(eBook PDF) Human Biology: Concepts

and Current Issues 8th Edition

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/ebook-pdf-human-biology-concepts-and-current-is
sues-8th-edition/
 Contents vii

The degree of nerve activation influences force 131 7.3 Human blood types 150
Slow-twitch versus fast-twitch fibers: endurance versus ABO blood typing is based on A and B antigens 150
strength 132
Rh blood typing is based on Rh factor 151
Exercise training improves muscle mass, strength, and
Blood typing and cross-matching ensure blood
endurance 133
compatibility 152
MJ’s BlogInFocus 134
New tests make transfused blood safer 153

6.4 Cardiac and smooth muscles have special 7.4 Blood substitutes 153
features 134
Health & Wellness Donating Blood 154
How cardiac and smooth muscles are activated 134
Arrangement of myosin and actin filaments 135
Speed and sustainability of contraction 135
7.5 Blood disorders 154
Mononucleosis: contagious viral infection
of lymphocytes 154
6.5 Diseases and disorders of the muscular Blood poisoning: bacterial infection of blood 155
system 136
Anemia: reduction in blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity 155
Muscular dystrophy 136
Leukemia: uncontrolled production of white
Tetanus 136 blood cells 155
Muscle cramps 136 Multiple myeloma: uncontrolled production
Pulled muscles 136 of plasma cells 156
Fasciitis 136 Thrombocytopenia: reduction in platelet number 156
MJ’s BlogInFocus 138 MJ’s BlogInFocus 158

7 Blood 139 8 Heart and Blood Vessels 159

Current Issue Should You Bank Your Baby’s Current Issue How Should Comparative Effec-
Cord Blood? 140 tiveness Research Be Used? 160

7.1 The composition and functions of blood 142 8.1 Blood vessels transport blood 161
Arteries transport blood away from the heart 162
Plasma consists of water and dissolved solutes 142
Arterioles and precapillary sphincters regulate
Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon
blood flow 163
dioxide 143
Capillaries: where blood exchanges substances
Hematocrit and hemoglobin reflect oxygen-carrying
with tissues 164
capacity 144
The lymphatic system helps maintain blood volume 165
All blood cells and platelets originate
from stem cells 145 Veins return blood to the heart 165
RBCs have a short life span 145
RBC production is regulated by a hormone 146 8.2 The heart pumps blood through the vessels 166
White blood cells defend the body 146 The heart is mostly muscle 166
Platelets are essential for blood clotting 148 The heart has four chambers and four valves 167
The pattern of blood flow through the cardiovascular
system 168
7.2 Hemostasis: stopping blood loss 148
Arteries and veins of the human body 169
Vascular spasms constrict blood vessels to reduce blood
flow 148 MJ’s BlogInFocus 170
Platelets stick together to seal a ruptured vessel 149 The cardiac cycle: the heart contracts and relaxes 170
MJ’s BlogInFocus 149 Heart sounds reflect closing heart valves 172
A blood clot forms around the platelet plug 149 The cardiac conduction system coordinates contraction 172
MJ’s BlogInFocus 149 Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electrical activity 173
MJ’s BlogInFocus 174
viii Contents

8.3 Blood exerts pressure against vessel walls 174 9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first line
Measuring blood pressure 174 of defense 195
Hypertension: high blood pressure can be Skin: an effective deterrent 195
dangerous 175 Impeding pathogen entry in areas not covered by skin 195
Health & Wellness Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis 176
Hypotension: when blood pressure is too low 177 9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second line
of defense 196
8.4 How the cardiovascular system is regulated 177 The complement system assists other defense
Baroreceptors maintain arterial blood pressure 178 mechanisms 196

Local requirements dictate local blood flows 178 Phagocytes engulf foreign cells 197

Exercise: increased blood flow and cardiac Inflammation: redness, warmth, swelling, and pain 198
output 179 Natural killer cells target tumors and virus-infected
cells 199
Interferons interfere with viral reproduction 199
8.5 Cardiovascular disorders: a major health issue 179
Fever raises body temperature 199
Angina: chest pain warns of impaired blood flow 180
Heart attack: permanent damage to heart tissue 180
Heart failure: the heart becomes less efficient 181 9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: the third line
of defense 199
Embolism: blockage of a blood vessel 181
The immune system targets antigens 200
Stroke: damage to blood vessels in the brain 181
Lymphocytes are central to specific defenses 200
B cells: antibody-mediated immunity 200
8.6 Replacing a failing heart 182
The five classes of antibodies 202
MJ’s BlogInFocus 183
An antibody’s structure enables it to bind to a specific
antigen 202
8.7 Reducing your risk of cardiovascular disease 183 T cells: cell-mediated immunity 202
MJ’s BlogInFocus 186
9.6 Immune memory creates immunity 205
Health & Wellness The Case for Breast Milk 206
9 The Immune System and Mechanisms MJ’s BlogInFocus 206
of Defense 187
Current Issue An Outbreak of Ebola 188 9.7 Medical assistance in the war against
pathogens 207
Active immunization: an effective weapon against
pathogens 207
Passive immunization can help against existing or
anticipated infections 207
9.1 Pathogens cause disease 190
Monoclonal antibodies: laboratory-created
Bacteria: single-celled living organisms 190 for commercial use 207
Viruses: tiny infectious agents 191 Antibiotics combat bacteria 209
Prions: infectious proteins 191 MJ’s BlogInFocus 209
Transmissibility, mode of transmission, and virulence
determine health risk 192
9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical challenge 209

