DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY – DASMARIÑAS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

T-EEET221LA – ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS 2 LAB

EXPERIMENT #2

INDUCTORS

EEE21
VAGILIDAD, NOEL BRYLLE D.

ENGR. JERNY CATIBAYAN

INSTRUCTOR

FEBRUARY 29, 2024

I. OBJECTIVES
• Investigate the characteristics of inductor in ac circuits
• Describe the effect an inductor has on dc and ac circuits
• Measure voltage and current in inductive circuits
• Measure circuit parameters of inductors connected in
series and in parallel
II. MATERIALS/EQUIPMENT NEEDED:
 1 UNIT FACET BASE UNIT
 1 UNIT AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD
 1 UNIT OSCILLOSCOPE
 1 UNIT FUNCTION GENERATOR
 1 UNIT MULTIMETER
 1 SET PROBES AND CONNECTORS

III. DRAWING/CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

IV. DISCUSSION
 IN DC CIRCUITS, VOLTAGE AND CURRENT VALUES DO NOT
CHANGE POLARITY. IN AC CIRCUITS, HOWEVER, CIRCUIT VALUES
ARE CONSTANTLY CHANGING POLARITY AND AMPLITUDE OVER
TIME. WITH AC, TIME AS WELL AS AMPLITUDE MUST BE
CONSIDERED WHEN YOU MAKE MEASUREMENTS.
THERE ARE THREE BASIC AC MEASUREMENTS. THE FIRST IS
AMPLITUDE MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. THE
SECOND IS THE TIME-RELATED MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY,
WHICH IS THE NUMBER OF CYCLES OF A GIVEN WAVEFORM THAT
OCCUR IN ONE SECOND. THE LAST MEASUREMENT, PHASE ANGLE,
IS A TIME-RELATED MEASUREMENT USED TO COMPARE TWO SINE
WAVES OF IDENTICAL FREQUENCY. HOWEVER, BEFORE PHASE
ANGLE CAN BE EXPLAINED, YOU WILL NEED A BETTER
UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT EACH CYCLE OF A SINE WAVE
REPRESENTS.
THE SINE WAVE BEARS A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP TO CIRCULAR
ROTATION. THE FIGURE ILLUSTRATES THAT 1 CYCLE OF A SINE
WAVE, LIKE A CIRCLE, IS EQUAL TO 360. EACH CYCLE OF THE SINE
WAVE IN COMMON HOUSEHOLD ELECTRICITY IS PRODUCED AS A
RESULT OF A ROTATING ARMATURE IN A GENERATOR OF THE
LOCAL POWER PLANT.

AT ANY GIVEN INSTANT, A SINE WAVE IS AT A GIVEN ANGLE

(MEASURED IN DEGREES). CONSIDER TWO IDENTICAL GENERATORS
ADJUSTED TO EXACTLY THE SAME FREQUENCY. SUPPOSE THE
SECOND GENERATORIS TURNED ON A SHORT INSTANT AFTER THE
FIRST, IF BOTH WAVEFORMS COULD BE OBSERVED TOGETHER ON
AN OSCILLOSCOPE, THE DISPLAY WOULD BE SIMILAR TO THE
FIGURE BELOW. USING THE SINE WAVE FROM THE FIRST
GENERATOR AS A REFERENCE, WE CAN SAY THAT THE SECOND
WAVEFORM IS LAGGING THE REFERENCE BY SEVERAL DEGREES OR
THAT THE REFERENCE IS LEADING THE SECOND WAVEFORM BY
SEVERAL DEGREES. THE DEGREE, OR ANGLE, OF SEPARATION
BETWEEN THE TWO WAVEFORMS IS THE PHASE ANGLE.

TERMS AND WORDS:

AVERAGE VALUE (AVG) – THE SUM OF NUMBER OF QUANTITIES

DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF QUANTITIES. FOR SINE WAVE,
V avg = 0.637 X V pk .
PEAK VALUE (PK) – AMXIMUM AMPLITUDE IN EITHER POLARITY OF
AN AC WAVEFORM. V pk = V pk-pk /2
PEAK-TO-PEAK (PK-PK)–AMPLITUDE BETWEEN OPPOSITE PEAKS OF
AN AC WAVEFORM. V pk-pk = V pk X2
PERIOD (T) – TIME REQUIRED FOR AN AC WAVEFORM TO
COMPLETE ONE CYCLE. T = 1/f, f=FREQUENCY
PHASE ANGLE – THE ANGLE OF SEPARATION BETWEEN TWO AC
WAVEFORMS OF IDENTICAL FREQUENCY.
RMS VALUE – AN AC VALUE THAT PRODUCES THE SAME HEATING
EFFECT IN A RESISTOR AS AN EQUIVALENT DC VALUE DOES ( THE
POWER OF 1V rms = THE POWER OF 1 V dc ); ALSO CALLED THE
EFFECTIVE VALUE. FOR SINE WAVES, V rms = 0.707 X V pk .

