Chapter 18 Immune system

function, assessment, and

therapeutic Measures

● Immune System
○ Lymphoid organs
○ Lymphocytes and white blood cells
○ Chemicals
○ Lymphatic system
■ Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes spleen
● Nature of Immunity
○ Functions of the immune system
■ Protect the body’s internal environment against invading
organism
■ Maintain homeostasis by removing damaged cells from the
circulation
○ Inappropriate reponses of the immune system
■ Hyperactive response against environment antigens (allergy )
■ Inabilityto protect the body, as in immunodeficiency disorders
(AIDS)
■ Failure to recognize the body as self, as in autoimmune
disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus)
● SLE: when the body attacks healthy tissues
Antigens
● Substance recognized by the body as foregign that can trigger immune
response
● Chemical markers taht identify cells
● Human cell have “ self” antigens

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 Recognized as foreign and destroyed
● Lymphocytes
○ Natural killer cells
○ thymus -dervied lymphocytes (T cells)
○ Bone marrow-dervied lymphocytes ( B cells)
○ Natural killer cells
■ blood , bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen
■ Destroy pathogens and tumor cells
○ T cells and B cells
■ Each cell respmnd to one foreign antigen
○ T cells
■ Lymph nodes and nodules, spleen
○ B cells
■ Plasma cells produce antibodies to specific foreign antigen
■ Memory cells
● Antibodies 281
○ Immunoglobulins (Ig) or gamma globulins
○ Proteins produced by plasma cells in response to foregin antigen s
○ Specific for only one antigen
○ Label antigen for destruction
○ Five classes of human antibodies
■ Ig : provides long term immunity after a vaccine or illness
recovery
■ IgE: allergic reaction
● Two Mechanisms of Immunity
○ Cell-mediated immunity
■ It is mediated by T cells
■ It protects against virus fungi and other Intracellular bacterial
pathogens
■ It shows delayed response
○ Humoral immunity
■ It it mediated by B cells
■ It protects against extracellular virus and bacteria
■ It is quick in response

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 ● Antibody Responses
○ First exposure to foregin antigen stimulates antibody production in
small amounts
○ Second exposure to antigen causes memory cells to make large
amounts of antibody
○ Vaccines based on this principle
○ Allergic responses when antibodies respond for foregin but harmless
antigens
● Types of Immunity
○ Passive immunity
■ Antibodies obtained out person
■ Temporary
■ Naturally acquired
● Placental trasmisison of antibodies
● Antibodies in breast milk
■ Artifically acquired
● Injection of preformed antibodies
○ Active immunity
■ Produces own antibodies
■ Naturally acquired
● Recover from disease, memory cells specific for that
pathogen
■ Artifically acquired
● Vaccine
○ Stimulated production fof antibodies and memory
cells
○ Some confer lifelong immunity
● Aging and Immune System
○ Thymus gland size decreases
○ Increased production of immature T cells
○ Decreased antibody response
○ Yearly flu
○ Tetanus : every 10 years
○ Microbiota

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 ■ Collection or community of microbes
■ Essential for immune function
■ Ongoing research for understanding
■ Disruption possible factor in disease development
● Cardiovascular disease
● Irritable bowel syndrome
● Immune disorders (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis)
● Immune System Assessment
○ Subjective data
■ Demographic data
■ Health history
○ Objective data
■ Physical examination
● Rash
● Weight loss
● Joint pain
● Swollen glands
● Fever
○ Diagnostic test
■ Blood tests
■ Radiographic tests
■ Biopsy
■ Skin tests
■ Gene testing
○ Therapeutic Interventions
■ Allergies
● Medical ID
● Ask if allergies
● Anaphylaxis
○ Anthistamines : Benadryl
○ Epinephrine auto injector
■ Always have check expiration date
■ Medications
● Antibiotics

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 ● Antihistamines
● Antiviral
● Corticosteriods
● Decongestants
● Epinephrine
● Histamine H2 blockers
● Hormone therapy
● Immunosuppressnats
● Interferon
● Leukotriene antagonists
● Mast cell stabilizing drug
■ Surgical management
● splenectomy : make sure she has all her vaccines

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