9.2 The lymphatic system defends the body 192

9.9 Inappropriate immune system activity causes
Lymphatic vessels transport lymph 192 health problems 209
Lymph nodes cleanse the lymph 192 Allergies: a hypersensitive immune system 210
The spleen cleanses blood 194 Autoimmune disorders: defective recognition of self 211
Thymus gland hormones cause T lymphocytes
to mature 194
Tonsils protect the throat 194
 Contents ix

9.10 Immune deficiency: the special case of AIDS 212 10.6 Disorders of the respiratory system 235
HIV targets helper T cells of the immune system 212 Reduced air flow or gas exchange impedes respiratory
HIV is transmitted in body fluids 213 function 235

AIDS develops slowly 213 Microorganisms can cause respiratory disorders 236

The AIDS epidemic: a global health issue 214 Health & Wellness Carbon Monoxide: An Invisible,
Risky behaviors increase your chances of getting AIDS 214 Odorless Killer 237
Lung cancer is caused by proliferation of abnormal
Making sex safer 214
cells 238
MJ’s BlogInFocus 215
MJ’s BlogInFocus 238
New treatments offer hope 215
Exposure to asbestos can lead to mesothelioma 238
MJ’s BlogInFocus 218
Pneumothorax and atelectasis: a failure of gas
exchange 238
Congestive heart failure impairs lung function 238
10 The Respiratory System: Exchange MJ’s BlogInFocus 242
of Gases 219
Current Issue The Fight over Regulation of
E-Cigarettes 220 11 The Nervous System: Integration and
Control 243
Current Issue Head Trauma in Young
Athletes 244

10.1 Respiration takes place throughout the body 221

10.2 The respiratory system consists of upper and lower

11.1 The nervous system has two principal parts 245
respiratory tracts 222
MJ’s BlogInFocus 246
The upper respiratory tract filters, warms,
and humidifies air 223
The lower respiratory tract exchanges gases 223 11.2 Neurons are the communication cells of the
MJ’s BlogInFocus 226 nervous system 246

10.3 The process of breathing involves a pressure
gradient 228
Inspiration brings in air, expiration expels it
Lung volumes and vital capacity measure lung
function 229
11.3 Neurons initiate action potentials 247
Sodium-potassium pump maintains resting potential 248
228 Graded potentials can initiate an action potential 248
Action potentials are all-or-none and
self-propagating 250

10.4 Gas exchange and transport occur passively 230 11.4 Neuroglial cells support and protect neurons 251
Gases diffuse according to their partial pressures 230
MJ’s BlogInFocus 230
11.5 Information is transferred from a neuron to its
External respiration: the exchange of gases between air
target 252
and blood 230
Neurotransmitter is released 252
Internal respiration: the exchange of gases with tissue
fluids 232 Neurotransmitters exert excitatory or inhibitory effects 253
Hemoglobin transports most oxygen molecules 232 Postsynaptic neurons integrate and process
information 254
Most CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate 233

10.5 The nervous system regulates breathing 233 11.6 The PNS relays information between tissues
and the CNS 254
A respiratory center establishes rhythm
of breathing 234 Nerves carry signals to and from the CNS 254
Chemical receptors monitor CO2, H+, and O2 levels 235 Sensory neurons provide information to the CNS 255
We can exert some conscious control 235 The somatic division controls skeletal muscles 255
x Contents

The autonomic division controls automatic body Mechanoreceptors indicate limb position, muscle length,
functions 256 and tension 279
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions oppose Thermoreceptors detect temperature 280
each other 256 Pain receptors signal discomfort 280

11.7 The brain and spinal cord constitute the CNS 259 12.3 Taste and smell depend on chemoreceptors 281
Bone, meninges, and the blood-brain barrier protect the Taste: chemoreceptors bind with dissolved
CNS 259 substances 281
The spinal cord relays information 260 MJ’s BlogInFocus 282
Smell: chemoreceptors bind with odorants 282
11.8 The brain processes and acts on information 261
The hindbrain: movement and automatic functions 261 12.4 Hearing: mechanoreceptors detect sound waves 283
The midbrain: vision, hearing, and sleep/ The outer ear channels sound waves 284
wakefulness 262
The middle ear amplifies sound 284
The forebrain: emotions and conscious thought 262
The inner ear sorts and converts sounds 285

11.9 Memory involves storing and retrieving

information 265 12.5 The inner ear plays an essential role in balance 286
Sensing rotational movement 286
Sensing head position and acceleration 287
11.10 Psychoactive drugs affect higher brain
functions 265
12.6 Vision: detecting and interpreting visual stimuli 288
11.11 Disorders of the nervous system 266 Structure of the eye 288

Trauma 266 Regulating the amount of light and focusing the

image 289
Infections 267
Eyeball shape affects focus 290
Brain tumors: abnormal growths 267
Light is converted into action potentials 291
MJ’s BlogInFocus 267
Rods and cones respond to light 291
Health & Wellness Repairing Spinal Cord Injuries 268
Health & Wellness LASIK to Correct Vision Problems 292
Disorders of neural and synaptic transmission 268
Rods provide vision in dim light 292
MJ’s BlogInFocus 273
Cones provide color vision and accurate images 292
Visual receptors adapt 293

12 Sensory Mechanisms 274 MJ’s BlogInFocus 293

Current Issue DWD: Driving While

Distracted 275 12.7 Disorders of sensory mechanisms 293
MJ’s BlogInFocus 297

12.1 Receptors receive and convert stimuli 276 13 The Endocrine System 298
Receptors are classified according to stimulus 276 Current Issue Endocrine Disruptors in the
The CNS interprets nerve impulses based on origin and Environment 299
frequency 277
Some receptors adapt to continuing stimuli 277
MJ’s BlogInFocus 278
Somatic sensations and special senses provide sensory
information 278 13.1 The endocrine system produces hormones 300
MJ’s BlogInFocus 302

