Fire-Design Manual - by Mahboob Shaikh

MECHSOFT ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSULTANCY
DESIGN MANUAL
FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEMS
Sprinkler System
Standpipe System
Foam System
Gas Based Suppression System
Fire Pump Calculations
Fire Alarm Battery Calculation
Battery Voltage Drop Calculation
Means of Egress/ FLS Calculations
Prepared by: Mehboob Shaikh
B.E(ME) || CFPS || CFI-1 || AMIE
info@mitionline.com Design|Inspections|Training +919146861270

MECHSOFT ENGINEERING DESIGN AND CONSULTANCY
NFPA 13
(Standard for Installation of Sprinkler System/2013)
(Chapter 23)
COMPLETE GUIDE ON
PLANS
&
CALCULATIONS
 Basics of Hydraulics
 Hydraulic Calculation- PRILIMINARY CONCEPTS
 Hydraulic Calculation –EXAMPLE CALCULATION (MANUAL+
SOFTWARE)
 Hydraulic Calculation Considerations for Storage Sprinklers
– CMDA/CMSA/ESFR Sprinklers
– In Rack Sprinklers
 Plan Review Checklists
B. Eng. || CFPS || CFI-1 || AMIE
info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

CONTENT
SN Description of Content Page No.

1 Basics of Hydraulics 3-13
2 Hydraulic Calculations ( Preliminary Concepts) 14-23
3 Hydraulic Calculations 24-54
( Example Calculation- Manual + Using Elit Software)
4 Hydraulic Calculation Considerations for Storage Sprinklers 55-71
5 Plan Review Checklists 72-92

BASICS OF HYDRAULICS

Hydraulics Focus
PRESSURE FLOW
Caused by the weight of air, varies with altitude

Atm. Pressure
Lower at high altitudes, higher at low altitudes
• 14.7 psi at sea level
The actual reading on a gage, does not account

Guage Pressure for atmospheric pressure. (psig)
The sum of atmospheric pressure and guage

Absolute Pressure pressure. (psia)
The pressure created on the walls of pipe or

Normal Pressure tanks holding water.

The pressure associated with the flow of water
Velocity Pressure measured in the same direction as the flow.
The pressure at a given point in a conduit or

Residual Pressure appliance with a specific volume of water
flowing14.7 psi at sea level
Static/Elevation The potential energy available within a system

when no water is flowing.
Pressure
info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training flowing14.7
Mehboob Shaikh
psi at sea level| +919146861270
Elevation Pressure :
2
62.4 lbs/ft 2
0.433 lbs/in
1 ft 1 ft
A cubic foot of water results in a static pressure at its base of 62.4 lbs/ft2
Converted to square inches a column of water 1-foot high exerts a
pressure of 0.433 lbs/in2

Example : 01
Pressure (psi) = 0.433 X Elevation (ft)
15 ft
5 ft
What is the pressure difference?
Example : 02
What is the pressure at the hydrant?
Pressure (psi) = 0.433 x Elevation (ft)
P  0.433 x 200 ft
P  90.93psi
P  91 psi

Calculating Velocity Pressures
Pn = Pt – Pv
Where:
Pn = normal pressure (psi)
Pt = total pressure (psi)
Pv = velocity pressure (psi)
Velocity pressure can be found as follows,
0.001123Q2
Pv  4
di
• When velocities are high in a closed system the pressure needs to
be accounted for in the calculations.
• It can reduce the flows and pressures needed in a system 5-10
percent.
• In most sprinkler systems velocities are low and their pressures
create a minor effect, therefore velocity pressures can be ignored.
• It should be used at points where large flows take a 90-degree turn
in the piping.

FLOW :
Q=AxV
Q = Flow in ft3/sec
A = Cross sectional area of pipe in ft2
V = Water velocity in ft/sec
Q is a constant for any given closed system.
Q = A1 x V 1 = A2 x V 2
A 1 x V 1 = A2 x V 2

Example : 03
If water is flowing at 5.7 ft/sec in 6-inch pipe, how fast is it flowing when
the pipe size is reduced to 3-inch?
Solution :
𝐴1 X 𝑉1
V2 =
𝐴2
2 2 2
A =  r =  (3 in) = 28.3 in
1
2 2 2
A =  r =  (1.5 in) = 7.1 in
2
(28.3in2 )(5.7ft/sec)
V2   22.7ft/sec
7.1in2
V2 = 22.7 ft/sec

Flow from an Outlet :
Q  29.83 di  Pv  CD
2
Q is the flow (gpm)

di is the diameter of opening (inches)
Pv is the measured velocity pressure (psi)
CD is the discharge coefficient of the device
Note : This is used when testing water supplies to determine the amount
of flow

Flow from a Sprinkler :
Q  k P
Where:
Q is flow (gpm)
k is k-factor determined in the sprinkler listing (gpm/psi½)
P is the pressure (psi)
• The diameter of the opening and discharge coefficient are
incorporated into the empirical determination of k-factor.

Example : 04
A sprinkler is being installed with a k-factor of 5.6. If the pressure at the

sprinkler is 20 psi, how much water will exit the sprinkler?
Solution :
Q k P
Q  5.6 20 psi
Q  25.0 gpm
Example : 05
What is the pressure for a sprinkler that has a k-factor of 17.6 and the
expected flow is 83 gpm?
Solution :
2
Q 
P 
k
2
 83 gpm 
P 
 17.6 
P  4.716  22.2 psi

2

Example : 06
What is the K-factor for an outlet that is flowing 65 gpm at 30 psi?
Solution :
Q
k
P
65 gpm
k
30 psi
65
k  11.86
5.48

Hydraulic Calculation
(PRILIMINARY CONCEPTS)

Purpose of Hydraulic Calculations
Performed to tell you,
– What pipe size will be best?

– Will the water supply provide the flow and pressure necessary to
control/suppress a fire?
Hydraulic Calcualtion Formulae :
Hazen-Williams formula
– Fire sprinkler systems
– Water-spray systems
Darcy-Weisbach formula
(The Darcy-Weisbach equation more accurately accounts for the
effects of turbulence, temperature, and viscosity )
– Anti-freeze systems
– Water mist systems
– Foam-water systems
Fanning formula

Hazen-Williams formula
4.52Q1.85
PL  1.85 4.87
C di
Where:
PL = friction loss (psi/ft)
Q = flow (gpm)
C = roughness coefficient (based on pipe material)
di = interior pipe diameter (inches)

Roughness Coefficient :

Inside Diameters (di) :

Example : 07
If a pressure gage is reading 40 psi at one end of a 32-foot section of 2-
inch schedule 40 pipe (C = 120) flowing at 110 gpm, what will a gage at
the other end read?
40 ?
2-inch schedule 40 pipe

32 ft
Solution :
4.52Q1.85 4.52(110gpm)1.85
PL  1.85 4.87 
C di (120)1.85(2.067in)4.87
PL= 0.112 psi/ft
PL = 0.112 psi/ft
Friction Loss = 0.112 psi/ft x 32 ft = 3.6 psi
Guage Pressure = 40 psi – 3.6 psi  36 psi

Equivalent Length Chart :
Adjusting Equivalent Lengths
NFPA 13 table is based on schedule 40 steel pipe for a wet system

All others need to be adjusted for:
– Change in pipe material
• C-factor other than 120
– Change in interior diameter
• Other than those for schedule 40 steel

Adjusting for C-Factor for above conditions :
– Begin with the equivalent length value from the table

– Multiply the length by the factor above for the appropriate C-factor
Adjusting for Inside Diameter :
4.87
 Actual inside diameter 
Factor   
 Schedule 40 Steel Pipe inside diameter 
– Begin with the equivalent length value from the table

– Multiply the length by the factor above calculated for the inside
diameter of the pipe being used

Example : 08
What is the equivalent pipe length of Type K copper tube which used for
a 3-inch standard turn 90-degree elbow?
Solution:
See Eq. Pipe length From table – 23.4.3.1.1
3” elbow 90 degree elbow = 7 ft.
As the type of pipe is different than steel we need to adjust for,
– Type K Copper
– Interior diameter
Adjustment for material (C-factor)
See table no 23.4.3.2.1 ,23.4.4.7.1 C factor & C factor multiplier for

Copper Pipe
Copper Pipe has C Factor of 150 with multiplier of 1.51

Adjustment for inside Diameter :
See table no A. 6.3.5,
– 3-inch copper has an inside diameter of 2.907-inch
4.87
 
4.87
Actual i.d.  2.907 
Factor       0.77
 Schedule 40 Steel Pipe i.d.   3.068 
Apply the factors:

– Equivalent pipe length from table 23.4.3.1.1 = 7 ft
– Adjustment for C-factor = 1.51
– Adjustment for diameter = 0.77
Hence,The equivalent length for a 3-inch Type K Copper standard turn

elbow is:
7 ft x 1.51 x 0.77 = 8.14 ft

Hydraulic Calculation
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
MANUAL + ELITE SOFTWARE

The Layout Process
1. Define the Hazard

2. Analyze the Structure
3. Analyze the Water Supply
4. Select the Type of System
5. Select the Sprinkler Type(s) and Locate Them
6. Arrange the Piping
7. Arrange Hangers and Bracing (where needed)
8. Include System Attachments
9. Hydraulic Calculations
9.1 Identify hazard category
9.2 Determine sprinkler spacing
9.3 Determine piping arrangement
9.4 Calculate amount of water needed per sprinkler
9.5 Calculate number and location of open sprinklers in
the hydraulically most demanding area
9.6 Start at most remote sprinkler and work towards the
water supply calculating flows and pressures
9.7 Compare demand with supply
10. Notes and Details for Plans
11. As-Built Drawings

Example Project : A Electronic Storage Warehouse

100 FT.
Plan view
200 FT.
Elevation view
18 FT.
200 FT.
Step:1 : Define Hazard

In accordance with NFPA 13,2013- chapter Chapter 5 & Appendix A 5.3.1
Electronic factory is classified as Ordinary Hazard Group -1 Occupancy
Step:2 : Analyzed Structure

Assuming Completed
Step:3 : Analyze water Supply

Based on the Fire Flow test Conducted on Public water mains in
accordance with NFPA 291

Step:4 : Select the Type of System

Wet Pipe System
Step:5 : Type of Sprinkler

Standard Spray Quick response upright sprinkler with K factor of 5.6
Step:6,7 & 8 : Arrangement of Piping with

attachments
Sprinkler are 10 ft. apart on the branch lines and 12.5 between branch
lines.
Piping arragment is as shown below,

10 ft. between the sprinkler
5 ft. from north wall and 6ft from North

west wall Pipe Layout
z
100 FT.
200 FT.
Mains and branches are Sch 40
pipes
12.5 ft between the branch

18 FT.
15 FT.
All branches are on a 1 ft. riser

ACV
nipple N
200 FT. Gate Valve

Step: 9 : Hydraulic Calculation
Isometric View
10 ft. Standard Quick response

Maximum Area of Operation
Branch lines 12.5 ft. Sprinkler with K-5.6
1
2
5 Area of operation have
3 1-inch been reduced in
1 ½-inch accordance with cl.
1 ¼-inch 6 11.2.3.2.3
4
1 ¼-inch 7
1 ½-inch 8
BL1
3-inch Starting Sprinkler Values :

BL2 9
• Each sprinkler covers an area of 125 ft 2
• Each sprinkler is required to deliver a density of 0.15 gpm/ft 2
3-inch • Minimum flow per sprinkler:
125 ft2 x 0.15 gpm/ft2 = 18.8 gpm
BL3
Minimum pressure for 18.8 gpm:
2
Cross main  18.8 gpm 
p   11.3psi
TOR  5.6 
3-inch
Riser
N Alarm Check valve
15 ft. Gate Valve This is going to be the

Pressure @ Sprinkler -1
FF

Select a Design approach
Using Density/Area Curve (NFPA 13, Chapter 11, Fig;11.2.3.1.1)
As per above figure,

Area of operation = 1500 Sq. Ft.
Density = 0.15 gpm/sq ft.
Check for Area Adjustment :

Quick response sprinklers (in light hazard or ordinary hazard with wet pipe
system, reduce design area based on maximum ceiling height, where it is
less than 20 ft) ----NFPA 13,2013,11.2.3.2.3 excerpt,

“Area of Operation shall be permitted to be reduced withtout revising the
density as indicated in the below figure when all of the following
conditions are satified.
1. Wet Pipe System

2. Light Hazard or Ordinary hazard Occupancy
3. 20 ft. Maximum ceiling height
4. There are no Protected ceiling pockets as allowed by 8.6.7 and 8.8.7
exceeding 32 sq. ft.
- 3x
y  55
2
 3(18)
y  55
2
 54
y  55  28%
2

Design area = 1500 Sq ft.
Applying the 28% reduction in area
100% - 28% = 72%
Therefore, 1500 Sq ft. X 0.72 = 1080 Sq. Ft.
New Area of Operation = 1080 Sq .ft.

Density remains same = 0.15 gpm/Sq.ft.
Spacing between the Sprinkler (S) = 10 ft.

Spacing between the branch (L) = 12.5 ft.
Area of Coverage = S x L
Area of Coverage = 10 x 12.5
Area of Coverage = 125 Sq. ft.
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
No. of Sprinklers in the design area =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
1080
No. of Sprinklers in the design area =
125
No. of Sprinklers in the design are = 9 Sprinklers

No. of Sprinkler Along the branch Line = 1.2√𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ÷ 10
No. of Sprinkler Along the branch Line = 1.2 √1080 ÷ 10
No. of Sprinkler Along the branch Line = 3.94 Say 4 Sprinklers
Check if Area Increase is required ….?