V. PROCEDURE
1. TURN OFF THE POWER SOURCES. INSERT THE AC 1
FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD INTO THE BASE UNIT. TURN
ON THE POWER SOURCES.
2. LOCATE THE DC/AC WAVEFORMS CIRCUIT BLOCK. USE A TWO-
POST CONNECTOR TO CONNECT THE FUNCTION GENERATOR
TO R1. USE TERMINAL POSTS TO CONNECT THE GENERATOR
TO THE DC/AC WAVEFORMS CIRCUIT BLOCK. TURN ON THE
GENERATOR AND SET THE FREQUENCY TO 60 Hz.
3. CONNECT THE CHANNEL 1 PROBE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE
ACROSS R1. ADJUST THE GENERATOR AMPLITUDE TO
PRODUCE A SINE WAVE DISPLAY 6 DIVISIONS HIGH. WHAT IS
THE PEAK-TO-PEAK VALUE OF THE DISPLAYED WAVEFORM
(VR1)? SKETCH THE SIGNAL TRUE-TO-SCALE AND THE VALUES
AS DEPICTED ON THE TABLE.

4. DISCONNECT THE OSCILLOSCOPE PROBE FROM THE CIRCUIT.

USE THE MULTIMETER AND SET IT FOR AC VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENT. MEASURE THE RMS VOLTAGE ACROSS VR1.
CALCULATE THE PEAK-TO-PEAK, PEAK, AND AVERAGE VALUES
 OF THE VOLTAGE. RECORD THE RESULTS ON THE TABLE
BELOW.
5. COMPARE THE MEASUREMENTS USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
AND THE MULTIMETER.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MEASURING AC VOLTAGE, CURRENT, AND IMPEDANCE WITH AN
OSCILLOSCOPE

THE ADD-INVERT METHOD EMPLOYS TWO SCOPE PROBES AND THE

CHANNEL 1 AND 2 INPUTS. TO USE THE ADD-INVERT METHOD,
CONNECT THE CHANNEL 1 INPUT TO THE SIDE OF THE
COMPONENT HAVING THE GREATEST POTENTIAL WITH
RESPECT TO COMMON, OR GROUND, AND CONNECT THE
CHANNEL 2 INPUT TO THE OTHER SIDE. CONNECT THE
GROUND CLIPS TO THE GENERATOR GROUND. BOTH CHANNEL
ATTENUATORS MUST BE ON THE SAME SETTING. INVERT
CHANNEL 2 AND SWITCH THE VERTICAL MODE TO ADD TO
DISPLAY THE VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS THE COMPONENT ON
THE OSCILLOSCOPE.
6. LOCATE THE INDUCTANCE/INDUCTIVE REACTANCE CIRCUIT
BLOCK AND CONNECT THE CIRCUIT AS SHOWN. USE A TWO-
POST CONNECTOR TO SHORT OUT R2. ADJUST THE FUNCTION
GENERATOR FOR 10 V pk-pk AT 1kHz.

7. REMOVE THE TWO-POST CONNECTOR ACROSS R2 AND

MEASURE THE PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE ACROSS R2, THEN
RECORD YOUR RESULT. CALCULATE AND RECORD THE TOTAL
CIRCUIT CURRENT, I.
 I = V pk-pk /R2; I = A pk-pk

8. REPLACE THE TWO-POST CONNECTOR ACROSS RESISTOR R2.

WITH THE MEASURED CURRENT, CALCULATE THE TOTAL
CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE.

IMPEDANCE = Vt/I; IMPEDANCE = OHMS

9. CONNECT THE CHANNEL 1 PROBE TO THE UPPER SIDE OF R1

AND CHANNEL 2 PROBE TO THE LOWER SIDE. SET BOTH
CHANNELS TO 0.2 V/DIV.
SELECT THE CHANNEL 2 PROBE INVERT FUNCTION AND
VERTICAL MODE TO ADD. RECORD THE AMPLITUDE AND
SKETCH THE GRAPH OF THE WAVEFORM. V R1 =
MEASURING AND SETTING FREQUENCY
LOCATE THE DC/AC WAVEFORMS CIRCUIT BLOCK AND USE A
TWO-POST CONNECTOR TO CONNECT THE AF GENERATOR TO
R1. CONNECT CHANNEL 1 PROBE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE
ACROSS R1 THEN ADJUST THE GENERATOR SO THAT V R1 IS 10
V pk-pk.