12.2 Somatic sensations arise from receptors through-

out the body 278 13.2 Hormones are classified as steroid or
The skin contains a variety of sensory receptors 278 nonsteroid 302
Steroid hormones enter target cells 303
 Contents xi

Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on target cell Health & Wellness Dealing with Diabetes: Prevention or
membranes 303 Treatment? 318
Some hormones participate in negative feedback Addison’s disease: too little cortisol and
loops 304 aldosterone 318
Cushing’s syndrome: too much cortisol 318
13.3 The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland 304 Hypogonadism: too little testosterone 319
The posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin 305 MJ’s BlogInFocus 321
The anterior pituitary produces six key hormones 307
Pituitary disorders: hypersecretion or hyposecretion 308
14 The Digestive System
13.4 The pancreas secretes glucagon, insulin, and Nutrition 322
and somatostatin 309
Current Issue Choosing Organic Versus
Conventional Foods 323
13.5 The adrenal glands comprise the cortex MJ’s BlogInFocus 324
and medulla 310
The adrenal cortex: glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids 310 14.1 The digestive system brings nutrients
The adrenal medulla: epinephrine and into the body 325
norepinephrine 310
The walls of the GI tract are composed of four layers 326
Five basic processes accomplish digestive system
13.6 Thyroid and parathyroid glands 311 function 326
The thyroid gland: thyroxine speeds cellular Two types of motility aid digestive processes 327
metabolism 311
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) controls blood calcium
levels 313
14.2 The mouth processes food for swallowing 327
Teeth bite and chew food 328
The tongue positions and tastes food 328
13.7 Testes and ovaries produce sex hormones 314
Saliva begins the process of digestion 328
Testes produce testosterone 314
MJ’s BlogInFocus 314
Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone 314
14.3 The pharynx and esophagus deliver food
to the stomach 329

13.8 Other glands and organs also secrete

hormones 314 14.4 The stomach stores food, digests protein,
and regulates delivery 330
Thymus gland hormones aid the immune system 314
Gastric juice breaks down proteins 330
The pineal gland secretes melatonin 314
Stomach contractions mix food and push it
Endocrine functions of the heart, the digestive system, forward 331
and the kidneys 315

14.5 The small intestine digests food and absorbs

13.9 Other chemical messengers 316
nutrients and water 332
Histamine is important in inflammation 316
Prostaglandins: local control of blood flow 316
14.6 Accessory organs aid digestion and
Nitric oxide has multiple functions 316
absorption 333
Growth factors regulate tissue growth 316
The pancreas secretes enzymes and NaHCO3 333
The liver produces bile and performs many other
13.10 Disorders of the endocrine system 317 functions 333
Diabetes mellitus: inadequate control of blood sugar 317 The gallbladder stores bile until needed 334
Hypothyroidism: underactive thyroid gland 317
Hyperthyroidism: overactive thyroid gland 317
xii Contents

14.7 The large intestine absorbs nutrients 15.2 Organs of the urinary system 354
and eliminates wastes 335 Ureters transport urine to the bladder 355
MJ’s BlogInFocus 335 Urinary bladder stores urine 355
MJ’s BlogInFocus 356
14.8 How nutrients are absorbed 335 The urethra carries urine from the body 356
Proteins and carbohydrates are digested, then
absorbed 335
15.3 The internal structure of a kidney 356
Lipids are broken down, then reassembled 336
Special blood vessels supply the tubule 357
Water is absorbed by osmosis 336
Health & Wellness Should You Drink Raw Milk? 337
Vitamins and minerals follow a variety of paths 337
15.4 Formation of urine: filtration, reabsorption, and
secretion 358
Glomerular filtration filters fluid from capillaries 359
14.9 Nerves and hormones regulate digestion 338 Tubular reabsorption returns filtered water and solutes to
blood 360
14.10 Nutrition: you are what you eat 338 Tubular secretion removes other substances from
blood 361
ChooseMyPlate.gov offers a personalized approach 338
MJ’s BlogInFocus 361
Carbohydrates: a major energy source 339
Lipids: essential cell components and energy sources 339
Complete proteins contain every amino acid 340 15.5 Producing diluted or concentrated urine 362
Vitamins are essential for normal function 341 Producing dilute urine: excreting excess water 362

Minerals: elements essential for body processes 342 Producing concentrated urine: conserving water 363

Fiber benefits the colon 343

MJ’s BlogInFocus 343 15.6 Urination depends on a reflex 363

14.11 Food labels 343 15.7 The kidneys contribute to homeostasis in many
ways 363
ADH regulates water balance 364
14.12 Energy balance 344
Aldosterone regulates salt balance 364
Energy balance, body weight, and physical activity 344
The renin-angiotensin system controls blood volume
Healthy weight improves overall health 344 and blood pressure 365
Obesity 345 Atrial natriuretic hormone protects against blood volume
excess 366
14.13 Eating disorders 345 Kidneys help maintain acid-base balance and blood
pH 366
Erythropoietin stimulates production of red blood
14.14 Disorders of the digestive system 346 cells 367
Disorders of the GI tract 346 Kidneys activate vitamin D 367
Disorders of the accessory organs 347
MJ’s BlogInFocus 350 15.8 Disorders of the urinary system 367
Kidney stones can block urine flow 367
Health & Wellness Water Intoxication 368
15 The Urinary System 351 Urinary tract infections are often caused by bacteria 368
Current Issue A Shortage of Kidneys 352 Acute and chronic renal failure impair kidney function 368
MJ’s BlogInFocus 369
Dialysis cleanses the blood artificially 369
Kidney transplants are a permanent solution to renal
failure 369
15.1 The urinary system regulates body fluids 353 MJ’s BlogInFocus 370
The kidneys regulate water levels 354 Urinary incontinence is a loss of bladder control 370
The kidneys regulate nitrogenous wastes and other MJ’s BlogInFocus 372
solutes 354
 Contents xiii