30% for dry pipe (NFPA 13,2013-11.2.3.2.5)
30% for double interlock (NFPA 13,2013-11.2.3.2.5)
30% for Pitched Ceiling (NFPA 13,2013-11.2.3.2.4)
Starting Sprinkler Values :
• Each sprinkler covers an area of 125 ft2

• Each sprinkler is required to deliver a density of 0.15 gpm/ft2
• Minimum flow per sprinkler:
125 ft2 x 0.15 gpm/ft2 = 18.8 gpm
• Minimum pressure for 18.8 gpm:
2
 18.8 gpm 
p   11.3psi
 5.6 

Check :
 What is minimum required pressure by code ? ( 7 psi)

 What is minimum pressure required by manufacturer? (specs)
 Is minimum calculated pressure greater than minimums?
11.3 > 7 Psi or Specs ? (Yes)
Data Summary :
Water Supply Information

Static Pressure 90 psi @ 0 gpm
Residual Pressure 60 psi @ 1000 gpm
Hazard Classification OH - 1
System Type Wet
Ceiling Height 18 feet
Density/Area 0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1500 ft2
Adjusted to 0.15 gpm/ft2 / 1080 ft2
Sprinkler Type Quick Response – Standard Spray
K – Factor K =5.6
Area Per Sprinkler 125 ft2
Minimum Sprinkler Flow 18.8 gpm
Minimum Pressure 11.3 psi

Calculation Paths :
Main Path :
1 2 3 4 BL1 BL2
BL3 TOR
Auxillary Paths-1 :
5 6 7 8 BL2
Auxillary Paths-2 :
6 BL3

Branch wise Calculation :
18.8 gpm @
11.3 psi
19.95 gpm
@ 12.69 psi
84..36 gpm
@ 27.28 psi
28.33 gpm
21.3 gpm @
@ 27.71psi
14.4 psi
84.36 gpm
@ 24.38 psi

N 197.07 gpm
@ 41.41 psi

SPRINKLER HYDRAULIC CALCULATION(Manual Worksheet)
Reference : NFPA 13,2013, Chapter 23, 23.3 & 23.4

Fittings-
Node- Elev- K- Flow added
Nominal ID Quantity L- ft C Factor Total(Pt)
1 1 Factor this step(q)
and Length Remarks
(Density Notes
F-ft Pf per foot (psi)( Elev(Pe) Verificat
Node- Elev- Total Flow
Actual ID 4.52*Q^1.85*/C^1.8
2 2 (Q) ion)
T- ft 5/d^4.87) Frict( Pf)
10.00 120.000 11.300 0.15
1 17 5.6 18.800 1.00 1E
2.00 0.116 Q1 = 18.8 gpm & P1 = 11.3
2 17 18.800 1.05 12.00 1.393
10.00 120.000 12.693 0.16
2 17 5.6 19.951 1.25 1T
6.00 0.116 Q2 =19.95 gpm & P2 = 12.69
3 17 38.751 1.38 16.00 1.862
10.00 120.000 14.554 0.17
3 17 5.6 21.364 1.25 1T
6.00 0.262 Q3 =21.3 gpm & P3 = 14.54
4 17 60.115 1.38 16.00 4.195
2T 19.00 120.000 18.749 0.19
4 17 5.6 24.248 1.50
16.00 0.232 0.433 Q4 =24.248 gpm & P4 = 18.74
BL1 16 84.363 1.61 35.00 8.107
0 12.50 120.000 27.289 0.67 QBL1 =84.363 gpm & PBL1 =
BL1 16 16.15 84.363 3.00
- 0.007 0.000 27.289, balaning flow @ BL1 &
BL2 | Keq @ BL1 & BL2 =
BL2 16 84.363 3.26 12.50 0.093 84.363/(27.289)^(0.5) = 16.15
0 12.50 120.000 27.382 0.67
BL2 16 84.363 3.00
- 0.027 0.000
BL3 16 168.726 3.26 12.50 0.336
3.00 1ACV 182.80 120.000 27.718 0.23
BL3 16 5.38 28.337 Keq @ BL3 = 5.38 ( Keq =
1E 18.00 0.036 6.495
18.8/12.2^0.5)
FF 16 197.063 3.26 1GV 200.80 7.196
41.409

Pressure (psi) MECHSOFT ENGINEERING DESIGN AND CONSULTANCY
System Demand
197 gpm @ 41.40 psi
With Hose Stream

447 gpm @ 41.0 psi
Flow (gpm)
Min. Density Vertification :
The value in the hydraulic calculations should be higher than the

minimum density times area due to pressure losses in the system

ELITE SOFTWARE
CALCULATION

Step :1 - General Project Data(client,Company & building data) :
Select Hazard, NFPA 13, Ch.05

Step-2 : System data:
Adjusted area of operation
City water mains flow test result

as per NFPA 291
Step -3 : Pipe Data Nodes, Pipe Length & Dia. Along
with details of fittings
Final Node will be the inflow

node

Select Calculation Mode
Step-4 : Calculation
Smaller imbalance will take more
time and result will be more accurate
Press “Calculate” upon filling

all details
Step-5 : Solution

Report :
Print Report










Hydraulic Calculation Considerations

for Storage Sprinklers

Control Mode Density Area Sprinklers :
Follow Density Area Method for calculations of flow and number of
sprinklers.
Control Mode Specific Application/Large Drop
Sprinklers :
Cl. Reference is from NFPA 13, 2019
CMSA sprinklers do not follow the density/area method of calculation

and the discharge criteria in the storage chapters do not specify how
many sprinklers to include on the branch line.
So, how to calculate the number of sprinklers on the branch line.


Example : 9
Type of Facilty : Storage Warehouse
Type of Ceiling Sprinkler : CMSA, K 11.2
Type of Commodity : Class 1, pallatized
Type of System : Wet
No. of Sprinkler in the design Area = 15 ( from Table 14.3.1 )
Protection area per sprinker = 100 SF
Max. Spacing = 10 ft.
Dimension of rectangle parallel to branch line = 1.2 x Sq. rt ( Design Area)
Therefore,
Design area = Allowable area per sprinkler x no. of sprinkler in the design
area
Design Area = 100 x 15
Design Area = 1500 SF
Dimension of rectangle parallel to branch line = 1.2 x Sq. rt ( 1500)

Dimension of rectangle parallel to branch line = 46.4 say 50
With the spacing of 10 ft between the sprinklers, 5 sprinkles will come in

one branch line and such 3 branch lines will be considered for 15 number
of sprinklers as shown below.

Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers :


In Rack Sprinklers :
How Many In rack Sprinklers will open in case of fire ?
Depends on,
– Number of levels of in‐racks

– Type of sprinklers at the ceiling ( CMSA/ESFR)
A) For Commodity Class 1 to 4 & Storage Height upto 25 ft.

If Spray or CMSA Sprinklers at the ceiling
In Accordance with Cl. 16.1.6.5,
No. of In rack Type of Commodity No. of Notes

Spr Level Sprinklers
1 Class 1,2 or 3 6
1 Class 4 8
2 Class 1,2 or 3 10 5 on each level
2 Class 4 14 7 on each level

Example : 10
Type of Facilty : Storage Warehouse
Type of Commodity : Class 3
No. of Rack Sprinklers Level – 02

B) For Commodity Class 1 to 4 & Storage Height over 25 ft.

If Spray or CMSA Sprinklers at the ceiling
In Accordance with Cl. 16.1.6.5,

1 Class 1,2 or 3 6
1 Class 4 8
2 Class 1,2 or 3 10 5 on each level
2 Class 4 14 7 on each level

C) For Group A Plastics
Storage of any height (upto and over 25 ft)
In accordance, 17.1.5.6

1 Group A Plastic 8
More than 1 Group A Plastic 14 7 on each level
D) For Group A Plastics
In accordance, 18.5.3

1 Rubber Tire 12
More than 1 Rubber Tire 14 7 on each level

Min. Flow and Pressure Requirement for Rack Sprinkler :
What is the min. Operating Sprinkler at rack Sprinklers ?

For Class 1 to 4 Commodity for storage upto 25 ft. ( Cl. 16.2.1.4.4)
Depends on,
– Type of sprinklers at the ceiling ( CMSA/ESFR)
If spray sprinklers or CMSA sprinklers at the ceiling
Min. Operating Pressure = 15 psi

Hence for k = 5.6 , Q = 21.7 GPM
for k = 8.0 , Q = 31 GPM
for k = 11.2 , Q = 43.2 GPM
For Class 1 to 4 Commodity for storage Over 25 ft. ( Cl.table 16.3.1.1)

If spray sprinklers or CMSA sprinklers at the ceiling
Min. Q = 30 GPM
Hence for k = 5.6 , P = 28.7 psi
for k = 8.0 , P = 14.1 psi
for k = 11.2 , P = 7.2 psi

Group A Plastics Spray Sprinklers at Ceiling :
For storage up to 25 ft, depends on the in‐rack configuration selected

from the Figures:
– Figure 17.2.1.2.1(b) & (f): 15 psi

– Figure 17.2.1.2.1(c), (d) and (e):
• 15 psi when sprinklers are at every other flue intersection

• 15 psi for k‐8 and 30 psi for k‐5.6 when sprinklers are at every flue
For storage over 25 ft:

– 30 gpm regardless of situation
Group A Plastics ESFR Sprinklers at Ceiling
• Must use k‐8.0 or K- 11.2 quick response, ordinary temprature sprinkler

• 60 gpm (17.3.3.4.1)
• 56.3 psi
Rubber Tire Storage
• 18.5.4
– 30 psi
– 30.7 gpm for k‐5.6 sprinkler

Hydraulic Calculations Steps for In Rack Sprinklers :
Step : 01 - Calculate number and location of open sprinklers in the

hydraulically most remote area.
Step : 02 - Start at most remote sprinkler and work towards the water
supply calculating flows and pressures
Step : 03 - Adding pressure increases due to friction loss
Step : 04 - Add flows from other open sprinklers encountered on the

way
Step : 05 – Adjust the Elevation changes
Example- 11 :
Type of Facility : Storage Warehouse

Type of Rack- 5 tier double row rack
Type of In Rack Sprinkler : Rack, K 5.6
Width of Aisle : 8 ft.
Type of Commodity : Class 3,Encapsulated
No. of Rack Sprinklers Level – 02

System Layout :
OH Sprinklers Demand shall be calculated
separately and balanced at the point of connection
unless specifically asked not to do so.
1
2
B 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
A
10

Hydraulic Calculations Sheet- Manual
IN RACK SPRINKLER SYSTEM HYDRAULIC CALCULATION

Reference : NFPA 13- 2013, Chapter 23 ( PLANS AND CALCULATIONS)
Fittings- Quantity
Node-1 Elev-1 K- Factor Flow added this step(q) Nominal ID L- ft C Factor Total(Pt)
and Length
Notes
F-ft Pf per foot (psi) Elev(Pe)
Node-2 Elev-2 Total Flow (Q) Actual ID
T- ft 4.52*Q^1.85*/C^1.85/d^4.87 Frict( Pf)
10.00 120.000 15.000
1 20 5.6 21.700 1.25 1T
6.00 0.040 Q1 = 21.70 gpm & P1 = 15 psi
2 20 21.700 1.38 16.00 0.637
10.00 120.000 15.637
2 20 5.6 22.144 1.25 1T
6.00 0.146
3 20 43.844 1.38 16.00 2.339
10.00 120.000 17.976
3 20 5.6 23.743 1.25 1T
6.00 0.326
4 20 67.587 1.38 16.00 5.210
10.00 120.000 23.186
4 20 5.6 26.965 2.00 1T
10.00 0.084
5 20 94.552 2.07 20.00 1.682
10.00 120.000 24.868
5 20 5.6 27.926 2.50 1T
12.00 0.057 Flow at Node B
B 20 122.478 2.47 22.00 1.263
10.00 120.000 15.000
6 10 5.6 21.689 1.25 1T
6.00 0.040
7 10 21.689 1.38 16.00 0.636
10.00 120.000 15.000
7 10 5.6 21.689 1.25 1T
6.00 0.143
8 10 43.377 1.38 16.00 2.294
10.00 120.000 17.294
8 10 5.6 23.288 1.25 1T
6.00 0.317
9 10 66.665 1.38 16.00 5.079
10.00 120.000 22.372
9 10 5.6 26.488 1.25 1T
6.00 0.589
10 10 93.153 1.38 16.00 9.431
10.00 120.000 31.804
10 10 5.6 31.581 2.00 1T
10.00 0.140
Flow at Node B
A 10 124.734 2.07 20.00 2.809
10.00 120.000 34.612
A 10 0 0.000 2.50 1T
12.00 0.211 -4.330
B 20 247.213 2.47 22.00 4.633 Total Flow at Node A+ Node B
150.00 120.000 34.915
B 20 0 0.000 2.50 1T, 3E, 1CV
31.00 0.211 2.165
C 15 247.213 2.47 181.00 38.113 Total Flow at C
75.193

Calculation for Over Head Sprinklers :
In accordance with table 16.2.1.3.2
– Figure 16.2.1.3.2(f); Curve “C”

– 0.345 gpm per sq ft over 2000 sq ft

In accordance with Cl. 16.2.1.3.4.4
Reduce by 20% due to extra level of in‐rack sprinklers (see 16.2.1.3.4.4)

Here, required level of in rack sprinklers are ONE however, in actual we
have TWO
Hence, Final density will become, 0.276 GPM @ 2000 SF

After calculation, Let’s say, ceiling sprinkler demand at Point “C” is:
– 665 gpm at 84 psi

Lets Put Demands Together
 Ceiling
– 665 GPM @ 84 PSI
 In Rack
– 247 at 75 PSI
• Can’t add flows unless the pressure is the same

• Adjusting the lower pressure situation to the higher pressure is
called “Balancing the Flows

Steps to Balance the Flows :
– Calculate the two demands separately from the most remote point
to the node where they connect
– Get the k‐factor for the lower pressure situation
– Apply the k‐factor to the higher pressure to get the new flow:
– Add the two flows together
Step 01 :
– Calculate the two demands separately from the most remote point
to the node where they connect
a. In‐Racks: 247 gpm at 75 psi

b. Ceiling: 665 gpm at 84 psi
Step 02 :
– Get the k‐factor for the lower pressure situation
In Racks are the lower situation in this case,
𝑄
K=
𝑆𝑞.𝑟𝑡 𝑃
247
K=
𝑆𝑞.𝑟𝑡 75
K = 28.52

Step 03 :
Apply the K‐factor to the higher pressure,
Q = K X Sq. rt (P)
Q = 28.52 x Sq. rt. ( 84)
Q = 261.4 GPM
Step 04:
Add the flows together
– In‐Racks: 262 gpm at 84 psi
– Ceiling: 665 gpm at 84 psi To In Ceiling Level Sprinklers
To In Rack Sprinklers
In Racks : 247 @ 75 Psi

Ceiling : 665 @ 84 Psi
Balanced Demand: 927 GPM @ 84 Psi
Therefore, Total Combined demand = 927 GPM @ 84 psi

PLAN REVIEW CHECKLISTS

PROJECT WORKFLOW DOCUMENTS

SPRINKLER SYSTEM PLAN REVIEW CHECKLIST
STEP 1: GENERAL PROJECT INFORMATION
Permit no.: _____________________ Project/occupancy name: __________________
Project address:
______________________________________________________________________
Owner’s name:
______________________________________________________________________
Sprinkler contractor name:

______________________________________________________________________
Contractor address:
______________________________________________________________________
Point of contact (name):

______________________________________________________________________
Contractor phone: __________________________________ e-mai _______________
Date of review by AHJ: _______________________
Date comments sent to contractor:____________________
Name of AHJ plans examiner:
______________________________________________________________________

• Code and edition governed by project: ______________________________________
•Edition of NFPA 13 used for design: ________________________________________
• Type of system being installed: Wet___ Dry ___ Preaction ___ Deluge_____________
• Is this a new system or a change to an existing system? _ New system _ Change to

existing system
• Owner certificate included: Yes____ No _____
•Building description:
Square footage of the project: ________________________
Use of building: __________________________ Building height: __________________
Total area of building: _____________________ Area per floor: ___________________
Total number for floors above grade: __________ below grade: ___________________
What is the construction type?

– Fire resistive
– Noncombustible
– Ordinary
– Heavy timber
– Wood frame
– Mixed
• What is the fire sprinkler occupancy hazard classification?

