GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 TUBERS

Lesson 1: Reproduction ● Underground stem that stores food and forms a

REPRODUCTION new plant.
● Example: potato (buds in the eyes give rise to new
● is a biological process in which different plants.)
organisms have the ability to produce another of
the kind. CORMS
● Grows vertically in the soil. Similar to bulbs but
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION they have much thinner leaves.

● It does not involve gametes or sex cells. LEAVES

● Can be observed in some plants and in lower ● Leaves develop small buds called adventitious
forms of animals. buds on their margin. They get into new plant
once get touch with soil.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
● Examples are: Bryophyllum leaves and Water
● Involves the union of gametes inside or outside Hyacinth
the body of an organism.
CUTTING
KINDS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ● Is a small section of a plant stem, which can be
removed and planted elsewhere.
BUDDING - An organisms is reproduced by forming an
● Examples are: sugar cane and rose
outgrowth, or a “bud”, from a part of the parent
organism’s body.
GRAFTING
● Cut stem of 2 plants joined together.
FRAGMENTATION - An organism is produced from the
detached body part of its parent.
LAYERING
● Branch of plant buried and covered with soil
BINARY FISSION - A parent organism splits into two
● Example: Strawberry
“daughter organisms. This is usually done by prokaryotic
organisms and some invertebrates.
● Cyanobacteria SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

● It involves the union of gametes inside or outside

VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION - A plant part is used to
the body of an organism.
reproduce another plant.
● This type of reproduction is exhibited only by
NATURAL METHOD ARTIFICIAL METHOD higher forms of organisms, including humans.

Roots Cutting
GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Lesson 2: Modes of Nutrition
Stems Grafting
MODES OF NUTRITION
Leaves Layering
● Organisms have different modes of nutrition.
ROOTS Thus, they can be classified based on how they
● The part of a plant that grows downward and obtained food.
holds the plant in place.
AUTOTROPHIC
BULBS
● Autotrophic organisms can manufacture their
● Are short underground stems that also have
own nutrients by synthesizing inorganic materials.
fleshy leaves that store food.
● Examples are: algae, phytoplankton, plants.
● Examples are: onion and garlic
 OMNIVOROUS - Organisms that take in both plants and
TWO TYPES OF AUTOTROPHIC animals.

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS - Directly use the energy from the

GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon
Lesson 4: Genetics
dioxide and water to form organic food.
GENES
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS - Use chemicals to create simpler
● Units of heredity composed of DNA Molecules
organic substances important for their survival.
● Most bacteria and members of the group Archea TRAITS
that live in extreme environments such as
volcanoes and deep sea vents are classified in this ● Physical characteristics inherited from parents or
group. grandparents.

HETEROTROPHIC GREGOR MENDEL (Father of Modern Genetics)

● Cannot make their own food, and thus obtain
their energy by digesting organic matter.
● Examples are: animals, fungi, grasshopper and
frog, and most bacteria.
TYPES OF HETEROTROPHIC
SAPROPHYTIC OR SAPROTOPHIC - Organisms obtain their
nutrients from dead organic matter.
● These organisms secrete digestive juices to the
surroundings, which will be later absorbed
through their body surface.
● Australian Monk and Biologist
● Garden pea experiments laid the foundation for
genetics.
● Discovered laws in inheritance: dominance,
segregation, and independent assortment.
IMPORTANT TERMS IN GENETICS
ALLELE - different forms of a gene.
DOMINANT TRAIT - trait expressed in the presence of a
dominant allele.

PARASITIC - An organisms takes food from another
organism. Parasitic nutrition is exhibited by some plants
and animals.
● The parasite can either be inside or outside the
host.
TYPES OF PARASITIC
ECTOPARASITISM - Happens when the parasite is outside
the body of the host.
RECESSIVE TRAIT - trait masked in the presence of a
dominant trait.
GENOTYPE - genetic composition of an individual.
PHENOTYPE - observable characteristics of an individual.
PUNNET SQUARE - diagram predicting outcomes of
genetic crosses.

ENDOPARASITISM - Involves parasites that live inside the

body of the host.

HOLOZOIC

● Organisms ingest solid or liquid food. The food

then digested and absorbed by the body.

HERBIVOROUS - Organisms that take only plants as source

of their energy.

CARNIVOROUS - Organisms that eat other animals.