16.6 Infertility: inability to conceive 389

16 Reproductive Systems 373 Infertility can have many causes 389
Current Issue Would You Like a Boy Enhancing fertility 390
or a Girl? 374
MJ’s BlogInFocus 390

16.7 Sexually transmitted diseases 391

16.1 The male reproductive system delivers Bacterial STDs: syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia 391
sperm 375 Viral STDs: HIV, hepatitis B, HPV, and genital
Testes produce sperm 375 herpes 393
Accessory glands help sperm survive 376 Health & Wellness Have You Had Your Gardasil? 394
Sperm production requires several cell divisions 377 MJ’s BlogInFocus 395
Testosterone affects male reproductive capacity 378 Other STDs: yeast infections, trichomoniasis, and pubic
lice 395
Protecting yourself against STDs 396
16.2 The female reproductive system produces eggs MJ’s BlogInFocus 398
and supports pregnancy 379
Ovaries release oocytes and secrete hormones 379
The uterus nurtures the developing embryo
The vagina: organ of sexual intercourse and birth
379
17 Cell Reproduction and
canal 380 Differentiation 399
Mammary glands nourish the infant 380 Current Issue Therapeutic Cloning 400

16.3 The menstrual cycle consists of ovarian

and uterine cycles 381
The ovarian cycle: oocytes mature and are released 381
The uterine cycle prepares the uterus for pregnancy 382 17.1 The cell cycle creates new cells 401
Cyclic changes in hormone levels produce the menstrual
cycle 382
17.2 DNA structure and function: an overview 402
Replication: copying DNA before cell division 403
16.4 Human sexual response, intercourse, and
fertilization 384 Mutations are alterations in DNA 403
The male sexual response 384 Mechanisms of DNA repair 404
The female sexual response 384 Transcription: converting a gene’s code into mRNA 404
Fertilization: one sperm penetrates the egg 384 Translation: making a protein from RNA 405

16.5 Birth control methods: controlling fertility 385 17.3 Cell reproduction: one cell becomes two 407
Abstinence: not having intercourse 385 Mitosis: daughter cells are identical to the parent cell 407
Surgical sterilization: vasectomy and tubal Cytokinesis divides one cell into two identical cells 408
ligation 385 Mitosis produces cells identical to the parent cell 408
Hormonal methods: pills, injections, patches, and Meiosis prepares cells for sexual reproduction 409
rings 386 Sex differences in meiosis: four sperm versus one egg 410
IUDs are inserted into the uterus 386
Diaphragms and cervical caps block the cervix 387
17.4 How cell reproduction is regulated 411
Chemical spermicides kill sperm 387
MJ’s BlogInFocus 411
Condoms trap ejaculated sperm 387
Withdrawal and periodic abstinence 388
17.5 Environmental factors influence cell
Pills that can be used after intercourse 388
differentiation 412
MJ’s BlogInFocus 388
Differentiation during early development 412
Elective abortion 388
Differentiation later in development 413
The future in birth control 388
xiv Contents

17.6 Reproductive cloning requires an undifferentiated 18.6 The ten deadliest cancers 432
cell 413 Lung cancer: smoking is leading risk factor 432
Embryo splitting produces identical offspring 414 Cancers of colon and rectum: tests can detect them
Somatic cell nuclear transfer produces a clone of an early 433
adult 414 Breast cancer: early detection pays off 433
MJ’s BlogInFocus 415 Pancreatic cancer: rarely detected early
enough 433
17.7 Therapeutic cloning: creating tissues and Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 434
organs 415 Health & Wellness What If You Could Save Someone’s
MJ’s BlogInFocus 418 Life? 434
Leukemia: chemotherapy is often effective 435
Lymphoma: cancers of lymphoid tissues 435

18 Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Division Urinary bladder cancer: surgery is often successful if
done early 435
and Differentiation 419 Esophageal cancer: a high ratio of deaths to cases 435
Current Issue Preventive Double Mastectomy Cancer of the uterus: unusual uterine bleeding is major
to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk 420 symptom 436
MJ’s BlogInFocus 436

18.7 Some other notable cancers 436

18.1 Tumors can be benign or cancerous 421 Kidney cancers 436
Skin cancer 436

18.2 Cancer cells undergo structural and functional Ovarian cancer 437
changes 422 Testicular cancer 437
A pattern of changes leading to a lack of control 423
Cancer stages 423 18.8 Most cancers could be prevented 437
MJ’s BlogInFocus 440

18.3 Factors contributing to cancer development 424

Mutant forms of proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor
genes, and mutator genes contribute to cancer 424 19 Genetics and Inheritance 441
A variety of factors can lead to cancer 425 Current Issue Should You Have Genetic Tests
MJ’s BlogInFocus 427 for Disease Risks? 442
The immune system plays an important role in cancer
prevention 427