– Light hazard _
– Ordinary hazard Group I
– Ordinary hazard Group II
– Extra hazard Group I
– Extra hazard Group II
– Storage
– Special occupancy

•Are there special occupancy requirements for the system?
_ Yes _ No
(Flammable/combustible liquids, aircraft hangars, oxidizers, etc.)
• Is there storage over 12 ft (3.7 m)? _ Yes _ No

• If this is a storage occupancy, what is the commodity classification?
– Class I
– Class II
– Class III
– Class IV
– Group A
– Group B
– Group C
STEP 2: GENERAL PLANS INFORMATION
The following has been shown on plans correctly:
YES NO
– __ Name of owner or occupant
– __ Location, including street address
– __ Point of compass
– __ Full height cross section
– __ Ceiling/roof heights and slopes not shown in the full height cross section
– __ Location of partitions
– __ Location of fire walls
– __ Occupancy class of each area or room
– __ Location and size of concealed spaces, closets, attics, and bathrooms
– __ Small enclosures in which no sprinklers are to be installed
– __ Scale the plans were drawn to
STEP 3: WATER SUPPLY
The following water supply information is clearly indicated on plans:
_____Capacity is verified at _______ gpm (L/min) for a duration of ______ hours for a
total capacity of ______ gal (L)

Type of water supply:
_____ Public _____Stored water (tanks) ____Raw water source
YES NO
_ _ Location and elevation of static and residual hydrants in relationship to the riser
location
_ _ Date and time of flow test (must be within one year of design)
_ _ Static, residual, and flow from test
_ _ Name of person who conducted or source of water supply information
Private Fire Service Mains
The following information is clearly indicated on plans:
– Size, length, and location of main

– Material listed for use
– Point of connection to city main
– Size, type, and location of valves
– Size, type, and location of valve indicators
– Size, type, and location of regulators
– Size, type, and location of meters
– Size, type, and location of valve pits
Depth of top of pipe laid below grade
– Size and location of all thrust blocks
– Size and location of hydrants (showing size and number of outlets and whether
outlets to be equipped with independent gate valves)
– Whether hose houses and equipment are to be provided and by whom
Fire Pump
– Electric
– Diesel
– Steam
– N/A
Rated Capacity: ____________________
_ The pump layout complies with NFPA 20.
Water Tank
– Steel
– Wood
– Concrete

– Fiberglass
– NA
Water tanks comply with the requirements of NFPA 22.
STEP 4: SPRINKLER SYSTEM TYPE AND COVERAGE
• Type of sprinkler system
– Wet
– Dry
– Preaction
– Deluge
• Classification of occupancy:
– Light hazard
– Ordinary: Group 1 _ Group 2 _
– Extra hazard: Group 1 _ Group 2 _
• Classification of commodity: (Chapter 4)
– Class I
– Group A plastic
– Class II
– Group B plastic
– Class III
– Group C plastic
– Class IV
– Mixed commodity
Plastic pallet storage?
Reinforced _
Unreinforced _
• Are sprinklers omitted in any areas? _ Yes _ No

• If yes, are omissions allowed per NFPA 13? _ Yes _ No _ N/A
• What is the area of coverage?

– Total
– Partial
– Special hazard
– Other
All wet piping is in areas that can be maintained above 4°C (40°F)

STEP 5: SPRINKLER SYSTEM COMPONENTS
The following sprinkler component information is clearly indicated on plans specifications:
– Product data is included in the shop drawing submittal

– Make, type, model, nominal K-factor of sprinklers, and sprinkler identification
number
– Temperature rating and location of high-temperature sprinklers]
– Pipe type and schedule of wall thickness
– Nominal pipe size and cutting lengths of pipe (or center-to-center dimensions)
– Location and size of riser nipples
– Type of fittings and joints and location of all welds and bends
– Specifications of any sections to be shop welded and type of fittings or formations
to be used
– Type and location of hangers, sleeves, braces, and methods of securing sprinklers
when applicable
– All control valves and check valves
– Make, type, model, and size of wet pipe, dry pipe, preaction, or deluge valves
– Size and location of standpipe risers, hose outlets, hand hose, monitor nozzles,
and related equipment
– Calculation of loads for sizing and details of sway bracing
– Setting for pressure-reducing valves
– Manufacturer, size, type of backflow preventers
– Type and amount of antifreeze solution used
– A pressure gauge on the system and the supply
STEP 6: DESIGN
The following design information is clearly indicated on plans or specifications:
– Total area protected by each system on each floor

– Number of sprinklers on each riser per floor
– Sprinkler spacing and location verified
– Spray patterns free of obstruction
– Total number of sprinklers on each dry pipe, preaction, combined dry pipe-
preaction, or deluge system
– Approximate capacity [in gal (L)] of each dry pipe system
– Pitch of pipe for dry pipe, preaction, combined dry pipe-preaction, or deluge system
– Size and capacity for air compressor (where provided) for dry pipe, preaction,
combined dry pipe-preaction, or deluge system
– Details of air supply connections for other types of air supply
– Piping provisions for flushing
– Size, location, and arrangement of all auxiliary drain connections.

– Where equipment is to be installed as an addition to an existing system, enough
detail of the existing system indicated to
– make all conditions clear
– Hydraulic data nameplate (for hydraulically designed systems)
– Size, location, thread type, and piping arrangement of fire department connections
– Size, location, and arrangement of inspector’s test connection.
– Location of main drain connection
STEP 7: HYDRAULIC DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
The following information has been clearly indicated on plans / specifications / hydraulic
calculations:
– Type of system:
– Hydraulically calculated
– Pipe schedule
– Proper hydraulic calculations forms used?
– Design area and water application rate:

– Density/area method
– Special design areas
– Room design method
– Special design approaches
– Density/area method
– Area of operation and density noted?
– Area of operation reduced for:
– Quick-response sprinklers
– High-temperature sprinklers
– Area of operation increased for: Sloped ceilings
– Dry pipe/double-interlock preaction systems _
– Multiple adjustments needed?
– Area per sprinkler

– Water supply sufficient?
– Allowance for in-rack sprinklers provided (where required)
– Limitations (dimension, flow, and pressure) for listed special sprinklers specified
– Most demanding area calculated
– Hydraulic reference points shown on the plan that correspond with comparable
reference points on the hydraulic calculation sheets
– Pipe sizes and lengths shown on the plan correspond with the sizes and lengths
shown on the hydraulic calculations sheets
– Total quantity of water and pressure required noted at a common reference point
for each system

– Relative elevations of sprinklers, junction points, and supply or reference points
– All unprotected wall openings throughout the floor protected for room design
method where permitted
– Pressure loss for backflow preventer, meter or other devices included in hydraulic
calculations.
STEP 8: ALARMS
The following alarm connections are clearly indicated on plans/specifications:
– Type and location of alarm bells

– Fire alarm system connection
– Type and location of waterflow switch / pressure switch
– Type and location of low air pressure switch
– Type and location of all tamper switches.

PLAN REVIEW CHECKLISTS
GENERAL SHOP DRAWINGS/ WORKING PLANS
Description Yes No NA
Name of owner and occupant.
Location, including street address.

Point of compass.
Full-height cross section, or schematic diagram, including
structural member information if required for clarity and including
ceiling construction and method of protection for metallic piping
Location of partitions.
Location of fire walls.
Occupancy class of each area or room.
Location and size of concealed spaces, closets, attics, and

bathrooms.
Any small enclosures in which no sprinklers are to be installed.
Size of city main in street and whether dead end or circulating if

dead end, direction and distance the nearest circulating main; and
city main test results and system elevation relative to test hydrant.
Other sources of water supply, with pressure or elevation.
Make, type, model, and nominal K-factor of sprinklers.
Temperature rating and location of high-temperature sprinklers.

Total area protected by each system on each floor.
Number of sprinklers on each riser per floor.
Total number of sprinklers on each dry-pipe system, preaction

system, combined dry- pipe preaction system, or deluge system.
Approximate capacity in gallons of each dry-pipe system.
Pipe type and schedule of wall thickness.
Nominal pipe size and cutting lengths of pipe (or center-to-center

dimensions). Where typical branch lines prevail, it shall be
necessary to size only one typical line.
Location and size of riser nipples.

Type of fitting, joints and location of all welds and bends. The
contractor shall specify on drawing any sections to be shop
welded, the type of fitting or formations to be used.
Type and locations of hangers, sleeves, braces, and methods of
securing sprinklers when applicable.
All control valves, check valves, drain pipes, and test connections.
Make, type, model, and size of alarm or dry-pipe valve
Make, type, model, and size of preaction or deluge valve.

Kind and location of alarm bells
Size and location of standpipe risers, hose outlets, hand hose,
monitor nozzles, and related equipment.
Private fire service main sizes, lengths, locations, weights,
materials, point of connection to city main; the sizes, types, and
locations of valves, valve indicators. regulators, meters, and valve
pits; and the depth that the top of the pipe is laid below grade.
Piping provisions for flushing
Where the equipment is to be installed as an addition to an existing

system, enough of the existing system indicated on the plans to
make all conditions clear.
For hydraulically designed systems, the information on the
hydraulic data nameplate
A graphic representation of the scale used on all plans
Name and address of contractor
Hydraulic reference points shown on the plan that correspond with

comparable reference points on the hydraulic calculation sheets
The minimum rate of water application (density), the design area
of water application, in-rack sprinkler demand, and the water
required for hose streams both inside and outside
The total quantity of water and the pressure required noted at a
common reference point for each system
Relative elevations of sprinklers, junction points, and supply or
reference points
If room design method is used, all unprotected wall openings
throughout the floor protected
Calculation of loads for sizing and details of sway bracing
The setting for pressure-reducing valves.
Information about backflow preventors (manufacturer, size, type).

Information about antifreeze solution used (type and amount).

Size and location of hydrants, showing size and number of outlets
and if outlets are to be equipped with independent gate valves.
Whether hose houses and equipment are to be provided, and by
whom, shall be indicated. Static and residual hydrants that were
used in flow tests shall be shown.
Size, location, and piping arrangement of fire department
connections.
Manufacturer’s installation instructions for any specially listed
equipment, including descriptions, applications, and limitations for
any sprinklers, devices, piping, or fittings.
Water supply capacity information.
a. Location and elevation of static and residual test gauge with
relation to the riser reference point.
b. Flow location
c. Static pressure, psi (bar).
d. Residual pressure, psi (bar).
e. Flow, gpm (1/min).
f. Date.
g. Time.
h. Test conducted by or information supplied by.
i. Other sources of water supply, with pressure or elevation.
INDIVIDUAL PLANS
Plot or Site Plan
Areas sprinkled clearly outlined or structure noted as totally

sprinkled.
North Arrow present and indicating correct direction (plan and/or
true-north).
Location(s) of city mains indicated as well as size and type of pipe.
Elevation of finished floor indicated.
Vicinity map indicating neighboring streets.

Public and private fire hydrants indicated. Static and residual
hydrants noted.
Flow test data on drawing indicating. Static, Residual, Flow, Date,
Time, Witnesses
Drawing scale clearly indicated per NFPA requirements
Actual street address for project given, not cross streets

Details of fire hydrants, taps, valves, pits clearly indicated and
appropriate for city
Bill of materials list provided.
Plans prepared by or checked and stamped by a licensed
professional engineer as required by the Fire Department/Civil
Defense or project architect/engineer
Fire Sprinkler Plan General Items and Information

Typical general notes and disclaimers on drawings.

Pipe types and schedules consistent with the specifications and
estimate guideline.
Pipe types and schedules consistent with hydraulic calculations.
Materials submitted foreign or domestic per specification and
estimate guideline.
Trapeze hangers detailed, locations clearly indicated, and all parts
listed.
Typical drop and/or sprig lengths indicated and quantities shown.
System Type (wet, dry, pre-action. etc.) clearly indicated.

Boundaries between systems and system types clearly indicated
Final plot is readable. No cluttered text and piping is clearly distinct

from architectural background items.
Job name and number is in title block.
Scale indicated and graphic on drawing.
Cross section shown and building type and construction indicated.
Riser or connection detail shown.

Ceiling heights and room numbers shown.

Fire Sprinkler Head Types. Spacing, and Location

No sprinklers farther than one half the maximum allowable spacing

Clear spray around columns, over walls and partitions as well as
under ducts, soffits or other obstructions
No heads less than 6 feet apart or per listing (ESFR, Large Droplet).
Spacing between lines not over 12' or 12'-6" for 25' bays in
warehouses or storage areas classified as High Piled.
Deflector distances from deck or obstructions per code and/or
sprinkler listing. Distances to joists or beams measured to close
edge not centerline
Head spacing does not exceed code and/or manufacturer listing
Areas of sprinkler coverage per code and/or manufacturer listing
Spacing and orifice sizes (K factors) match hydraulic calculations.
Sufficient heads included in remote area (check flow and area of

coverage).
Branch Lines and Riser Nipples

Typical lines noted and/or numbered as typical
Lines clearly indicated as to system by number and color code

Sizes, fittings, lengths, pipe types and schedules match hydraulic
calculations.
All hangers cut.
Hanger spacing and location per code, specification, listing

requirements
Appropriate hangers and fasteners for structure used.
Pipe lengths beyond last hanger meet code
Changes in elevation up, down, or sloped indicated
Joining method (threaded, grooved, press fit) clearly indicated.

Correct size, type, and location of welded outlets listed
Branch line locations dimensioned to structure not to architectural

walls
Center line to Top of Sprinkler and FF (finished floor) clearly
indicated
Pipe lengths noted on drawing are final actual cut lengths.
All riser nipples have size, length, and direction (up or down)
indicated
Riser nipple sizes and lengths match hydraulic calculations
Hydraulic nodes at top and bottom of riser nipples
Riser nipples numbered, listed with lines, and/or noted as typical
Mains
All main piping tagged, numbered and matches stock list.

Main piping size and schedule matches hydraulic calculations.
All main piping cut, appropriate takeouts used.
Welded outlet dimensions add up to main length.
Mains dimensioned to structural walls and/or columns.
Main elevation noted centerline to Top of Sprinkler and/or finished

floor.
Main hangers spaced per code and specification.
Where trapeze hangers are used, standard hangers used at
intermediate structural beams or trusses.
Typical pieces noted and listed as typical.
Pipe end treatments indicated (G/G, T/G, T/T, etc.).
Size and location of reducing couplings indicated.
Main piping color coded where helpful or necessary.

Seismic bracing provided and properly located where required by
code.
Correct size, type, and location of welded outlets, fittings, or
flanges listed.

Riser and Connection Details

Type of control valve indicated (OS&Y, butterfly, etc.).

Alarm valve, if used, noted including indication with or without
retard chamber and/or water motor gong.
All riser pipes sized and cut lengths noted
Additional check valves and type indicated (wafer, swing, grooved,
etc.).
Outlet provided (or tee) for Fire Department Connection
Flow switch indicated, including type
Tamper switch indicated, if required. Type appropriate for control

valve. Indication if electronically monitored. Signs required as
necessary for ceiling areas.
Additional pipe and fittings included for main drain, bell line and
bell drain.
Fire Department Connection, if on riser, shown
Fire Department Connection

Size of FDC indicated and per code, both inlets and outlets.
Number of inlets sufficient to satisfy code. (approx. 250 gpm per

2½ inlet).
The type of fire department threads noted
Finish noted (brass, polished, etc.)

Wall plate included with appropriate lettering (and finish).
Break caps or matching plugs with chains provided (with correct
finish).
FDC located at correct and/or acceptable height above grade. Not
less than 36 inches from grade.

Minimum of 4 feet of pipe from check to inside of wall in areas
subject to freezing.
Check valve below main control and FDC if dry system
QUICK REFERENCE SHEET FOR REVIEWING SPRINKLER PLANS

(Also known as “Twenty Questions”)
QN Description Yes NO NA
1 Is the information sufficient to review plans?

2 Is the hazard and/or commodity classification proper for the
occupancy?
3 Is the protection area per sprinkler within requirements for the
appropriate hazard classification?
4 Are distances between the branch lines and between sprinklers
on the branch lines within the maximum allowable? Are end
sprinklers and end branch lines within the allowable distance
from the walls?
5 Are sprinklers positioned within allowable deflector distances
to ceilings? Are the clearances to obstructions proper?
6 Are sprinklers to proper temperature rating for maximum
expected ceiling temperatures and proximity to unit heaters,
skylights, etc.?
7 Has an inspector’s test connection been provided at the end of
each sprinkler system?
8 Has a fire department connection been provided and properly
located?
9 Are sufficient pipe hangers properly located?
10 Are a sufficient number of systems provided to meet the
maximum system size requirements?
11 If a dry system, does the total system volume require a quick-
opening device? Does the total system volume fall within
specified limits or will a 60 second water delivery time need to
be proven?
12 Is a system drain of adequate size provided?
13 Does the water supply data appear reasonably recent? Do the
plans indicate when and where the last flow test was made and
who performed it?
14 If a hydraulically designed system, do the design density and
area meet the proper curve?
15 If hydraulically designed does the system demand point fall
below the supply curve on the Flow Test Summary Sheet?

