare yourself

 Be clear on your lesson’s learning outcomes

 Have a plan on how you will use the IM
 Formulate the questions you will ask
 Determine how you will assess learning

2. Prepare your students

 Capture the students’ interest and attention

 Communicate the intended learning outcomes
 Provide scaffolding questions to guide them
 Communicate how their learning will be assessed

3. Present the material

 Ensure that you have the steps well-planned out

 Ensure that everyone has good visual and/or auditory access to the IM
 Be ready to answer the students’ questions

4. Follow-up

 Encouraging students to interact in sharing their experience with the IM,

their feedback and insights
 Assess the attainment of the learning outcomes

Practice

Participate and Assist

1. Consult your FS Resource Teacher about this episode. Let your teacher know that
the task for this episode is for you to assist the teacher by providing suggestions on
resources and materials that the teacher can use in delivering a lesson on a specific
topic.

2. Request your FS Resource Teacher for a topic/lesson he/she will be teaching soon.
You will also need the learning objectives/outcomes for this lesson. Some teachers
may instruct you to write a complete lesson plan.

3. Refer to these guide points. Consider which ones are applicable. The non-digital or
conventional resource or instructional material:

a) Has accurate and meaningful content

b) Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
c) elicits student interest and engagement
d) is inclusive and free from cultural bias
e) is developmentally appropriate
f) fosters critical thinking/aesthetic appreciation
g) allows collaboration among learners
h) flexible for group or self-study
i) time and cost-efficient

4. Fill out the table below.

Subject: Grade Level:

Topic:
Learning Objectives/Outcomes:
 Resources/
Instructional Materials you
plan to utilize in the lesson
Resources/
Instructional Materials you
plan to utilize in the lesson
What is the use or
purpose of resource/material?
Describe how you will use the
resources/materials to attain
the learning
objectives/outcomes.
What is the use or
purpose of resource/material?
Describe how you will use the
resources/materials to attain
the learning
objectives/outcomes.
Explain why you
selected the resource/material
based on the guide points
mentioned above. How are
these criteria met?
Explain why you
selected the resource/material
based on the guide points
mentioned above. How are
these criteria met?
 5. As the situation would permit, try out the resources/materials with the students. Be
sure to follow the steps on using instructional materials found in the infographics section of this
Episode.

Performance

Notice

After you participated or assisted in using resources/instructional materials in

teaching-learning, described what you observed and experienced by answering the items below.
 1. How did you prepare for this activity?

______________________________________________________________________
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______________

2. Describe how you or the teacher utilized the resources/instructional materials.

Narrate your experience as you participated and assisted.

______________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________

3. What were your feelings and thoughts while you were assisting with the use of the
resources/materials?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

4. Describe how the students responded and participated.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________

Analyze

What worked well during the activity using the resources/materials?

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
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What part can be improved?

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________

What would you have done differently? What would I change? What will make it better
next time?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

How does this connect with what you know about selecting and using instructional
materials?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Reflect

1. How ready am I in selecting and developing resources/instructional materials in the

teaching-learning process?

2. What do I still need to learn to select and develop resources/instructional materials

in teaching effectively?

3. What can I do to learn more about and practice the use of resources and instructional
materials?
 Write Action Research Prompts

This part allows you to synthesize or put together what you noticed, analyzed and
reflected on to come up with a possible topic to explore for an action research.

OBSERVE

1. Doing this episode on selecting and using resources/instructional

materials, what problematic situation/challenges/area of improvement did I find?
__________________

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

REFLECT

2. List at least three sources that you have read about this
problem/challenge/area of improvement
___________________________________________________________

Resource or Reference about the Key points/findings in what I read

topic
 On what theories/principles can this problem be anchored?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

3. What do I hope to achieve to address the challenge/area of improvement?

What change do I want to achieve?
______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

PLAN

4. What strategies/solutions/means can I employ to improve the

situation/solve the problem?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

ACT

5. If you will conduct action research, what will be the title (Base this on
your answers in nos. 1-3):
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Check for Mastery

Direction: Read the questions then choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The Dale Cone of Experience can help a teacher be mindful of the choice
of resources or instructional materials in terms of ________________.

A. Level of thinking
B. Extent of being flexible or fixed
C. Extent of being concrete or abstract
D. Extent of adaptation and modification
 2. Miss Violo told the story of the Giving Tree in her toddler class. She used
the book itself to show the illustration to the two-years-old and showed all thirty pages
of the book. Miss Violo struggled just to finish the book because the toddlers were not
focusing. Some lay on the floor stretching; others ran around the room. Which criterion
did she fail to consider in choosing a material?

A. Collaboration among learners

B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Student interest and engagement
D. Developmental appropriateness

3. For a theme on Careers, Mr. Menggay let his students watch interview
clips of successful people in business who were all males. The clips seemed to send a
message that only men succeed in the business field. Mr. Menggay did have any
follow-up discussion on the clips. Which criterion in selecting resources/materials
should the teacher have considered?

A. Student interest and engagement

B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Developmental appropriateness
D. Time and cost-efficient

4. Which of the following gives the learners the most concrete experiences?

A. Watching a theatre play on The Death March

B. Listening to the teacher discussion about the first chapter of Noli Me
Tangere
C. Viewing a photo exhibit of the EDSA revolution
D. Independently reading the Biography of Andres Bonifacio

5. A teacher should consider all these criteria for choosing a resource or

material, EXCEPT:

A. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson

B. Is the most expensive therefore the most durable
C. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
D. Is developmentally appropriate

Work on my Artifacts

Attach pieces of evidence of what you accomplished in this episode.