18.4 Advances in diagnosis enable early 19.1 Your genotype is the genetic basis of your
detection 428 phenotype 443
Tumor imaging: X-rays, PET, and MRI 429 MJ’s BlogInFocus 444
Genetic testing can identify mutated genes 430
Enzyme tests may detect cancer markers 430 19.2 Genetic inheritance follows certain
patterns 445
Punnett square analysis predicts patterns of
18.5 Cancer treatments 430 inheritance 445
Conventional cancer treatments: surgery, radiation, and
chemotherapy 430 Mendel established the basic principles of
genetics 445
MJ’s BlogInFocus 430
Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive
Magnetism and photodynamic therapy target malignant alleles 446
cells 431
Two-trait crosses: independent assortment of genes for
Immunotherapy promotes immune response 431 different traits 448
“Starving” cancer by inhibiting angiogenesis 431
Molecular treatments target defective genes 432
 Contents xv

19.3 Incomplete dominance and codominance 450 20.2 DNA can be cloned in the laboratory 467
Incomplete dominance: heterozygotes have an interme- Recombinant DNA technology: isolating and cloning
diate phenotype 450 genes 467
Codominance: both gene products are equally Cloning DNA fragments: the polymerase chain
expressed 450 reaction 469
Health & Wellness Cystic Fibrosis 452 Health & Wellness DNA-Based Vaccines Against
MJ’s BlogInFocus 452 Viruses 469
Identifying the source of DNA: DNA fingerprinting 470
19.4 Other factors influencing inheritance patterns
and phenotype 452 20.3 Genetic engineering creates transgenic
Polygenic inheritance: phenotype is influenced by many organisms 471
genes 452 Transgenic bacteria have many uses 471
Both genotype and the environment affect phenotype 453 Transgenic plants: more vitamins and better pest
Linked alleles may or may not be inherited together 454 resistance 472
MJ’s BlogInFocus 473
19.5 Sex-linked inheritance 454 Transgenic animals: a bigger challenge 473
Sex-linked inheritance depends on genes located on sex MJ’s BlogInFocus 473
chromosomes 454
Sex-influenced traits are affected by actions of sex 20.4 Gene therapy: the hope of the future? 474
genes 455
Gene therapy must overcome many obstacles 475
Vectors transfer genes into human cells 475
19.6 Alterations in chromosome number or Success with SCID gives hope 476
structure 456
Research targets cystic fibrosis and cancer 476
Down syndrome: three copies of chromosome 21 456
MJ’s BlogInFocus 478
Alterations of the number of sex chromosomes 457
MJ’s BlogInFocus 458
Deletions and translocations alter chromosome
structure 458 21 Development, Maturation, Aging,
and Death 479
19.7 Inherited disorders involving recessive alleles 458 Current Issue Death with Dignity (Brittany
Phenylketonuria is caused by a missing enzyme 458 Maynard’s Journey) 480
Tay-sachs disease leads to brain dysfunction 458
Huntington disease is caused by a dominant-lethal
allele 459
21.1 Fertilization begins when sperm and egg unite 481
19.8 Genes code for proteins, not for specific The journeys of egg and sperm 481
behaviors 459 One sperm fertilizes the egg 482
MJ’s BlogInFocus 462 Twins may be fraternal or identical 483

21.2 Developmental processes: cleavage, growth,

20 DNA Technology and Genetic differentiation, and morphogenesis 484
Engineering 463
Current Issue Genetically Modified 21.3 Pre-embryonic development: the first two
Plants 464 weeks 484

21.4 Embryonic development: weeks three to eight 485

Tissues and organs derive from three germ layers 485
20.1  NA sequencing reveals the structure of
D Extra-embryonic membranes 486
DNA 466
The placenta and umbilical cord 486
MJ’s BlogInFocus 467
The embryo develops rapidly 488
xvi Contents

21.5 Gender development 489 22.2 Natural selection contributes to evolution 510
Random mutations underlie evolution 510
21.6 Fetal development: nine weeks to birth 490 Natural selection encourages changes in the gene
pool 510
Months three and four 490
Genetic drift and gene flow alter populations 510
MJ’s BlogInFocus 490
Mass extinctions eliminated many species 511
Months five and six 490
MJ’s BlogInFocus 511
Months seven through nine 490
Evolutionary trees trace relationships between
species 511
21.7 Birth and the early postnatal period 490
Labor ends in delivery 491 22.3 In the beginning, Earth was too hot for life 512
MJ’s BlogInFocus 492
Cesarean delivery: surgical delivery of a baby 492
22.4 The first cells lived without oxygen 512
The transition from fetus to newborn 492
Organic molecules formed from atmospheric
Lactation produces milk to nourish the newborn 494 gases 512
Self-replicating RNA and DNA formed 512
21.8 Maturation: from birth to adulthood 494 The first living cells were anaerobic 512
The neonatal period: a helpless time 494
Infancy: rapid development and maturation of organ 22.5 Photosynthesis altered the course
systems 494 of evolution 513
Childhood: continued development and growth 495 Aerobic organisms evolved 513
Adolescence: the transition to adulthood 495 The rise of animals and our human ancestors 513
Health & Wellness Prenatal Diagnostic
Techniques 496
22.6 Humans share a common ancestor
with primates 514
21.9 Aging 496 Humans are primates 514
What causes aging? 497
Evolution of Homo Sapiens 516
MJ’s BlogInFocus 497
MJ’s BlogInFocus 517
Body systems age at different rates 498
Differences within the human species 518
Aging well 499
MJ’s BlogInFocus 520

21.10 Death 500

MJ’s BlogInFocus 502 23 Ecosystems and Populations 521
Current Issue Overharvesting is Depleting the
Oceans’ Wildlife Populations 522
22 Evolution and the Origins
of Life 503
Current Issue Who Were the Flores
People? 504 23.1 Ecosystems: living organisms and their
environment 524