16 Are the pipe joining techniques and C-factor proper for the type
of pipe and system?
17 Does the K-factor of the sprinklers shown on the drawings
match that used in the hydraulic calculation?
18 Does the choice of hydraulically most remote area appear
proper?
19 Are all sprinklers, valves, pumps, hangers, cut and roll grooved
couplings and plain-end fittings listed for fire protection
service? Does piping meet acceptable materials specifications?
20 Is complete sprinkler protection provided?
END OF DOCUMENT

GUIDE FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
PART - D
Standpipe System Flow and Pressure
Demand Calculations

MITI Consultancy Design|Inspections|Training info@mitionline.com

STANDPIPE SYSTEM

NFPA 14 Rules for Class 1 Standpipe Systems
An Excerpt from NFPA 14, Chapter-7, Cl. 7.10 – Flow rates
 NFPA 14 requires the system to be capable of

delivering 250 gpm from the most remote hose
connection on the most remote standpipe plus 250 gpm
from the second most remote outlet on the most remote
standpipe. To this 500 gpm, an additional 250 gpm
needs to be added from the most remote outlet on
each of the other standpipes until a maximum flow
is reached.
 Where a horizontal standpipe on a Class I or Class III

system supplies three or more hose connections on any
floor, the minimum flow rate for the hydraulically most
demanding horizontal standpipe shall be 750 gpm
(2840 L/min)
 The maximum flow rate shall be 1000 gpm (3785

L/min) for buildings that are sprinklered throughout, in
accordance with NFPA 13, and 1250 gpm (4731 L/min)
for buildings that are not sprinklered throughout, in
accordance with NFPA 13

EXAMPLE
250 GPM C
250 GPM @ 100 psi A
250 GPM B
45’ of 4” pipe
10’
750 GPM
D 500 GPM
Building with250’
Five Standpipes
200’ of 4” Sch 40 pipe of 4” Sch 40
pipe
T
Transition point between AG and UG Piping Cement line Di pipe D = 6” & L = 75’
To Water Supply U
Right Angle Valve
Node A
Node O ( outlet of
Right angle valve)
1’ of 2.5” pipe

Step 01 Step 02
B
Flow @ Node O = 250 GPM
Pressure @ Node 0 = 100 psi
Flow @ Node B = 250 GPM

Flow @ Node A = 250 GPM
Pressure @ Node A = 114.01 psi
Step 03 Step 04
Flow @ Node D = 500 GPM T

Flow @ Node T = 750 GPM

Step – 05
Calculation for Pressure Loss between above
ground and Underground Piping ( Call between
Node T & U)
Above Ground piping Material : Sch. 40 Steel

Under Ground Piping Material : Class 52 Cement lined DI
We need to adjust Equivalent lengths of fittings (1 E + 1 T ) in
the UG pipe because of two reasons here ;
1. Change in the pipe materials, its DI ( C factor other than
120)
2. Change in the internal diameter ( Other than those for sch.

40 steel)
C factor for DI pipe
Adjustmet for C factor :

Adjustmet for Inside Diameter:
4.87
 Actual inside diameter 
Factor   
 Schedule 40 Steel Pipe inside diameter 
6.16 4.87
Factor = (6.065)
Factor = 1.08
Adjusted Eq. lenth of Elbow = Equivalent length of elbow x adj

for C x Adj for internal dia.
Total Adjustment for Elbow = 20 x 1.33 x 1.08
Adjusted Eq. lenth of Elbow = 20.1 ft.
Total Adjustment for Tee = 30 x 1.33 x 1.08

Adjusted Eq. lenth of Tee = 43.1 ft
Flow @ Node U = 750 GPM


CLASS 1 STANDPIPE HYDRAULIC CALCULATION(Manual Worksheet)
Reference : NFPA 14 & NFPA 13, Ed. 2013
Flow added Nominal Fittings- Quantity
Node-1 Elev-1 K- Factor L- ft C Factor Total(Pt)
this step(q) ID and Length
Pf per foot (psi) ( Notes
Actual F-ft Elev(Pe)
Node-2 Elev-2 Total Flow (Q) 4.52*Q^1.85*/C^1.85/d
ID T- ft Frict( Pf)
^4.87)
1.00 120.00 100.00
O 45 250.00 2 1/2 Right Angle Valve (31) Step-01
43.00 -
0.22
A 45 250.00 2.47 Tee (12) 44.00 9.48
Pt 109.48
10.00 120.00 109.48 Step-02

A 45 - 4.00
None - 4.33 Step-01
Pe= 0.433*10=4.3
0.02
B 35 250.00 4.03 10.00 0.20
Pt 114.01
285.00 120.00 114.01

B 35 250.00 4.00 Step-03
Elbow(10) 10.00 15.16
0.07 Step-01
Pe= 0.433*35=15.16
D 0 500.00 4.03 295.00 21.18
Pt 150.34
200.00 120.00 150.34

D 0 250.00 4.00
Step-04
Check Valve( 22),Gate
34.00 - Step-01
Valve(2),Elbow(10)
0.15
T 0 750.00 4.03 234.00 35.56
Pt 185.90
75.00 140.00 185.90 Step-05

T 0 - 6.00
Equivalent Length
Elbow( 20.11), Tee(43.1) 63.21 - Step-01
Adjustments
0.01
C-factor = 1.33
U 0 750.00 6.16 138.21 1.99
(6.16/6.065)4.87 =1.08
Pt 187.89

NFPA 14 Rules for Class 2 Standpipe Systems
Class II standpipe systems are much easier to calculation than Class I (or Class III) systems.
Flow Demand = 100 GPM
Pressure Demand = 65 psi
Example :
Assume, piping between the water supply and the most remote hose station has
following details
Diameter = 1.5 “
Length = 200’ ( Including Eq. Fittings)
Friction loss per ft of pipe flowing 100 GPM = 0.317 psi ( refer below graph)

Total Friction loss = 200 x 0.317 = 63.4 psi
Pressure Required at the water supply source = Pressure demand @ remote hose
station + Pressure loss along length of pipe
Pressure Required at the water supply source = 65 + 63. 1 = 128.1 psi.

GUIDE FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
(Part-E)
FOAM SYSTEM

MITI Consultancy Design|Inspection|Training info@mitionline.com

FOAM SYSTEM

Design Applications
 Foam/Water Sprinkler System for Warehouses/Diesel

Storage Rooms/Generator Room.
 Storage Tank Protection.
 Diked Area/Spill Protection System.
 High Expansion Foam System.
 Loading Rack Protection.

Foam/Water Sprinkler System
Design Procedure
Step : 1 : Determine the applicable NFPA Code or Insurance Company

requirements and select the foam Agent.
a. When protecting hydrocarbon fuels, use one of the following types of foam
concentrates
 Protein
 Fluoroprotein
 Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) ( Available in 1%, 3% and 6% )
 Film-forming fluoroprotein (FFFP)
 Alcohol-resistant (AR- AFFF) ( Available in 3% and 6% ) – Multipurpose
foam
b. When protecting polar solvents
solvents with appreciable water solubility or water miscibility (e.g., methyl
alcohol, ethyl alcohol, ethanol, and acetone), provide an alcohol-resistant
foam concentrate. Film-forming foams will not form films over polar solvents.
Step : 2 : Determine the Application Rate
Step : 3 : Determine Discharge Duration
Step : 4 : Determine the Demand Area
Step : 5 : Determine the Foam Quantity

a. Base the foam concentrate supply on the required foam concentrate
injection percentage
b. Calculate the sprinkler demand with the minimum foam density/ application
rate and minimum operating pressure specified for the foam-water sprinkler
with the fuel and concentrate type.
c. Determine the quantity of foam concentrate (Bladder Tank Capacity)
d. Perform Hydraulic Calculation for the system
e. Calculate the pipe size carrying foam-water solution the same as carrying
plain water.

f. Calculate the friction loss in piping carrying a non-alcohol resistant foam
concentrate using the Darcy-Weisbach formula (also known as the Fanning
formula) from the foam concentrate supply to the proportioner.
g. Consult the foam concentrate manufacturers for friction loss characteristics
in pipe carrying an alcohol resistant foam concentrate (non-Newtonian fluid)
from the foam concentrate supply to the proportioner.
a. Verify the selected proportioner has a flow range that meets the calculated
minimum and maximum system demand.
b. Verify the minimum inlet pressure requirement of the proportioner is met.
c. Verify the maximum pressure differential for the water and foam
concentrate supply of an in-line balanced pressure proportioner does not
exceed the manufacturer’s specifications.

Example-1
Application : Storage Warehouse
Storage Commodity : Flammable Liquids (Hydrocarbon Liquids)
The characteristics of the stored liquid must be determined in order to
select the appropriate type of foam concentrate to be used.
Type of Foam Concentrate Use : 3% AFFF

Based on the liquid being stored, an appropriate foam concentrate must
be selected. Specific manufacturers will need to be consulted to
determine the most appropriate foam concentrate for the hazard.

Type of System : Open Head ( Deluge)
Design Standard followed : NFPA 16
Size of the protected Area : 100 x 60 SF = 6000 SF
Application Rate : 0.16 gpm/ SF

Foam Solution Dishcharge rate : 0.16 x 6000 = 960 GPM
Duration of the Discharge = 10 Min.
Foam Solution Required = 9600 Gallon

Bladder Tank Capacity = 9600 x 0.03 = 288 Gallon
Number of Sprinkler Head required = 6000 / 100 = 60 Heads

Example-2
Application : Diesel Engine Generator Room
Storage Commodity : Combustible Liquid

Type of Foam Concentrate Use : 3% AFFF
Type of System : Foam/Water Deluge System
Size of the protected area= 443 SF

Dimension of Rooom = 21’ x 21’
Application Rate = 0.16 gpm/ SF
Foam Solution Dishcharge rate : 0.16 x 443 = 70.88 GPM

Foam Solution Required = 708.8 Gallon
Bladder Capacity required = 708.8x 0.03 = 21.2 Gallon
Hydraulic Calculations :
Design Pressure @ Nozzle : 30 psi
Nozzle minimum operating pressure = 30 psi

Coverage area per sprinkler = 100 S
Q = k x (P)^(1/2)
No. of Sprinklers = Total Area / Coverage area per sprinkler
No. of Sprinklers = 443 / 100

But for the maximum spacing between sprinklers not to exceed
3.7 m (NFPA 16 -7.3.7.2 Sprinkler Spacing)
Therefore,
No. of Sprinklers = 6 Sprinklers
Calculation for K Factor
Total requirement of foam Solution = 70.88 GPM

Discharge per Sprinkler = 70.8 /6 = 13 GPM
K = Q/(P)^1/2
K = 13/(30)^(1/2) = 2.3
Selecting Next higher available K Factor from Manufacuter

catalogue.

We have two approaches, one is to satisfy the density and the
other is to satisfy the minimum pressure required; we'll calculate
both and apply the one with the greater demand.

Approach-01 : Taking the design density as the governing
constraint:
Discharge (Q) = k x ( P)^(1/2)

K = 3 GPM/Psi ^1/2
Q = Application Rate x Coverage Area
Q = 0.16 x 100
Q = 16 GPM
Therefore ;
P = (Q /k)^2
P = (16/3)^2
P = 28.44 < Min. Operating Pressure ( Refused)
Approach-02 : Taking Min. Operating Pressure as the governing

constraint:
P = 30 Psi
Discharge (Q) = 3x ( 30)^(1/2)

Q = 16.43 GPM
Dicharge Rate will be = 0.164 > Min. required density of 0.16

GPM /SF hence Accepted.
Pipe Sizing Caculation(Refer Below Piping layout):

Maximum Liquid velocity = 10 ft/sec
For Pipe Sections (Q = 16.4 GPM)
Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 16.4/d^2
d = 0.8 inch say 1 Inch.

Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 32.4/d^2
d = 1.15 inch say 1.5 Inch.

Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 65.6/d^2
d = 1.63 inch say 2 Inch.

Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 98.4/d^2
d = 2.004 inch say 2 inch

PIPE LAYOUT- PLAN VIEW – FLOW WISE
16.4 GPM 16.4 GPM
32.6 GPM
16.4 GPM 16.4 GPM
65.6 GPM
16.4 GPM 16.4 GPM
98.4 GPM 98.4 GPM

PIPE LAYOUT- PLAN VIEW – PIPE SIZE WISE
1 inch 1 inch
1.5 inch
1 inch 1 inch
2 inch
1 inch 1 inch
2 inch
DV 2 inch

PIPE LAYOUT- ISOMETRIC VIEW
1
2
5 4
DV
6
Pressure Loss Calculation Sheet
Nodes GPM(Q) Pipe Pipe Eq. pipe C Friction Required

Dia Length Length Factor pressure
(inches) (feet) (psi)
FL(psi)/ft. TL(psi) 30
1-2 16.4 1.049 6 2 120 0.12 1.0104 31.44
2-3 32.6 1.61 12 7 120 0.45 1.061 32.93
3-4 65.6 2.067 12 16 120 0.20 1.67 35.04
4-5 98.4 2.067 10 20 120 0.12 3.83 38.87
5-6 98.4 2.067 6 5 120 0.12 1.4 42.87
Therefore, actual available pressure at inlet = 42.87 psi

Summary :
Bladder Tank Capacity 22 Gallon

No. of Sprinklers/Nozzles 6 Nos
Min. Pressure at the input 42.87 psi

Example-3
Application : Storage Warehouse
Storage Commodity : Polar Solvent
Type of Foam Concentrate Use : 3% AR-AFFF
Type of System : Wet Pipe System
Size of the protected Area : 100 x 60 SF = 6000 SF
Application Rate : 0.30 gpm/ SF
Foam Solution Dishcharge rate : 0.30 x 3000 = 900 GPM
Foam Solution = 13500 Gallon
Bladder Capacity required = 13500 x 0.03 = 405 Gallon

Storage Tank Protection
The Design Process
1. Installation Identification
2. Hazard Classification and Description
3. Liquid Identification
4. Type of Protection
5. Surface Area of Liquid to be protected
6. Foam agent Selected
7. Description, Number & Placement of Foam
application devices
8. Foam solution application Rate
9. Foam Concentrate Supply Rate
10. Water Supply Rate
11. Duration of Discharge
12. Total Quantity of Water required
13. Pipe Size Determination
14. Valve Selection and Location
15. Foam Propotioner Selection
16. Pump Consideration
17. Hydraulic Calculation
17.1 – Starting point
17.2 – Determination of Supply Riser Size
17.3 – Determination of Friction losses.
17.4 - Summary

Determining Foam Supply for Atmospheric Storage Tanks
Protected with a Surface Application Low-Expansion System (well
suited for protection of interior flammable/combustible liquid hazards, outdoor storage tank areas, truck
loading racks, diked and non-diked spill areas)
Example Project
A single fixed roof outside storage tank storing gasoline is

depicted in Figure below.The tank is to be protected by a fixed
foam system for the purpose of extinguishing a fire that starts on
the liquid surface in the tank. A topside foam chamber
arragnment to used.