SET THE TIME BASE CONTROL TO 50 US/DIV AND ADJUST THE

FREQUENCY OF THE GENERATOR FOR A WAVEFORM CYCLE
THAT IS 8 DIVISIONS WIDE ALONG THE HORIZONTAL AXIS.
WHAT IS THE PERIOD, T OF THIS WAVEFORM? T =
 CALCULATE THE FREQUENCY, f , OF THE DISPLAYED
WAVEFORM.
f= 1/T, f = Hz
USE THE FREQUENCY CONTROL ON THE GENERATOR TO SET
THE FREQUENCY TO 10 kHz. CALCULATE THE PERIOD, T OF THE
WAVEFORM. T = 1/f ; T=

PHASE ANGLE

IN THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURE, YOU WILL USE THE PHASE

ANGLE CIRCUIT BLOCK ON THE CIRCUIT BOARD. IT IS MADE UP
OF TWO RESISTORS R1 AND POTENTIOMETER R2, AND A
CAPACITOR C1, WHICH IS A COMPONENT THAT CAUSES PHASE
SHIFT.

CONNECT THE GENERATOR TO THE PHASE ANGLE CIRCUIT

BLOCK AND SET THE GENERATOR FOR SINE WAVE OUTPUT.
TURN THE POTENTIOMETER R2 FULLY CLOCKWISE. CONNECT
THE CHANNEL 1 PROBE OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE TO THE INPUT
OF THE GENERATOR AND THE CHANNEL 2 PROBE TO THE
OUTPUT ACROSS C1. SET BOTH CHANNEL GROUND
REFERENCES TO THE CENTER GRATICULE LINE.

SET THE GENERATOR OUTPUT TO 6 V PK-PK at 1kHz. WHAT IS THE

PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN THE INPUT AND OUTPUT
WAVEFORMS? SKETCH THE GRAPH OF THE OUTPUT
WAVEFORM.
PHASE SHIFT = DEGREES
 SLOWLY TURN THE POTENTIOMETER R2 COMPLETELY
COUNTERCLOCKWISE WHILE OBSERVING THE WAVEFORMS.
DOES A PHASE SHIFT OCCUR?
WHAT IS THE PHASE SHIFT BETWEEN THE TWO WAVEFORMS?
PHASE SHIFT = DEGREES

VII. OBSERVATION
 THE EXPERIMENT INVOLVED MULTIPLE STEPS TO MEASURE
VARIOUS PARAMETERS OF AC CIRCUITS USING DIVERSE
INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES, ENSURING A
COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS.
  SAFETY PROTOCOLS WERE STRICTLY FOLLOWED, INCLUDING
TURNING OFF THE POWER SOURCES BEFORE INSERTING THE
AC 1 FUNDAMENTALS CIRCUIT BOARD, ENSURING A SECURE
EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENT.
 ACCURATE CONNECTION OF THE FUNCTION GENERATOR TO R1
FACILITATED THE GENERATION OF A CONSISTENT 60 HZ
SIGNAL, LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR PRECISE
MEASUREMENTS.
 MEASUREMENTS OBTAINED USING THE OSCILLOSCOPE AND
MULTIMETER PROVIDED DETAILED WAVEFORM PARAMETERS,
INCLUDING PEAK-TO-PEAK, PEAK, RMS, AND AVERAGE
VALUES, OFFERING A THOROUGH UNDERSTANDING OF THE
CIRCUIT'S CHARACTERISTICS.
 UTILIZING THE ADD-INVERT METHOD ENHANCED
MEASUREMENT ACCURACY IN DETERMINING VOLTAGE DROPS
ACROSS COMPONENTS, ENHANCING THE RELIABILITY OF THE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

VIII. CONCLUSION:
 SAFETY PROTOCOLS WERE DILIGENTLY FOLLOWED, ENSURING
A SECURE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP BY POWERING OFF SOURCES
BEFORE CIRCUIT BOARD INSERTION.
 CONNECTING THE FUNCTION GENERATOR TO R1 AT 60 HZ
FACILITATED CONSISTENT SIGNAL GENERATION, CRUCIAL FOR
PRECISE MEASUREMENTS.
  UTILIZING THE ADD-INVERT METHOD SIGNIFICANTLY
ENHANCED MEASUREMENT ACCURACY, PARTICULARLY IN
VOLTAGE DROP ASSESSMENTS ACROSS COMPONENTS.
 ANALYSIS OF WAVEFORM CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH
OBSERVATION OF WAVEFORM GRAPHS ENRICHED
INTERPRETATION, OFFERING DEEPER INSIGHTS INTO CIRCUIT
BEHAVIOR.
 DETERMINATION OF PHASE ANGLE BETWEEN INPUT AND
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS PROVIDED VALUABLE INSIGHTS INTO
PHASE RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN THE CIRCUIT, ENHANCING
OVERALL UNDERSTANDING.

VI. DATA AND RESULTS

PEAK-TO-PEAK PEAK RMS AVG
14.88 V 7.44 V 5.12 V 4.74 V
WAVEFORM MEASUREMENTS USING PROCEDURE
PEAK-TO-PEAK PEAK RMS AVG
14.54 V 7.27 V 5.14 V 4.63 V
WAVEFORM MEASUREMENTS USING MULTIMETER