23.2 The dynamic nature of populations 524

22.1 The evidence for evolution 506 Where a species lives: habitat and range 524
The fossil record: incomplete but valuable 506 Population growth rate tends toward biotic
Comparative anatomy and embryology provide more potential 525
evidence 507 Environmental resistance limits biotic potential 525
Comparative biochemistry examines similarities between Invasive species alter the ecological balance 526
molecules 508
Biogeography: the impact of geographic barriers and
continental drift on evolutionary processes 509
MJ’s BlogInFocus 509
 Contents xvii

23.3 Communities: different species living Pollutants produce acid rain 545
together 526 MJ’s BlogInFocus 546
Overlapping niches foster competition 526 Smog blankets industrial areas 546
Succession leads toward a mature community 526
Ecosystems: communities and their physical 24.2 Pollution jeopardizes scarce water supplies 546
environment 527
Water is scarce and unequally distributed 546
MJ’s BlogInFocus 547
23.4 Energy flows through living organisms 528 Urbanization increases storm water runoff 547
Producers capture and convert energy, consumers rely on Human activities pollute freshwater 547
stored energy 528
Groundwater pollution may impair human health 548
MJ’s BlogInFocus 528
Oil pollution and garbage are damaging oceans and
A food web: interactions among producers and shorelines 549
consumers 529
The lower levels of an ecological pyramid support
­consumer populations 531 24.3 Pollution and overuse damage the land 549
Human activities disrupt ecological pyramids 531
24.4 Energy: many options, many choices 550
23.5 The matter (material) comprising living organisms MJ’s BlogInFocus 552
is recycled 532
The water cycle is essential to other biogeochemical 24.5 Environmental change and loss
cycles 532
of biodiversity 552
The carbon cycle: organisms exchange CO2 with the
atmosphere 533 Humans alter and destroy habitats 552

Nitrogen: an essential component of nucleic acids Urbanization is a major force for environmental
and proteins 534 change 553
Phosphorus: a sedimentary cycle 534 Biodiversity is healthy for humans, too 553
MJ’s BlogInFocus 535
24.6 Toward sustainable development 553
23.6 Human population growth 536 Measuring sustainability and quality of life 553
Zero population growth has not yet been achieved 536 Strategies to support sustainable development 554
Population age structure is linked to economic MJ’s BlogInFocus 557
development 537
MJ’s BlogInFocus 538 Glossary G-1
MJ’s BlogInFocus 540
Answers A-1

Credits C-1
24 Human Impacts, Biodiversity, Index I-1
and Environmental Issues 541
Current Issue Global Warming and Global
Climate Change 542

24.1 Pollutants impair air quality 544

Excessive greenhouse gases are causing global
warming 544
CFCs deplete the ozone layer 545
Preface
Should childhood vaccinations be mandatory for school
attendance? Are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
a good or a bad thing? How will our future be affected by
global warming and global climate change, and what, if
anything, should we be doing about these phenomena? Are
organic foods better for you than conventional foods?
Questions such as these seem to come up almost daily.
Those of us who find these questions and the news stories
about them fascinating—and yes, even exciting!—have an
obligation to help others understand science and the impact
it has on their lives. Science is too much fun and far too
important to be left to scientists.
New to This Edition
Changes to this edition are designed to encourage students
who do not have a strong background in science to become
actively engaged in the course. Improved pedagogy helps
students focus their learning, directs their attention to key
concepts and current issues in biology, and encourages
thoughtful analysis and critical thinking.
●● New organization to the chapter opening material.
To help the student develop an organized approach to
a chapter’s content, each chapter opener now includes
an outline of the main headings and a list of the key
concepts to be covered.
●● Addition of a “connections” passage. The initial
section of text in each chapter includes a “connections”
passage, delineated by a chain-link icon , that provides
the student with a sense of how a chapter’s specific topic
interrelates to the overall subject of human biology,
biology in general, and the larger world.
●● New ways to access MJ’s BlogInFocus entries. To
rouse students’ interest in the science they encounter
in their everyday lives, once again incorporated into
each chapter are references to the author’s blog. With
this edition, the MJ’s BlogInFocus is more accessible, as
students can now view the blog entries via three different
ways: directly with their smartphones by scanning a QR
code, online by typing a URL into a search engine, or
by visiting the MasteringBiology Web site. Each chapter
includes two to four MJ’s BlogInFocus references. It is
hoped that these references to the author’s Web site will
encourage students to further explore science related
topics that are of particular interest to them.
●● Refreshed Visual Content. To revitalize the visual
content, 120 new photos replace images from the previous
edition, and 16 figures are new. More than 30 other
figures have been improved from the previous edition.
●● The use of numbered steps. Where complex processes
are described, numbered step icons, 1 , 2 , 3 ,
xviii
and so forth, are included both in the text and in the
accompanying figure. These correlating step icons will
help students follow the logical sequence of events as
those events unfold within a complex process.
●● Updated Features, Graphs, Tables, and Text. Key
features of this text are currency and accuracy. Time-
dependent data has been updated with the latest infor-
mation available. The updated text includes eleven new
or extensively updated Current Issue features, three new
Health & Wellness features, and more than 60 new MJ’s
BlogInFocus entries.
The Focus Is On the Student
This book is written for students who do not yet have a
strong background in science so that they, too, might share
in the joy and wonder of science. Every effort is made to
make the book accurate and up to date while keeping it
inviting, accessible, and easy to read. The look and feel
of the text is intentionally like that of a news magazine,
peppered with short features likely to be of interest to the
student and designed with a strong visual appeal.
Each chapter begins with an outline of the main topic
headings and a list of key concepts to be covered. Next, a
Current Issue feature highlights a recent controversy or ethi-
cal/social/political issue related to topics to be covered in
the chapter. In the introductory section of each chapter, a
new “connections” passage helps the student understand
just how the topic of the chapter fits into the bigger picture
of human biology and the larger world.
Students are naturally curious about how their own
bodies work and human diseases and disorders. We capital-
ize on this curiosity with Health & Wellness features that
highlight timely health topics. In addition, organ system
chapters generally conclude with a section covering the
more common human diseases and disorders.
Once again, a key feature of the book is MJ’s BlogInFocus,
brief references to a blog Web site written by Dr. Johnson in
support of this text. The URL is www.humanbiologyblog.
blogspot.com. Two to four MJ’s BlogInFocus entries per
chapter highlight recent discoveries or news items relevant
to the subject of each chapter. Most of the blog entries have
an additional embedded URL that takes the student
directly to a news source or research paper. We hope that
MJ’s BlogInFocus entries and the author’s blog will encourage
curious students to dig a little deeper into topics that interest
them. New to this edition are the means by which students
can access the blog entries. Students can now get to the blog
in any one of three ways: They can scan a QR code, type a
URL into a search engine, or visit Pearson’s MasteringBiology
Web site.