Step : 01 – Calculate area of liquid to be protected.
Surface Area = Area of top surface
= ∏/4 (d)^2
= 11310 SF
Step : 02 – Foam solution application Rate.
Rate of application = 0.1 x 11310 = 1131 GPM (566 GPM per

chamber)
Step : 03– Foam Concentrate Supply Rate
Foam Concentrate Rate = 3% x 1132 = 34 GPM

Step : 04– Water Supply Rate
Water Supply Rate = 1132-34 = 1098 GPM
Step : 05– Quantity of Foam Required
Foam Agent required = 34 x 55= 1870 Gallons
Step : 06– Total Quantity of water required
Volume of Water required = 1098 x 55= 60390 Gallons
Step : 07– Determination of supply riser size.
The vertical pipe supplying the foam chambers (reference points

1–2) is sized based on a maximum flow velocity of 10 ft per
second.
Discharge = Area x Velocity
Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 566/d^2
d = 4.8 inch = 5 inch say.

Step : 08– Determination Friction loss between point 1 & 2
Friction loss, FL, is determined by the Hazen- Williams formula
FL = 4.52 x Q ^ 1.85 / C^ 1.85 x d^ 4.87
FL = 0.0420 psi/ft
Total Elevation loss (for 48 feet) = 0.0420 x 48 = 20.8 psi
Step : 08– Determination Friction loss between point 2 & 3
Discharge = Area x Velocity
Q=AxV
V = 0.4085 x Q (gpm) / d^2(inches)
10 = 0.4085 x 1132/d^2
d = 6.8inch = 8 inch say.

Hydraulic calculation (Node Wise Detail)
1 566 GPM @ 50 psi
Friction + Static loss = 2.4+20.8 = 23.2 psi

Dia = 5”
48’
So, Pressure @ node 2 = 50+23.5 = 73.2 psi
2 566 GPM @ 73.2 psi
2 Friction loss between 2 & 3 = 12.07 psi
Pressure @ Node 3 = Pressure @ Node 2 + FL
Pressure @ Node 3 = 73.2+ 12.07

GV
Pressure @ Node 3 = 85.3 psi
3 566 GPM @ 85.3 psi
4 1132 GPM @ 89.9 psi

4
Foam Propotioner
5 1132 GPM @ 94.26 psi
psi
6 1097 GPM @ 96.91psi

psi

CALCULATION FOR FOAM SYSTEM
SUBJECT : Fixed foam System for flammable liquid atmospheric storage tank
HAZARD : 120-ft-diameter outdoor cone roof flammable liquid storage tank
Flammable or combustible liquid identification: Gasoline—SG 0.72
Foam agent selected: Fluoroprotein—3%
Duration of discharge: 55 min
Foam
Make Added Total Pipe & Eq. Propotioner Required
Pipe size Friction Static Psi
type and GPM GPM fitting Length Psi Press, GPM
location
Psi/ft Total Psi
Ref: NFPA 13, FL =
Table 4.52*Q^1.85/C^1.85*
23.4.3.1.1 d^4.87
1 566 566 50
1 to 2 566 5.047 56.6 0.042080088 2.38173298 20.8 73.181733
2 to 3 566 5.047 287 0.042080088 12.0769852 85.2587182
3 to 4 1132 8.07 302 0.015426955 4.65894039 89.9176586
4 to 5 1132 8.07 20 0.015426955 0.3085391 4 94.2261977
5 to 6 1097 8.07 185 0.014556152 2.69288812 96.9190858
Pump Capacity = Required Pressure(Considering Frictional,elevation Losses)- Available Pressure from city supply(if any)

Comparison of design criteria for low-expansion and high-expansion foam systems
Design/hydraulic Low-expansion foam system— High-expansion foam system—

step function top chamber top generator
Starting point Foam chamber(s) Foam generator(s)
Second Foam solution requirement per panded foam requirement
determination chamber (gpm) per chamber (cfm)
Third determination Foam solution delivery rate between Same determination
foam maker and foam
house
Fourth Size pipe from foam maker(s) to Size pipe from foam generator
determination foam house (s) to foam house
Fifth determination Determine type and size of foam Same determination
proportioner
Sixth determination Determine hydraulic requirements Same determination
in foam house
Seventh Evaluate water supply/demand Same determination
determination requirement at foam house
Eighth Assess requirement for pump in Same requirement
determination foam house; recalculate hydraulic
requirements in foam house

GUIDE FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
(Part-B)
PART-B : FM-200/ Novec/CO2 System

MITI Consultancy Training|Engineering|Inspections info@mitionline.com

GAS BASED FIRE SUPPRESSION
SYSTEM
HFC-227ea & FK-5-1-12
(FM200 & NOVEC 1230)
CO2 System
Step by Step Procedure

Design Process

2. Determine Design Concentration
3. Determine the Net Hazard Volume
4. Determine Extinguishing agent Quantity
5. Check the maximum reach concentration
6. Determine number and size of agent containers
7. Establish maximum Discharge time
8. Determine nozzle size and quantity to deliver
required concentration at required discharge time
to ensure mixing
9. Determine pipe sizes and pipe run(Pipe Sizing &
Flow Calculation)
10. Evaluate compartment over/underpressurization
and provide venting if required.
11. Establish minimum agent hold requirements and
evaluate compartments for leakage.

Example Project -1 : A Computer Room
4.5 Mtr.
Plan view
8 Meter
2.5 mtr
Elevation view
8 Mtr.

Step -1 : Define Hazard
Type of Hazard : Computer Room (Surface Class A)

Min. Hazard Temprature : 20 C
Max. Hazard Temprature : 30 C
Step -2 : Determine Design Concentration

FM-200
Select min Design Concentraction from this table

based appropriate design standard
Design Concentraction © = Min.
Concentraction*1.2 For our example we will select NFPA 2001 and design
concentraction of 7 % ( as we should select highter of
C = 7 x 1.2 = 8.4 % extinguishing concentration)
Step -3 : Determine Net Hazard Volume
V=lxbxh
V = 8 x 4.25 x 2.5
V(Gross)= 85 Cubic Meter.
Volume of Any Impermiable Member such as Fixed Solid objects etc.
V1 = 0 Cubic Meter ( assuming there is no such member in the room)
V(net) = V – V1 = 85 – 0 = 85 Cubic Meter.
Altitude : 1500 Mtr.
Specific Volume(S)= k1+k2xT

S = 0.1268+ 0.0005133 x 20
S = 0.136266

Step -4 : Determine Agent Quantity
𝑉 𝐶
Agent Quantity (w) = 𝑆 (100−𝐶 )
85 8.4
Agent Quantity (w) = 0.1362 (100−8.4)
Agent Quantity (w) = (624.08)x (0.09170)
W = 57.23 kg
This Quantity is at sea Level

Agent
Quantity @ 1500 mtr.
W = 58 x 0.83 [𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝑻𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆]
W = 48 kg.
W = 48 kg
This Quantity is at 1500 mtr. This is the Altitue of this

Hazard
Step -5 : Check reached concentration @ Min. & Max
Tempratures.
𝒘 𝒙𝒔
( )
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒘 𝒙𝒔𝑽
( )+𝟏
𝑽
Where;
Q = Agent quantity supplied from the system [kg]
V = hazard volume [m³]
s = specific vapor volume [m³/kg] = k1+k2*T
T = Min./Max. hazard temperature [°C]
S = k1+k2xT
S = k1+k2x20
S = 0.1268+ 0.0005133 x 20
S = 0.1362 for min. Temp.
S = k1+k2xT
S = k1+k2x30
S = 0.1268+ 0.0005133 x 30
S = 0.1423 for Max. Temp.

𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟔
( )
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟓
𝟓𝟒 𝒙𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟔
( )+𝟏
𝟖𝟓
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟒)
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟒𝟐𝟒) + 𝟏
𝑪 = 𝟕. 𝟕 % @ 20 C Min. Temp.
𝟓𝟒𝒙𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑
( )
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟖𝟓
𝟓𝟒 𝒙𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑
( )+𝟏
𝟖𝟓
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟎)
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟒𝟎) + 𝟏
𝑪 = 𝟖. 𝟐𝟗 % @ 30 C Max. Temp

Lets check if this concentraction is Safe for occupied
space
Concentration @ 30°C is less than NOAEL (9%) – okay for

occupied space.

Step-06 : Determination of number & Size of Container
Using DOT Container chart
Note :Unless a hydraulic flow calculation is done, approximate 80% of the max. filling
should be used to determine a container size (Recommanded practices from
Manufacturers)
1 x 52 litre containing 41 kg of FM 200 is selected

Step-07,08 : Establish maximum Discharge time & Determine
nozzle size and quantity to deliver required concentration at
required discharge time to ensure mixing
180 Deg Pattern 360 Deg. Pattern

No. of Ports 7 8
Available Size 15/20/22/32/40/50 mm
Max area of Coverage 95.3 Sq. Mtr 95.3 Sq. Mtr
Max Discharge Radius 10.05 Mtr 8.7 Mtr.
Max. Coverage Height 4.87 Mtr. 4.87 Mtr.
Min. Void height (Sub-floors & 300 mm 300 mm
false ceilings)
Max. Distance from wall(Measured 300mm
from centre of the nozzle to the
wall.)
Min Distance from Wall(Measured 50mm
from centre of the nozzle to the
wall.)
Max. Distance below the ceiling 300mm 300mm
Max. Distance between Nozzle and 9.1 Mtr 9.1 Mtr.
Container outlet (if nozzles are
located only above the container )
Max. Distance between Nozzle and 9.1 Mtr 9.1 Mtr.
Container outlet (if nozzles are
located only below the container )

180 Degree 360 Degree
Discharge Nozzles
Discharge Ports

Check the Nozzle Coverage vs Max. Allowed coverage :
Right Angle Triangle-1
4.53 Mtr.
2.25 Mtr.
4.5 Mtr.
4 Mtr.
5.9 Mtr.
4 Mtr.
8 Meter
Right Angle Triangle-2
Actual Coverage Radius is within Max. allowed Coverage

Radius
4.53 Mtr for 360° - Okay
5.9 Mtr for 180° - Okay

Check Height of Hazard Area vs Max. Allowed coverage
height :
4.25 Mtr. < 4.87 Mtr.- Okay
1 Nozzle 180° or 1 nozzle 360° is possible
Determine Size of Pipe & Number of Nozzles :
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝒂𝒛𝒂𝒓𝒅
Number of Nozzles =
𝑪𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑬𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝑵𝒐𝒛𝒛𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝟖𝟓
Number of Nozzles(360° or 180°) =
𝟗𝟓.𝟑
Number of Nozzles(360° or 180°) = 0.89 Say 1 Nos
Discharge Time = 10 Sec.

Agent Quantity = 48 Kg

Select higher size than
required Discharge rate using
table
Discharge rate = 4.8 kg/ Sec.
Estimated pipe size = 32 mm (1¼")

Step-09 : Piping Arrangment
Piping arrangment :
5 2
1
4 1
E1N1
1
3
Connection Details 1
between container 1
outlet and pipe

Important Parameters :
Piping System must be balanced (A balanced system has the

actual and equivalent pipe lengths from container to each nozzle within 10%
of each other and has equal design flow rates at each nozzle )
All nozzles have the same nominal

diameter and the same orifice diameter
Lengths and Nominal diameters of the

feed lines to the nozzles are identical
The mass discharge, and the pressures are

identical for all nozzles
 80% maximum agent in pipe

 4.87 bar (70.6 psi) minimum nozzle pressure
 Between 6 - 10 seconds discharge time.
 10 - 30 % side tee split.
 30 -70 % bull tee split.
 0.5 kg/L(31.2lbs/ft3) - 1.0 kg/L(62.4lbs/ft3) fill density.
 Max. liquid arrival time imbalance of 1.0 seconds.
 Maximum liquid run out time of 2.0 seconds.
 Maximum nozzle height is 4.87m (16.0ft)

 Minimum of 10% agent in pipe before first tee.
 Maximum of 20 nozzles per system.
 Maximum of 10 enclosures per system.
 The ratio between the nozzle area and the pipe cross
sectional area immediately preceding the nozzle is limited to
a minimum of 0.20 (20%) and a maximum of 0.80 (80%).

Example Project -2
20 Mtr.
Plan view
20 Mtr.
Min. Temp = 20 C
Max. Temp. = 54 C
False Ceiling
HVAC Duct = 5% of total volume
Elevation
3 Mtr.

Example Project -3
Calculation for two rooms with the following dimensions:
Switch Room: 6.9 x 7 x 2.5 = 120.7m3

Computer Room: 12 x 16 x 2.83 = 543.3m3
Tmin = 20 C
Tmax = 25 C
Switch Room
Computer Room

Example Project -4
Calculation for a Battery room with the following dimensions &

details:
Room to be Protected by Novec 1230 ( FK-5-1-12/Propellant N2)
Computer Room Volume: = 170.70 m3
Non Permeable Volume = 0 m3
Tmin = 21 C
Tmax = 21 C
Battery Room

Example Project -5
Calculation for a Server room with the following dimensions &

details:
Room to be Protected by Novec 1230 ( FK-5-1-12/Propellant N2)
Area of Each column = 2.42 sq.ft.
Server room 46’X 32’

CO2 DESIGN QUANTITY FOR SURFACE FIRES

2. Determine Min. Extinguishing Concentration(MEC)
3. Determine Design Concentration(DC)
5. Determine Base Design Quantity
6. Determine additional CO2 quantity for special
condition.
6a. Material Conversion Factor (MCF)
6b. Uncloseable Openings
6c. Ventilation System
6d. Temprature Extereme
7. Determine Final Design Quantity.

CO2 DESIGN QUANTITY FOR DEEP SEATED FIRES(Smoldering
Combustion)

2. Determine Min. Extinguishing Concentration(MEC)
3. Determine Design Concentration(DC)
5. Determine Base Design Quantity
6. Determine additional CO2 quantity for special
condition.
6a. Material Conversion Factor (MCF)
6b. Uncloseable Openings
6c. Ventilation System
6d. Temprature Extereme
7. Determine Final Design Quantity.

Example Project-1(Total Flooding Type)
Volume of Space : 500 Cubic Meter

Type of Combustible : Ethyl Alcohol
Determine Design quantity and Rate of Discharge …?

Step -1 : Define Hazard
Surface Flame Spread
Step -2 :Determine Min. Extinguishing Concentration(MEC)

Step -3 :Determine Design Concentration(DC)
Step -4 :Determine Net Hazard Volume (Vnet)
Vnet = 500 Cubic Mtr.
Step -5 :Determine Base Design Quantity(mBD)

Base Design Quantity (mBD) = Vnet x FF
mBD = 500 x 0.8 = 400 kg

Step -6 :Determine additional Quantity
Material Conversion Factor = 1.4

Modified Quantity = mBD x MCF
= 400 x 1.4
mD = 560 kg

Adjustment for leakage in system(mlo) = 0 kg
Adjustment for ventilation(mlv) = 0 kg
Adjustment for Temprature Extreme(mT) = 0 kg
Final Design Quanity (mFD) = mD+mlo+mlv+mT

= 560+0+0+0
mFD = 560 kg
Discharge Time (t) = 1 Min.
Discharge Rate (w) = 560 kg/Min.

