Kim Alyssa B.

Go UIC MLS-3E
PRINCIPLES OF IMMUNOLOGY ANTIGENS/IMMUNOGENS
● Substances that triggers an immune response
IMMUNOLOGY-SEROLOGY LEC.
● Antigens are either:
DR. ALFREDO HINAY
○ Carbohydrates
○ Proteins
IMMUNE SYSTEM ○ DNA
● Divided into two categories: ● Immunological Tolerance
○ Innate Immune Response ○ It is the failure to mount an immune
○ Adaptive Immune Response response to an antigen. This is the
● Composed of wide array of cells, soluble failure (a good thing) to attack the
molecules, and tissues with the following body’s own proteins and other antigens
characteristic: ● Immunity
○ Specificity ○ It is a condition of being resistant to
○ Memory infection
○ Mobility
○ Replicability
○ Cooperation between different cells or SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES IN IMMUNOLOGY
cellular products ● Thucydides
● Primary role: ○ Described a phenomenon where
○ Surveillance and destruction of individuals who recovered from a certain
substances that are foreign to the body diseases rarely contracted the same
(tolerance) disease again.
● Role of “Small pox” in the development of
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE Immunology
● DOES NOT POSSESS IMMUNOLOGIC ○ The Last Case was in Somalia in 1977
MEMORY ○ Small pox: infectious disease caused
● Cytokines by two virus variants:
● Chemokines ■ Variola major - serious form of
● Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic Defense small pox
■ Variola minor- mild form of
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE smallpox (Alastrim, Cuban Itch,
● POSSESS IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY Cotton pox, Milkpox, White pox,
● Parasitic Defense Monkeypox)
● Regulation of T-Cells ○ Small pox
● Pathogen Defense ■ The term “small pox” was first
use in Europe in the 15th
IMMUNOLOGY century to distinguish it from
● can be defined as the study of a host’s “the great pox”(syphilis)
reactions when foreign substances are ○ Variolation
introduced into the body. A foreign ■ Exposure to a material coming
substance that induces such an immune from an manifested material of
response is called an antigen. infection/disease (e.g.
● “Not all antigens are immunogens, but all “smallpox” lesion
immunogens are antigens” ■ China (AD 1500)
● It is the study of the medically related ● Developed a custom of
consequences that arise when these inhaling powdered
mechanisms either fail or respond in an crust from small pox
exaggerated form lesion
● Eliminate non-self components such as ■ In Europe (1718)
infectious agents ● Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu (wife of British
ambassador to Turkey)
 Kim Alyssa B. Go UIC MLS-3E
○ Introduced ■ VACCINATION
variolation to ● Discovered by Edward
Europe Jenner on July 1796
○ Inserting (smallpox)
smallpox ● Injection of cellular
lesion under material to induce
the skin immunity
■ Further refinements did not
occur until late 1700s ○ LOUIS PASTEUR (ATTENUATION)
● English doctor (Edward ■ ATTENUATION - to change; to
Jenner) discovered a weaken
remarkable relationship ● Develop vaccines
between exposure to against
cowpox and immunity ○ Chicken cholera
to small pox (cross ○ Rabies
immunity) ○ Anthrax
■ EDWARD JENNER (1700’s)
● CROSS IMMUNITY
○ Phenomenon in ○ VARIOLATION AND VACCINATION
which exposure ■ These two procedures were
to one agent successfully decreasing
produces smallpox mortality
protection ■ WHO declared its TOTAL
against another ERADICATION in 1979
agent
● Inoculated matter from
“cowpox” lesion to an CELLULAR IMMUNITY VS HUMORAL IMMUNITY
8 year old boy (James ● ELIE METCHNIKOFF (1880-1900) -
Phipps) in May 14, PHAGOCYTOSIS
1796 ○ Fathering the whole concept of Cellular
○ The boy Phagocytic Theory of Immunity
developed ● Phagocytosis
cowpox ○ A process of which a cell (leukocyte) is
infection (mild capable of engulfing or “eating” another
form) then gets cells
better the next ○ Antibodies are not capable of eating the
day antigens; they only tag them
● July 1796 ● EMIL VON BEHRING AND SHIBASABURO
○ Edward Jenner KITASATO 1890
developed the ○ ANTIBODIES
vaccine for ■ Protective factors in the blood
Smallpox and other body fluids
○ Jenner ■ Specific factors; acts ONLY to
inoculate with a certain antigen
matter from ■ Under Adaptive Immunity
fresh small pox
lesion
○ No disease
developed