To help students assess whether or not they understand
the material, check questions throughout the text allow the
students to test their understanding as they go along.
Finally, at the end of each chapter is a range of question
types, from concept review to recall to application, each
designed to test the student’s knowledge of facts as well as
stimulate their critical thinking skills.
Unifying Themes Tie the Subjects
Together
Several unifying themes in biology hold the chapters
together. Homeostasis, the state of dynamic equilibrium
in which the internal environment of an organism is
maintained fairly constant, is one of those recurrent
themes. The concept of homeostasis ties in with another
recurrent theme: Structure and function are related.
Structure/function relationships are the very core of the
study of anatomy and physiology, and both of these fields
in turn rely on the most unifying concept in all of biology:
evolution. Only in the context of evolution can anatomy
and physiology be fully understood; without the concept of
evolution, very little in biology makes sense.
A predominant theme of this book is that each of us
has choices to make—choices that will affect ourselves,
other humans, and the entire planet. Should all children
be vaccinated against childhood diseases? Should we spend
time and money preparing for a pandemic that may never
occur? Will we be willing and able to slow the rate of global
warming? Is it important that we save other species from
extinction, and if so, how should we go about it? Students
are encouraged to formulate their own views on these and
other topics so that they will feel comfortable with related
choices they make.
Preface xix
The Organization Fits the Course
This book was designed to accommodate the fairly standard
format for college courses in human biology. There are
chapters that introduce science and chemistry, chapters
that cover basic human biology from cells through the
human organ systems, and finally, chapters on evolution,
ecosystems and populations, and human impacts on the
environment.
With such broad coverage, however, there is never
enough time to teach all that is interesting, exciting, and
relevant about human biology in one semester. Fortunately,
because each chapter was written to stand on its own, this
book allows for a certain degree of flexibility. Instructors
wishing to emphasize the basics of human anatomy and
physiology or focus on the medical aspects of human bi-
ology could omit or de-emphasize the last two chapters.
Instructors should also feel free to present the organ system
chapters in a different order if they feel more comfort-
able doing so. Within chapters, sections on diseases and
disorders could be omitted or considered optional. Those
interested in a more molecular or cellular approach might
want to give greater emphasis to Chapters 2–4 and 17–21
and move more quickly through the organ systems chap-
ters. Those more interested in the broader picture of where
humans came from and how humans fit into the world
order may want to allow sufficient time for the last three
chapters, even if it means that they must move quickly or
selectively through the organ system chapters. All of these
approaches are equally valid.
However much you cover, dig in and enjoy your course!
Michael D. Johnson
keep current in biology
Through his teaching, his textbook, and in his online blog, award-winning
teacher Michael D. Johnson sparks your interest by connecting basic
biology to real-world issues relevant to your life.

“I hope the blog will stimulate students to go beyond the required reading, ­leading
them to discover and explore subjects of personal interest. When this happens,
­students will ultimately be learning because they want to, not because they have to,
and they’ll be more comfortable with science and with biology.”

—Michael Johnson, Author of Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues

BlogInFocus in-text references appear at applicable

points within the chapter and direct you to the
blog that provides up-to-date insights on important
issues in the news. The blog is updated 3–4 times
per month.

NEW! Three options for accessing

Michael Johnson’s BlogInFocus entries: You
may scan a QR code using a smartphone,
type the URL (www.humanbiologyblog.
blogspot.com) into a search engine, or log
into your MasteringBiology subscription.

BlogInFocus MasteringBiology™ activities encourage

students to read the blog and allow instructors to assess
their understanding of the applied material.
engage with high interest essays
Each chapter opens with Michael Johnson’s popular “Current Issue” essays, and
BlogInFocus references within the chapter direct you to his frequently updated
online blog for breaking human biology-related news.

Located at the start of each chapter, Ch apter

Current Issue essays draw you into

The Immune System and
Mechanisms of Defense
9
the subject with interesting science CUrreNt ISSUe Questions to Consider
1 What should the United States
An Outbreak of Ebola
and health news items, connecting
do when an infectious disease breaks
9.1 Pathogens cause disease 190 out elsewhere in the world? In such a
9.2 The lymphatic system defends scenario, what is our responsibility
One-year-old Emile Ouamouno of the West
the body 192 African nation of Guinea developed a cough and/or what is in our best interests?
2 how afraid are you of ebola? Would
human biology to real-world issues.
9.3 Keeping pathogens out: the first and mild fever. emile’s parents thought
line of defense 195 nothing of his sickness at first, but then you be willing to travel to Guinea if your
9.4 Nonspecific defenses: the second he developed widespread uncontrollable boss asked you to? Why or why not?
line of defense 196 bleeding. Within days, he was dead.
Shortly thereafter, his mother, sister, and Several features of the virus make it

Each essay provides contrasting

9.5 Specific defense mechanisms: grandmother all came down with the same particularly dangerous. First, the earliest
the third line of defense 199 symptoms, and all three died. a village symptoms of the disease are similar to
9.6 Immune memory creates nurse and the local midwife also died of the the common cold or the flu, so it may go
immunity 205 mysterious and apparently contagious disease, undiagnosed until it is too late. Second, the

views on the featured hot topic.