1 Mtr.
Elevation
Opening Size (0.5 Sq. Mtr.)

Type of Combustible : Petroleum spirit

1 Mtr.
Elevation
Opening Size (1 Sq. Mtr.)

Type of Combustible : Ethylene Oxide

10 ft..
7 ft..
20 ft..
10 ft.
Type of Combustible : Gasoline

Area of Openings : 5 Sq. Ft. Each

Example Project-1 – Local Application System
Diesel Fuel Pumping Skid
Rate by Volume Method(Placement of Skid)
Room Wall-2
Room Wall-1 Inside look

`
Inside look
3 Mtr.
Skid is away by 1
Mtr. From each wall
Foot Print of Equipment

Actual Room boundary 3m x 4m x 3m Room is unenclosed from
Ceiling heigh = 5 mtr. two Sides

Rate by Volume Method(Virtual Design boundary)
Virtual Design Volume 0.6 Mtr from Length of Pump Skid

boudary equipment
Length of Virtual boundry (L) = 1+4+0.6 = 5.6 mtr.
Distance from
Distance of equipment equipment to virtual
from wall boundary

Width of Virtual boundry (W) = 1+3+0.6 =4.6 Mtr.
Height of Virtual boundry (H) = 3+0.6 = 3.6 Mtr.
Size of Protected Volume (V) = L x Wx H

= 5.6 x 4.6 x 3.6
V = 92.73 Cubic Mtr.
Perimeter of Protected Space = Sum of all Sides

= 2(L Side) + 2( W Side)
= 2(( L Side) + W Side))
= 2((1+4+0.6)+ (1+3+0.6))
= 2( 10.2)
= 14.8 Mtr.
Two wall of room are not

Should never be less than
enclosed
this value.
Total discharge rate of a basic System = 16 kg/min. Cubic mtr.
The discharge rate may be reduced by as much as 12 kg/min · m3 in proportion to

the fraction of the perimeter of the virtual volume that consists of permanent and
continuous walls that extend at least 0.6 m above the hazard, and provided that the
walls are not actually part of the protected hazard.
Therefore, Design Rate of CO2 = Protected Volume x Flow rate (from above graph)
= 97.5 cubic Mtr x 10 kg/ Cubic Mtr x Min.
Design flow rate = 970 Kg/ Min.
Duration of Liquid Discharge = 30 Sec
Therefore,
Design Quantity of CO2 = Rate of Discharge x Discharge Time x High pressure

efficiency factor(For high pressure systems increase gas quantity by 40% as only
70% of cylinder is effective)
= 927 x 0.5 x 1.4
Design Quantity of CO2 = 649 kg
The number of 45.4 kg high pressure CO2 Cylinder = 649/45.4 = 14.3 say 15
Number of Cylinder = 15

Paint Spray Booth
Dimensions
Length = 2.13 m
Width = 2.44 m ( open Front)
Height = 1.83 m
Determine the Design Quantity of CO2 and Discharge Rate…?

Printer
Four Sides are opened(no continuous solid walls)

Dimensions
L = 1.52 m
W = 1.22 m
H = 1.22
Determine the Design Quantity of CO2 and Discharge Rate…?

Pipe Size & Orifice Size Determination
1. Determine the Terminal Pressure for a low Pressure System Consisting of

single 2 inch. Sch. 80 pipeline with an equivalent length of 500 ft. and flow
rate of 1000 lb/min.
Solution:
Take following ratios,
𝑄 1000
= = 234 lb/min.in2
𝐷^2 4.28
𝐿 500
= = 201 lb/min.in2
𝐷^1.25 2.48

Considering single nozzle termination.
And refering to table 4.7.5.2.1 of NFPA 12

1000
Equivalent Orifice area = = 0.709 Sq. Inch( Diameter will be 0.95 inch.)
1410
Nozzle Diameter = 0.95 Inch.

2. Modifying previous example, Determine the Terminal Pressure for a low
Pressure System Consisting of the pipeline branched into two smaller
pipelines the branch lines are equal and consist of 1-1∕2 in. Schedule 40 pipe
with equivalent lengths of 200 ft (61 m) and that the flow in each branch line
is to be 500 lb/min (227 kg/min).
Take following ratios,
𝑄 500
= = 193 lb/min.in2
𝐷^2 2.592
𝐿 200
= = 110 lb/min.in2
𝐷^1.25 1.813

𝐿
New = 110+300 = 410 ft/Sq. inch.
𝐷^1.25
Terminal Pressure with new equivalent length = 165 psi
500
Equivalent Orifice area = = 0.5482 Sq. Inch( Diameter will be 0.83 inch.)
912
Nozzle Diameter = 0.83 inch.

GUIDE FOR
FIRE PROTECTION AND
DETECTION SYSTEM
CALCULATIONS
PART - C
Fire Pump Layout and Sizing Calculations


FIRE PUMP LAYOUT
&
SIZING CALCULATIONS

The Design Process
1. Calculte the Pump Demand to Pump Discharge Flange.

2. Calculate Water Supply to Pump Suction Flange
3. Select Pump so that the System flow demand is less than
150% of the rated flow of the pump(less than 140 %
recommanded)
4. Using the Manufacturer Pump Curve, Find the Pump net
Pressure at the system demand flow.
5. Add the suction Pressure (at the demand flow) to get the
discharge pressure (at demand flow)
6. If the Discharge Pressure is greater than the demand, Okay.
If not, Select the new pump.
7. Check Maximum Pressure Produced by Pump and make
sure that pump does not create more pressure than the
equipment can handle.
8. Select suitable type of pump and driver based on required
flow, pressure, suction conditions, available space etc.

Check Points
1. Must meet Fire Protection System Demand ( Flow &

Pressure)
 Based on available water supply

 Without over sizing
 Without under sizing
2. Must not over pressurize system components

 Avoid use of pressure relief valves
3. Must meet minimum suction requirements.

 0 Psi (NFPA 20, 4.15.3.1)
 -3 Psi for suction tank (NFPA 20 , 4.15.3.2)
4. It Must fit in the space allowed

Calculation of Demand Flow and Pressure at
the discharge Flange of Pump
Initial Considerations :
Source of Water Supplies :
1. Public Water mains

 Water test shall be less than a Year old
 Water test was performed as close as to the tap point possible.
 Test is performed during the time of highest water use.
2. Private water supply
To calculate Demand flow and Pressure two methods can be used.

1. Standpipe Method – For High Rise Buildings
2. Sprinkler Method – For Non High Rise buildings –
(Hazard Analysis Method)

Method -01 : Standpipe Method
Demand flow Determination :
Consider an example of building with,
Height = 212’ ( > 75’ hence high rise)
City Water Pressure ( Static) = 45 psi
City Water Pressure ( Residual @ 1250 GPM) = 35 psi
In accordance with NFPA 14, in fully sprinklered structure first standpipe

requires 500 GPM and each additonal standpipe requires 250 GPM upto
max. demand of 1000 GPM.
In accordance with NFPA 14, in Unsprinklered structure first standpipe
requires 500 GPM and each additonal standpipe requires 250 GPM upto
max. demand of 1250 GPM.
Building with two standpipes would require 750 GPM pump (500
for first standpipe + 250 for second)
Building with Five standpipes would require 1000 GPM (max.
allowed demand flow)
Assuming above example building to have flow demand of 1250
GPM Hence,
Demand flow = 1250 GPM
Lets calculate the required Pressure now.

Demand Pressure Determination :
In accordance with NFPA 14, 100 psi is needed at the top of the
remote standpipe hose while flowing demand flow(1250 GPM in
our case)
Pressure Calculation for Pump
Pressure Required at the top of the structure = 100 psi (NFPA 14)
Height of the building ( 212’ x 0.433) = +92 psi
Friction loss in the piping = +10 psi
1. Total Pressure required for System = 202 psi
Residual pressure at street = 35 psi
Backflow Losses = -7 psi
Water Meter = -3 psi
Elevation Changes = 0 psi
Friction Loss in Suction Piping = -3 psi
2. Available Suction Pressure at Pump = 22 psi
Pump Discharge Pressure = 1 – 2 = 202 – 22 = 180 psi

Method -02 : Sprinkler System Method
Identify the Hazards ( L /OH G1/OH2/EH1/EH2)
Identify required densities ( NFPA 13,2013; Ch. 11 ; 11.2.3.1.1)
Identify the Hydraulically Most demanding hazard & area
Determination of Flow
Sprinkler Flow = Design area x Density
Add standby hose Demand to sprinkler Demand ( NFPA 13, 2013
; table 11.2.3.1.2)
Determination of Pressure
Conduct Pressure loss calculation on software or manually as per
NFPA 13 guidelines.

Characteristic Firewater Pump Curve
Allowable Shut off Pressure Pump Rated Pressure
200
150
140
Y Axis - % of Rated Head

100
65
50
0 50 90 100 140 150 200
X – Axis - % of Rated Capacity
Overload Point
Size Selection normally varies from 90% to 140% of rated capacity & Pressure

Example – 1
Tank
Five Story Building
Standpipe Outlet
75 feet
Pump
Consider a fire pump taking suction from a gravity tank, as

illustrated above. The bottom of the tank is 75 feet above the
pump suction flange, and the pump is supplying a standpipe
system with a demand of 1000 gpm @ 125 psi at the pump
discharge. Determine what size of fire pump should be used?

Step - 1 : Calculte the Pump Demand to Pump Discharge Flange.
Flow Demand = 1000 GPM By Standpipe Method Calculate

the Flow and presssure demand
Pressure Demand = 125 Psi
Step - 2 : Calculate Water Supply to Pump Suction Flange
Availabe Static Pressure = 75 ft. of water head

1ft. of water Head = 0.433 psi
Therefore ;
Available Static Pressure = 75 x 0.433
Available Static Pressure = 32 psi
Step - 3 : Select Pump so that the System flow demand is less

than 150% of the rated flow of the pump.
Lets Start with Flow Characteristics of the pump
Choice : 01 – 500 GPM Pump

150% capacity of 500 GPM = 500 x 1.5 = 750 GPM
750 GPM < 1000 GPM ( less than the Demand flow)

1125 GPM > 1000 GPM ( More than the Demand flow)
Final Selection will be based on result of Step 04 to Step 07

1500GPM > 1000 GPM ( More than the Demand flow)
Final Selection will be based on result of Step 04 to Step 07
Step – 4 : Using the Manufacturer Pump Curve, Find the Pump

net Pressure at the system demand flow.
Pump Curve for 750 GPM pump
Rated Pressure for 750 GPM (as per the Manufacturer Curve)
= 115 psi

Demand flow
Net Pressure
@ demand = 1000 GPM
flow = 92 psi
Step- 05 : Add the suction flow (at the demand flow) to get the
discharge pressure (at demand flow
Shut off Pressure ( Churn Pressure) = 149 psi @ 0 GPM
Net Pressure @ 750 GPM = 115 psi
Net Pressure @ 1000 GPM = 92 psi (@ demand flow)
Net Pressure @ 1125 GPM = 80 psi (@ 150% of demand flow)

Static Pressure available to suction flange of the pump = 31 psi
(Assuming friction loss)
Therefore ;
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = Static Pressure + Pump Net
pressure @ demand flow
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = 31 + 92
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = 123 psi
Step – 07 Check Maximum Pressure Produced by Pump and

make sure that pump does not create more pressure than the
equipment can handle.
Total Pressure @ Churn Condition = 31+149 = 180 psi(exceeding
max. rated pressure of pipe and fittings) > 175 psi
Discharge Pressure is less than Demand Pressure i.e. 125 psi
hence 750 GPM is not sufficient to supply standpipe system flow
demand.
Lets try increasing height of water tank to another 20 ft.
Now, total height = 75+20 = 95 ft.
New Static Pressure = 95 x 0.433 = 40 psi ( Considering frictional
losses)
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge @ demand flow = 40 + 92
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge @ demand flow = 132 psi

Total Pressure @ Churn Condition = Static Pressure + Churn
Pressure
Total Pressure @ Churn Condition = 40+149 = 189 psi(exceeding
max. rated pressure of pipe and fittings) > 175 psi
Hence 750 GPM pump is not a good choice.
Pump Curve for 1000 GPM pump
Rated Pressure for 1000 GPM (as per the Manufacturer Curve)
= 115 psi
Shut off Pressure ( Churn Pressure) = 129 psi @ 0 GPM

Net Pressure @ 1000 GPM = 115 psi

Net Pressure @ 1000 GPM = 115 psi (@ demand flow)
Net Pressure @ 1125 GPM = 79 psi (@ 150% of demand flow)
Static Pressure available to suction flange of the pump = 31 psi
(Assuming friction loss)
Therefore ;
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = Static Pressure + Pump Net
pressure @ demand flow
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = 31 + 115
Total Pressure @ Pump Discharge = 146 psi
Total Pressure @ Churn Condition = 31+129 = 160 psi(less than
max. rated pressure of pipe and fittings) < 175 psi
Discharge Pressure is more than Demand Pressure (i.e. 125 psi)
hence 1000 GPM is sufficient to supply standpipe system flow
demand.

Example - 2
The Estimated demand for sprinkler and hose streams is 1400
GPM at 90 psi. The suction Supply is a ground level storage tank
and the minimum inlet gauge pressure is 0 psi at maximum flow.
Determine the required rated capacity and pressure.
Solution :
System Demand = 1400 GPM
Required pump capacity = 1400/150% = 933 GPM say 1000 GPM
1400 GPM would be 140% of rated capacity. (refer Manufacturer
curve for exact value)
At 140% rated capacity, Pressure is 72% of rated presssure

Net Pressure = Discharge pressure @ demand flow + static
Pressure
Net Pressure = 90 + 0 = 90 psi
Rated Pressure @ 1000 GPM = Net Pressure / 72%
Rated Pressure @ 1000 GPM = 90 / 72% = 125 Psi
Hence, Pump Rating should not be less than 1000 GPM @ 125
psi.

Example - 3
Type of Building = Medical Office building
Number of Storey = B + 4 Typ. + 1
Building Construction Type = Non Combustible – Type 2 B
Floor Area = 18,000 SF
Basement Level :
Electrical Rooms
General Storage
Oxygen Storage Room = 250 SF
Floor 1 to Floor 4
Offices, Exam rooms & Outpatient Procedure rooms
Fifth Floor
Mechanical Penhouse = 1950 SF (Roof Slope 3:12)
Exterior Loading Dock = 1950 SF
Type of Systems
1. Class 1 Manual Wet type
2. Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
3. Dry Pipe Sprinkler System

Hazard Analysis through Hydraulic Calculations (Refer Guide on Sprinkler Hydraulic
Calculaion for more details)
Area Location Hazard Density ( gpm/sf) Design Flow Pressure Remarks

Classification area(SF) GPM Psi
Offices, Exam rooms Level 1 through 4 Light Hazard 0.10 1500 150 XXXX
Oxygen Storage Room Basement Extra Hazard 0.30 2500 750 XXXX Area is protected by 2 hr.
G1 fire resistance wall,
Room design Method
can be applied.
Exterior Loading Dock External area Ordinary 0.20 1500 390 65 psi Area of operation shall
Hazard G2 be increased by 30% due
to dry pipe system
without revising density.
Mechanical Room Level 5 Ordinary 0.15 1500 292.5 90 psi Area of operation shall
Hazard G1 be increased by 30% due
to excess ceiling slope
(more than 1:6) without
revising density.
A detailed Hydraulic calculation shall be performed on a software in order to determine flow and pressure
requirement in multiple Hazard area based on above given table.

The most hydraulically demanding area in the above table is the level five mechanical room. Though the density
for this remote area is only 0.15 gpm (ordinary hazard group 1), the top floor location requires additional pressure
to overcome the head loss from elevation.

Design area of Operation for Mech. Room = 1500 SF
Slope of the roof = 3 : 12 is exceeding 2:12 max. slope allowed by
NFPA 13, 11.2.3.2.4
Hence, design area shall be increased by 30% without revising
density.
Therefore;
New area of operation = 1500 x 1.3 =1950 SF
Density = 0.15 gpm /sf
A preliminary Hydraulic calculation shows sprinkler flow demand

for Mech. Room as
Flow demand = 0.15 x 1950 = 292.5 GPM
Standby Hose stream allowance = 250 GPM
Total Flow demand for Sprinkler system @ Mech. room = 292.5+

250 = 542.5 G
Total Flow demand for Sprinkler system @ Mech. room = 542.5

GPM

City Water supply evaluation : Water supply curve for this example
Demand flow = 543 GPM
Available Residual pressure @ demand flow = 49 psi
Pump Discharge Pressure = Total Pressure required for the

sysetm (Adding 10 psi to account all friction & elevation losses)
– Available suction pressure at the inlet of pump
Pump Discharge Pressure = 100 – 49 = 51 psi
Fire Pump with 400 GPM @ 51 psi is selected

Pump Layouting

Follwing NFPA 20 requirement shall be
followed for Pump room Layout.
 Pump House separation Requirements

 Must be 50’ away from the building
 Pump room Separation Requirements

 2 hr. fire rated – Building not sprinklered or high rise
 1 hr. fire rated – Building sprinklerd
Pump room Access requirements

 Pump house/room shall be sized to fit all necessary
equipment and accommodate.
 Clearance for installation and Maintenance
 Clearance for electrical Equipments
 Orientation of fire pump to suction piping.
General Guidelines for Vertical Turbine pump room
dimension.
Pump Range L (m) W(m)

50-250 3 5
250-500 4 6
500-750 5 6
750-1000 6 8
1000-1250 6 8
1250-1500 6 8
1500-2500 8 10

 Suction Piping Arrangment
Pipe can be smaller diameter Min. Distance to minimize

than below table values as long turbulence at suction flange
as suction pressure is greater
( Cl. 4.15.3.3)
than 0 psi at max. flow of pipe (
Cl. 4.15.3)
10 Times Rule :

Three way of Water Entry to Pump
1. Straight run to Suction flange

2. Vertical Bend into Suction flange

3. Horizontal Bend into Suction flange
Only allowed if the lengh X, is greater than 10

times the pipe diameter.

Use of Correct Reducer in Suction Piping
Flat Side Up

 Discharge Piping Arrangment
Supply pipe to fire protection System
( Refer NFPA 13 & 14 for installation
requirement of this pipe)
Discharge Control Valve

Suction Control Valve
Discharge Check valve
Discharge Pipe

Pump Capacity Vs Suction & Discharge Pipe Sizes
Pump Ratings NFPA 20, Table 4.27 (a) Minimum Pipe Size (in.)
(GPM)
Suction Discharge Relief Relief Meter # & Size Hose
Valve Valve Dis. Device Hose Valves Header
Supply
50 -200 See Table 4.27 (a)
250 3½ 3 2 2½ 3½ 1-2 ½ 3
500 5 5 3 5 5 2-2 ½ 4
750 6 6 4 6 5 3- 2½ 6
1000 8 6 4 8 6 4-2 ½ 6
1250 8 8 6 8 6 6-2 ½ 8
1500 8 8 6 8 8 6-2 ½ 8
2000 – See Table 4.27 (a)

5000

Test Line
JP
Antivortex Plate
EP DP
Fire Alarm System Secondary Battery -Set Calculation Worksheet
TOTAL STANDBY
STANDBY CURRENT ALARM CURRENT TOTAL ALARM
ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY CURRENT PER QTY
PER UNIT(AMPS) PER UNIT(AMPS) CURRENT ITEM
ITEM
FACP Fire alarm Control Panel 0.2500 X 1 0.2500 0.5000 X 1 0.5000
ANN Annunciator 0.1250 X 1 0.1250 0.2500 X 1 0.2500
SMOKE Smoke detector 0.0001 X 100 0.0100 0.0010 X 100 0.1000
HEAT Heat Detector - X 10 - 0.0010 X 10 0.0100
PULL Pull Station - X 14 - 0.0010 X 14 0.0140
BELL FDC Bell - X 3 - 0.0500 X 3 0.1500
HORN Horn - X 20 - 0.0500 X 20 1.0000
STROBE Strobe - X 40 - 0.1000 X 40 4.0000
H/S Horn/Strobe - X 20 - 0.1500 X 20 3.0000
0 0 - X 0 - - X 0 -
0 0 - X 0 - - X 0 -
0 0 - X 0 - - X 0 -
0 0 - X 0 - - X 0 -
Total System Standby Current(Amps) 0.3850 Total System Alarm Current(Amps) 9.0240
Prepared For: MechSoft Industrial Training Required Alarm

Required Standby Total System Required Standby Required Alarm
Institute(MITI) Time (Hours), Total System
Time(Hrs.) NFPA Standby Capacity(AMPS- Capacity (AMP-
NFPA 72,2013, Alarm Current
72,2013, 10.6.7.2.1 Current(Amps) Hour) Hours)
10.6.7.2.1
24 X 0.3850 9.24 0.083333333 X 9.0240 0.75
Prepared by : Mehboob Safety

Required Alarm Total Total Adjusted Batter
Shaikh(CFPS,CFI,AMIE) Required Standby Factor(NFPA
Capacity(Amp- Capacity(AMPS- Capacity(AMPS- Capacity(Amps-
Capacity(amps- Hour) 72, 2013,
Hour) Hour) Hour) Hour)
10.6.7.2.1(1)
9.24 0.7520 9.9920 9.9920 0.2000 11.99
Say 12 V
Voltage Drop Calculations for Notification Appliance Circuit (NAC)
Stepwise Procedure
Step No. 01 :
1.1. Calculate length of wire from fire alarm control panel to the end of fire alarm
circuit.
1.2. Calculate Wire Size and resitance using NEC(NFPA 70-2017); Ch.09; Table 8
Step No. 02 :
Calculate Total Resistance for NAC
Step No. 03 :
Calculate Total Amperage for alarm notification devices
Step No. 04 :
Calculate Total Volatage Drop for branch circuit.
Step No. 05 :
Determine if enough voltage is available to operate fire Alarm notification devices
MITI Consultancy Design|Inspection|Training Info@mitionline.com

Stepwise Procedure
Example
Step 01 :
Wire length from control panel to end of Circuit = 500 ft. x 2(Postive+ Negative)
= 1000 ft.
Wire Guage = 12 AWG / 1.98 ohms per 1000 ft. ( NEC Ch. 9, Table 8)
Step 02 :
Resistance per foot of wire = 1.98/1000 = 0.00198 ohms/ ft.
Therefore; Circuit Resistance = Total wire length ( from step 1) x Ohms/ft.
= 1000 x 0.00198
Circuit Resistance = 1.98 Ohms
Step 03 :
Total alarm notification device amperage and devices may be rated in milliamps

Stepwise Procedure
Device No. Device Qty Device Amperage Total Current

1 1 0.075 0.075
2 1 0.125 0.125
3 1 0.2 0.2
4 1 0.1 0.1
Total Current 0.5
Step 04 :
Total voltage drop for the branch circuit.
In accordance with Ohm’s Law
V = IR
V = Total Current from Step (3) x Total Resistance from Step (2)
= 0.5 x 1.98
= 0.99 V ( shall not exceed 4.4 V)
Step 05 :
As per UL 864 & NFPA 72, It must be 85% of Battery Capacity i.e; 20.4 VDC, due to
internal Voltage drop it will always be less than 20.4VDC
Value of Voltage at Last Device Must be Greater than 16 VDC to circuit to work
Since Allowable voltage drop is 20.4 V (FACU) - 16 VDC (NOV) = 4.4 V ( Panel cut off
voltage is generally taken as 19.1 V)
As Voltage in Step 4 does not exceed 4.4 V, NAC is NFPA 72 compliant
Total Voltage Drop = 20.4 – 0.99 = 19.41 V (shall not be less than 16V. Hence, OK)

Stepwise Procedure
Circuit Selection for Calculation – “Worst case” Circuit
– Only the one with the longest wire run?

– Only the one with the most devices connected?
But may not be the case always as mentioned above Because The “worst case”
could be (for instance) the third longest circuit with the third greatest device load
connected. So, better to provide multiple circuit calculation.

Means of Egress Calculations- Part A
 Occupant Load
 Number of Means of Egress
 Stair Width Measurements
In Accordance with NFPA 101 LSC 2018, IBC 2018 & ICC A117.1 2009
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE) 1

Determine Occupant Load : Example - 1
Occupant load = Floor area (sq. ft.or sq m) × Load factor

Determine Occupant Load : Example - 1
Room Load Factor Size of Space Floor area Occupancy Load
Stack Area 100 Gross 70 x 37 2590 SF 2590 ÷ 100 = 25.9
Reading Room 50 Net 16 x 18 288 SF 288 ÷ 50 = 5.8
Study Room 15 Net 10 x 12 120 SF 120 ÷ 15 = 8
Total Occupant Load = 25.9+5.8+8 = 40
# IBC Section 1004

# LSC Chapter-7-7.3.1.2

# IBC Section 1004
Occupant Load : Example - 2

First Floor
Room Load Factor Floor area Occupancy Load

Tenants(Mercantile) 30 Gross 3000 SF 3000 ÷ 30 = 100
Common area 30 Gross 448 SF 488 ÷ 30 = 15
Tenants(business) 100 Gross 7800 SF 7800 ÷ 100 = 78
Common Area 100 Gross 1152 SF 1152 ÷ 100 = 12
Occupant Load for first Floor 205
Total SF for tenant Spaces = 10800SF

% SF shared by Mercantile Tenants = 3000 ÷ 10800 = 28%
Total SF for Common Spaces = 1600SF
% SF Shared by Business Tenants = 100% - 28% = 72%
% SF shared by CS of Mercantile Tenants = 1600 x 28% = 448 SF
% SF Shared by CS of Business Tenants = 1600 x 72% = 1152 SF
Therefore ; SF of Business Tenants = 10800 x 72% = 7800 SF

Second Floor
Room Load Factor Floor area Occupancy Load

Business Tenants 100 Gross 10800 10800 ÷ 100 =108
Common Area 100 1600 1600 ÷ 100 = 16
Occupant Load for Second Floor 124
Occupant Load for Building 329

Covered mall building with gross leasable area of 38,940 sq. ft., mall
area of 16,150 sq. ft., food court area of 4,050 sq. ft., and tenant and
anchor building areas as indicated in the table below. What are the
occupant loads for each portion of the covered mall building and
anchor buildings?


The occupant load factor of the mall is based on the gross leasable
area, which is the floor area dedicated for tenant use only. The gross
leasable area does not include the anchor buildings. Tenant spaces that
have their own means of egress independent of the mall are not
required to be included in the gross leasable area
OLF = (0.00007)(GLA) + 25………..( IBC section 402)

where:
OLF = Occupant load factor, which is the required area per occupant in square feet
GLA = Gross leasable area in square feet
The OLF is not required to be less than 30 and cannot be more than 50

Step 1 : Calculating OLF for mall building
OLF = (0.00007)(GLA) + 25 = 0.00007)(38940) + 25 = 27.73 say 30 Sq ft. Per Person
Step 2 : Calculating OL for mall building
OL for Mall building = 16150 ÷ 30 = 538 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠

Step 3 : Calculating OL for Food court
OL for Food court = 4050 ÷ 15 = 270 𝑂𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
Step 4 : Calculating OL for Mall building with Food court
OL for mall building + Food court = 538+270 = 808 Occupants
Step 5 : Calculating OL for anchor buildings and tenant spaces
Follow same step considering separate OLF for every use in tenant and anchor space in accordance
with table 7.3.1.2 of NFPA 101 LSC or Table 1004.1.2 of IBC 2018

18 Linear inch of Seating per person
Therefore;
Length of Each Pew = 12 feet (144 Inch.)

Number of Occupant Per Pew = 144 /18 = 8 Occupants
Number of Pews = 28
Total number of Occupants = 28 x 8 = 224 People
Actual Number of Occupant = 224 + OL of Platform + OL for

additional seating areas ( wheelchair etc.)
Church Seating Plan
28 Pews- 8 Seats Each

A 210,000-square-foot industrial building designed for
final assembly of commercial aircraft.
210,000
Occupant Load = 100
Occupant Load = 2100

Number and Width of Exits: Example - 6
Figure shown is the floor plan of the second floor in a two‐story, mixed-use building that is non-sprinklered. The client
has requested three tenant spaces to be designed in this vacant floor. The final layout must have the correct number
and width of exits. Spaces A and C (Business) are typical tenant office spaces, and Space B is a wholesale retail store
(Mercantile).
Office Space Retail

OL = 125 OL = 30
Office Space
OL = 169
14
For Space-A
Occupant Load = 125 A B

In accordance with Ch. 07, Cl. 7.4
Required Number of means of egress = 2 Office Space Retail
OL = 125 OL = 30
Type of occupancy = Business
In accordance with Ch. 07, Cl. 7.3
Capacity of door based on given OL
= 125 x 0.2
=25 in.
This is the total required width that must be divided C
between the two doors. Hence, each door must be at least
12.5 inches (317.5 mm) wide. However, since the code Office Space
requires all means of egress doors to provide a minimum OL = 169
clear width of 32 inches (813 mm), each door must be
specified as a 36‐inch (914‐mm) wide door
15
For Space-A
In accordance with ICC A117.1-2009
So actual width of door = 36” + 18”+4” ( for hollow metal Frame)

= 58 Inch.
16
For Staircase & Corridor width
Other two Occupancy falls under the category of “all

other” as per table LSC table 7.3.3.1 so, A B
Capacity factor = 0.3 for stairs & Office Space Retail

Capacity factor =0.2 for level component is OL = 125 OL = 30
applicable( otherwise higher of two would have been
used)
Total occupant load = 125+30+169 = 324 ( less than

500)
C
Width of staircase = 324 x 0.3 = 97.2 𝑠𝑎𝑦 97 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
Office Space
This total width will be divided between two exit OL = 169
stairs therefore.
Each staircase must be 49 inch wide to meet code
requirement.
17
For Staircase & Corridor width
Since there are two exit stairs, each stair has to serve A B
only one‐half of the total occupant load for the floor.
Therefore, the corridor width can be reduced as well. Office Space Retail
OL = 125 OL = 30
Width of Corridor = 162 x 0.2 = 32.4 say 33 inch
That means that the doors entering the exit stairs can
each be the minimum 36‐inch (914‐mm) width.
However, most codes specify a 44‐inch (1118‐mm)
minimum for the corridor C
Office Space
Considering ICC A117.1-2009 for disabilities
OL = 169
60 Inch. Corridor is required.
18
Width of Exits : Example - 7
A multi‐story building. It indicates the occupant load for L-8 OL = 450 & 2 Exits
each floor and the number of exits based on these
occupant loads (using the table shown in Figure 4.16 ). L-7 OL = 825 & 3 Exits
The fourth floor has the largest occupant load, with a total
of 1020, and therefore requires the largest number of L-6 OL = 495 & 2 Exits
exits.
L-5 OL = 800 & 3 Exits
L-4 OL = 1020 & 4 Exits
L-3 OL = 982 & 3 Exits
L-2 OL = 905 & 3 Exits
L-1 OL = 400 & 2 Exits
Basement OL = 51 & 2 Exits

Width of Exits : Example - 7
OL = 450 & 2 Exits 2 Exits
Minimum
OL = 825 & 3 Exits Highest Occupant load is on Level 7 which requires 3 Exit as
per NFPA 101,Ch.7,Cl. 7.4
OL = 495 & 2 Exits 3 Exits As a result, Every floor below it must also have three exits,
Minimum even though their occupant loads specify fewer exits.
Three separate exit stairs that are continuous from the Seventh
OL = 800 & 3 Exits to the fifth floor would meet the requirement.
OL = 1020 & 4 Exits
OL = 982 & 3 Exits Highest Occupant load is on Level 4 which requires 4 Exit as
4 Exits per NFPA 101,Ch.7,Cl. 7.4
Minimum As a result, Every floor below it must also have four exits, even
OL = 905 & 3 Exits though their occupant loads specify fewer exits. Four separate
exit stairs that are continuous from the fourth to the first floor
would meet the requirement.
OL = 400 & 2 Exits
2 Exits
OL = 51 & 2 Exits
Minimum
DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED FIRE
RESISTANCE RATINGS & TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION
In accordance with IBC 2018 and NFPA 5000

DETERMINATION OF REQUIRED FIRE
RESISTANCE RATINGS
The required fire protection for a building is determined by a
combination of the following:
1. Intended use and occupancy
2. Building area
3. Building height
4. Fire department accessibility
5. Distance from other buildings
6. Sprinklers and smoke alarm systems
7. Construction materials

Example: 1
Determine the structural frame fire resistance rating for a steel framed
building given the following:
• Medical Office Building
• Height = 50 ft (15.2 m), 4 stories
• Footprint = 200 ft x 250 ft = 50,000 ft2 (4,650 m2)
• Total Area = 50,000 x 4 =200,000 ft2 (18,600 m2)
• Building Perimeter, P = 900 ft (274 m)
• Perimeter fronting public way, F = 450 ft (137 m)
• Access way width, W=25 ft (7.6 m)
Note: the minimum width to qualify as a public way access is 20 ft (6.1 m).
Automatic sprinkler system throughout Noncombustible construction

Example: 1
Type of Occupancy : Business (Group B)

Solution: Without considering increase in area
Without considering any

increase in the area

Solution: without considering increase in area

Solution: Considering increase in area
The presence of a fire suppression system and the amount of perimeter

access to a public way improve the fire safety of the building.
Therefore,
Area Modification (IBC section 506)
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 𝐼𝑓 𝐴𝑡 𝑥 𝐼𝑠
Aa = At + +
100 100

where
Aa = Allowable area per floor (ft2).
At = Tabular area per floor in accordance with Table 503 (ft2 ).
If = Area increase due to frontage (percent) as calculated in accordance
with Section 506.2.
Is = Area increase due to sprinkler protection (percent) as calculated in
accordance with Section 506.3

𝐹 𝑊
If = 100 x − 0.25 x
𝑃 30
where
If = Area increase due to frontage (percent).
F = Building perimeter which fronts on a public way or open space
having 20 ft (6.1 m) minimum width.
P = Perimeter of building.
W = Minimum width of public way or open space.

𝐹 𝑊
If = 100 x − 0.25 x
𝑃 30
𝐹 𝑊
If = 100 x − 0.25 x
𝑃 30
If = 100 x ( 450/900 – 0.25) x ( 25/30)
If = 20%

Automatic sprinkler system increase:
Section 506.3 of the IBC allows buildings protected with an approved

automatic sprinkler system to have an area increase of:
200 percent (Is = 200 percent) for multi-storied buildings
300 percent (Is = 300 percent) for single-story buildings
Is = 200%

So, Summarizing total increase in area
% Increase
Base Area 100
Frontage Increase 20
Sprinkler Increase 200
Total Increase 320 %

Selection of Construction Type

Construction Tabular Allowable Maximum Allowable No. of No. of Remarks
Type floor area Floor area Floor area Height Stories stories
(x 320%) allowed required
1A UL UL UL UL UL 4 Ok
1B UL UL UL 160 11 4 Ok
2A 37,500 120,000 480,000 65 5 4 Ok
2B 23,000 73,600 294,400 55 4 4 Ok
3A 28,500 91,200 364,800 65 5 4 Ok
3B 19,000 60,800 243,200 55 4 4 Satisfies

Selection of Construction Type

Example: 2
Determine the structural frame fire resistance rating requirements for a
steel framed building given the following:
• Apartment Building High Rise
building
• Building height = 96 ft (29.3 m), 8 stories
• Height of highest occupied floor = 84 ft (25.6 m)
• Footprint = 150 ft x 150 ft = 22,500 ft2 (2,090 m2)
• Automatic sprinkler system with sprinkler control valves according to
IBC 403.3

Example: 3
Is building complying with max. allowable area per story as per NFPA 5000…?
The building is of Type II(111) construction. The building is 75,000 ft2 per story and
contains assembly, business, day-care, and mercantile occupancies (1 ft = 0.3048 m;
1 ft2 = 0.093 m2) with automatic supervised sprinkler system and with open
frontage on all sides.

Solution :
Each Story is granted a 75% increase in area due to open frontage and 200%
increase due to supervised, automatic sprinkler system (Cl. 7.6.2 )
Therefore;
(A) Allowable Area for Assembly Occupancy :
Aa = At + (1.75 x At) +(2 x At)

= 15,500 +( 0.75*15,500) +( 2*15,500)
= 15500+11625+31000
= 58,125 Sq.ft.

Solution :
Therefore;
(B) Allowable Area for Business Occupancy :
Aa = At + (1.75 x At) +(2 x At)

= 37,500 +( 0.75*37,500) +( 2*37,500)
= 37500+28125+75000
= 140,625 Sq.ft.

Solution :
increase due to supervised, automatic sprinkler system (Cl. 7.6.2.3 )
Therefore;
(C) Allowable Area for Day Care Occupancy :
Aa = At + (1.75 x At) +(2 x At)

= 26,500 +( 0.75*26,500) +( 2*26,500)
= 26500+19875+53000
= 99,375 Sq.ft.

Solution :
Therefore;
(D) Allowable Area for Mercantile Occupancy :
Aa = At + (1.75 x At) +(2 x At)

= 21,500 +( 0.75*21,500) +( 2*21,500)
= 21500+16125+43000
= 80,625 Sq.ft.

Solution :
Floor Number Occupancy Actual Area Allowed Area Ratio
1 2 3 4 5 = (3 ÷ 𝟒)
Fourth Floor Assembly 15,000 58,125 0.26
Each Floor complies as the ratio is less

than 1 (Cl. 7.6.2.3.2) hence complied
Sum of all floor is 2.43 < 4 for four

Third Floor Business 22,000 140,625 0.15
stories ( Cl. 7.6.2.3.4.2) hence

Business 41,000 140,625 0.29
Assembly 12,000 58,125 0.20
complied
Second Floor Mercantile 15,000 80,625 0.18
Business 60,000 140,625 0.42
First Floor Mercantile 15,000 80,625 0.18
Mercantile 25,000 80,625 0.31
Business 15,000 140,625 0.10
Assembly 14,000 58,125 0.24
Day Care 6000 99,375 0.06
Procedure for Determining the Code
Requirements for a building or structure
&
Understanding Building Height & Area
In accordance with NFPA 101,Life Safety Code-2015

&
IBC ( International building Code)

SN STEP REFERENCES
1 Determine the occupancy classification Refer to the occupancy definitions in Chapter 3
and the occupancy Chapters 12 through 42.
2 Determine if the building or structure is new or existing. Refer to the definitions in Chapter
3 Determine the occupant load. Refer to Cl.7.3 & Occupancy chapter 12 through 42
4 Determine the hazard of contents. Refer to Chapter 6

5 Refer to the applicable occupancy chapter of the Code. Chapters 12 through 42. Also refer as necessary to
Chapters 1 through 10 for general information, or
as directed by the occupancy chapter.
6 Determine the occupancy sub-classification or special use condition, if applicable. The following new and existing occupancy
chapters contain sub-classifications or special use
definitions: Assembly, Health Care, Detention and
Correctional, Hotels and Dormitories, Residential
Board and Care, and Mercantile Occupancies.
7 Proceed through the applicable occupancy chapter verifying compliance with each referenced
section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, and referenced codes, standards, and other
documents.
8 Where two or more requirements apply, the occupancy chapter generally takes precedence over
the base Chapters 1 through 10.
9 Where two or more occupancy chapters apply, such as in a mixed use building, the most
stringent requirements apply.
10 Operating feature requirements CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE) 2
Refer Clause “ Operating Features” of Applicable
Comparison of Occupancy Classifications
Occupancy ICC NFPA
Classification International Building Code Life Safety Code and NFPA 5000
ASSEMBLY A-1 Assembly, Theaters (Fixed Seats) A - Assembly (variations noted by occupant
A-2 Assembly, Food and/or Drink Consumption load)
A-3 Assembly, Worship, Recreation, Amusement
A-4 Assembly, Indoor Sporting Events
A-5 Assembly, Outdoor Activities
BUSINESS B- Business B –Business
AHC- Ambulatory Health Care
EDUCATIONAL E- Educational (includes some day care) E- Educational
FACTORY/INDS F-1 Factory Industrial, Moderate Hazard I- Industrial, General

F-2 Factory Industrial, Low Hazard Industrial, Special Purpose Industrial,
High Hazard
HAZARDOUS H-1 Hazardous, Detonation Hazard (Included in Group I)
H-2 Hazardous, Deflagration Hazard or Accelerated Burning
H-3 Hazardous, Physical or Combustible Hazard
H-4 Hazardous, Health Hazard
H-5 Hazardous, Hazardous Production Materials (HPM)
INSTITUTIONAL I-1 Institutional, Custodial Care OL* >16 D-I Detentional/Correctional (includes various
I-2 Institutional, Medical Care sub-conditions I-V)
I-3 Institutional, Restrained (includes various Sub-conditions I-5) H- Health Care
I-4 Institutional, Day Care Facilities DC -Day Care
CFPS Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)

Comparison of Occupancy Classifications
Occupancy ICC NFPA
Classification International Building Code Life Safety Code and NFPA 5000
MERCANTILE M Mercantile M-A Mercantile, > 3 levels or > 30,000 SF (2800
SM)
M-B Mercantile, ≤ 3 stories or > 3000 SF (280
SM) and ≤ 30,000 SF (2800 SM)
M-C Mercantile, 1 story ≤ 3000 SF (280 SM)
RESIDENTIAL R-1 Residential, Transient R- Residential, Hotels and Dormitories
R-2 Residential, Multi-Dwelling Unit Residential, Apartment Buildings
R-3 Residential, One and Two Dwelling Units Residential, Lodging or Rooming Houses
R-4 Residential, Care and Assisted Living Residential, One- and Two-Family Dwellings
Facilities OL > 5 ≤16 Residential, Board and Care
STORAGE S-1 Storage, Moderate Hazard S Storage
S-2 Storage, Low Hazard
UTILITY/ U Utility and Miscellaneous Special Structures and High-Rise
MISCELLANEOUS Buildings
CFPS Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)

Example:1-
Determine Code Requirement
A Jewelry retail sales operation (i.e., a jewelry store) occupying all of the
twelfth floor of a multitenant building uses 5000 ft2 (465 m2), or 95 percent,
of the floor area for sales purposes.

SN STEP REFERENCES
1 Determine the occupancy classification Mercantile Occupancy ( Ch. 6,6.1.10.1)
2 Determine if the building or structure is new or existing. New ( Refereeing Definition of Chapter
3, 3.3.36.5)
3 Determine the occupant load. OLF= 40(Referring Table 7.3.1.2)
4 Determine the hazard of contents. Low ( Ch. 06,Cl. 6.2.2)
5 Refer to the applicable occupancy chapter of the Code. Chapter 11( Shop is located in high rise
building) & Chapter 36( New
Mercantile Occupancies)
6 Determine the occupancy sub-classification or special use condition, if Class B ( Ch. 36, Cl. 36.1.2.1.1(2,a))
applicable.
7 Proceed through the applicable occupancy chapter verifying compliance Referring Chapter 11 & 36 and detailed
with each referenced section, subsection, paragraph, subparagraph, and requirement therein.
referenced codes, standards, and other documents.
8 Where two or more requirements apply, the occupancy chapter generally Noted
takes precedence over the base Chapters 1 through 10.
9 Where two or more occupancy chapters apply, such as in a mixed use Noted
building, the most stringent requirements apply.
10 Operating feature requirements CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE) Referring Cl. 11.7 & 36.7 6
Example:2-
Determine Code Requirement
Consider a two-story mall building where two tenant spaces formerly
occupied by a shoe store and a children’s clothing store [each with
5000 ft2 (465 m2) of floor area for sales purposes] are to be gutted,
combined in area, and outfitted for a new tenant that will sell sporting
goods. The new tenant will occupy 10,000 ft2 (929 m2) of floor area for
sales purposes.

What’s there in International
Building Code(IBC) for Building
Height and Area…?

Example
• A client is considering an existing two‐story building to renovate
into a hotel. It has 12,000 square feet per floor. The construction
type of the building has been determined to be a Type VB, The
client has already determined that the total number of occupants
(including guests and employees) will be 100 people.
Determine,
1. If the Hotel use can be located in the building…?
2. Building has area required by the code for that use..?
Solution
• Occupancy Classification : R-1 occupancy classification
• Floor area required for 100 People = Load Factor x Occupant Load
= 200 x 100
= 20,000 Sq. Ft. < 24,000 Sq. ft.(Available)

Solution
Lets Check if the occupancy is allowed in this construction type :
Total Floor area (20,000 Sq. ft) > Total Allowed Area (14,000 Sq. ft.) Allowable area Per floor
Hence, with this construction type this occupancy can’t be allowed in Total allowed area for two
this building floors = 14,000 Sq. Ft.
CFI-1 Exam Preparation- Mehboob Shaikh(CFPS, CFI, AMIE)
11
Solution
Lets Check if the occupancy is allowed in this construction type :
Maximum allowable number of
stories.
Maximum allowable area per

floor
Apply footnotes to increase
allowable area
Rules for Evaluating allowable height
and area
Stricter the construction

Construction Occupancy
type larger the allowable
type Classification
area
No. of Higher the number of

Rules occupants
Occupants more restriction
on height and area.
Use of an approved Distance to adjacent

sprinkler system can Sprinklers Location
buildings
increase allowable height
and area.

Rules for Evaluating allowable height
and area
Fire Hazardous
Walls
Single Greater Flexibility for Single

Rules storage building
Stories
As per NFPA 101, Chapter 4

As per NFPA 101, Chapter 4 Mezzanines It doesn’t count towards
It doesn’t count towards
Basements number of floor
number of floor

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MECHSOFT ENGINEERING DESIGN & CONSULTANCY

Gas Based Suppression System

Fire Pump Calculations

Fire Alarm Battery Calculation

Battery Voltage Drop Calculation

Means of Egress/ FLS Calculations

Prepared by: Mehboob Shaikh

B.E(ME) || CFPS || CFI-1 || AMIE

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Prepared by: Mehboob Shaikh

B. Eng. || CFPS || CFI-1 || AMIE

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SN Description of Content Page No.

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

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Caused by the weight of air, varies with altitude

• 14.7 psi at sea level

The actual reading on a gage, does not account

• 14.7 psi at sea level

The sum of atmospheric pressure and guage

• 14.7 psi at sea level

The pressure created on the walls of pipe or

• 14.7 psi at sea level

• 14.7 psi at sea level

The pressure at a given point in a conduit or

Static/Elevation The potential energy available within a system

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

What is the pressure difference?

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info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

Q is the flow (gpm)

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A sprinkler is being installed with a k-factor of 5.6. If the pressure at the

P  4.716  22.2 psi

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

info@mitionline.com Design|Inspection|Training Mehboob Shaikh | +919146861270

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Performed to tell you,

– What pipe size will be best?

Hydraulic Calcualtion Formulae :

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2-inch schedule 40 pipe

PL= 0.112 psi/ft

Guage Pressure = 40 psi – 3.6 psi  36 psi

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Adjusting Equivalent Lengths

NFPA 13 table is based on schedule 40 steel pipe for a wet system

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– Begin with the equivalent length value from the table

Adjusting for Inside Diameter :

– Begin with the equivalent length value from the table

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See Eq. Pipe length From table – 23.4.3.1.1

3” elbow 90 degree elbow = 7 ft.

As the type of pipe is different than steel we need to adjust for,

Adjustment for material (C-factor)

See table no 23.4.3.2.1 ,23.4.4.7.1 C factor & C factor multiplier for