9.7 Medical assistance in the war but not before the midwife had passed it on Freshly dug graves for ebola victims in disease has a long incubation time (days
to people in the surrounding area. Freetown, Sierra Leone.
against pathogens 207 to even several weeks) before symptoms
Young emile, whose death occurred emile Ouamouno was probably bitten by an first appear. therefore, the disease can be
9.8 Tissue rejection: a medical on December 6, 2013, was posthumously infected fruit bat living in the trees nearby. transmitted to another person before anyone
challenge 209 diagnosed with a disease called ebola Once the first person is infected, the is aware that the patient actually has ebola.
9.9 Inappropriate immune hemorrhagic fever (ehV), or simply ebola. ebola virus is transmitted from human to third, the virus kills approximately 50% of all
system activity causes health emile is thought to be patient zero in an human by direct contact with bodily fluids persons infected, generally within days of the

Many NEW Current Issue essays

problems 209 ongoing outbreak of ebola that has spread in such as saliva, nasal mucous, or feces. appearance of symptoms. and fourth, there is
Guinea and two neighboring countries, Liberia It’s no surprise, then, that the next victims no known cure for the disease. the only way
9.10 Immune deficiency: the special
and Sierra Leone. as of 2015, the death toll in the most recent outbreak were emile’s to end an outbreak is to prevent the disease
case of AIDS 212
from ebola in those countries is over 8,000. relatives and caretakers. an infection from spreading from person to person.
begins with symptoms that may include

replace those from the previous

What Is Ebola?
New hIV particles (pink) budding from the surface of a t lymphocyte
ebola(blue).
is an infectious disease caused by
a virus called Zaire ebolavirus. the virus’s
normal hosts are certain animals such as
Key Concepts
fever, weakness, muscle pain, sore throat,
and headache. these early symptoms are
followed by vomiting, damage to liver and
kidneys, and, in some patients, internal and
Ebola in the United States
By early 2014, U.S. health officials were
well aware of the ebola outbreak in africa
and were on the lookout for its appearance
elsewhere. Despite their preparations for

edition, including:
monkeys and bats, but it can also infect external bleeding. In the most severe cases,
humans if there is direct contact with an blood begins to leak from every opening and international spread of the disease, the
●● The health risk of a pathogen (disease-causing organism) is determined by its arrival of ebola in the United States caused
infected animal’s bodily fluids. Young every organ, leading to rapid death.
transmissibility (how easily it can be passed from person to person), mode of widespread concern and action. travel
transmission (how it is transmitted; through air, food, blood, etc.), and virulence restrictions and health screening procedures
(how damaging the disease is when one catches it). were put in place for all persons traveling
from Liberia, Sierra Leone, or Guinea. U.S.

• The 2013 Ebola outbreak

●● The immune system has nonspecific (against many pathogens) and specific (against
one pathogen) defense mechanisms. hospitals made plans to isolate and treat what
could’ve possibly become a large number
●● Nonspecific defense mechanisms include immune system cells that engulf and of ebola-infected patients. health officials
digest foreign cells, chemicals that are toxic to foreign cells, proteins that interfere tracked down and quarantined persons who

(Chapter 9)
with viral reproduction, and the development of a fever. had been exposed to the virus. ebola was
among the top news stories every day.
●● Specific defense mechanisms involve the production of antibodies and T cells that ebola was first diagnosed within the
recognize and inactivate one particular pathogen. Specific defense mechanisms have United States during September of 2014,
a memory component that is the basis of immunity. when a Liberian man with the disease
Inappropriate immune system activity can lead to allergies and autoimmune diseases. traveled to Dallas, texas, to visit relatives.

• Regulation of e-cigarettes
●●
(he later died, despite the best medical care
●● AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) is caused by a virus that targets available.) two U.S. health care workers
certain cells of the immune system. who had been in contact with the Liberian
patient were infected with the disease and
187

(Chapter 10)
began to show symptoms a month later.
Both of the care workers recovered fully. ➔

Medical personnel in Monrovia, Liberia,

disinfect people who brought a patient
suspected of having ebola to the hospital.

• Choosing between organic or con-

M09_JOHN2435_08_SE_C09.indd 187 9/28/15 6:39 PM

188

ventional foods (Chapter 14) M09_JOHN2435_08_SE_C09.indd 188 9/28/15 6:39 PM

Questions to Consider at the end of

each essay ask you to form your own
opinions on the featured issue.

NEW! Key Concepts are now listed at the

beginning of each chapter for a handy “big picture”
overview of topics that will be discussed in greater
detail in the pages that follow.
connect concepts and applications
to everyday life
UPDATED! Health & Wellness boxes
provide insights and practical advice on health
topics, such as the causes and risks of carbon
monoxide poisoning and the prevalence and
consequences of Viagra abuse.
NEW! Health & Wellness boxes include:
• Donating Blood (Chapter 7)
• Water Intoxication (Chapter 15)
• What If You Could Save Someone’s Life?
(Chapter 18)
Michael Johnson’s blog also
features posts on recent health
and wellness related news items.
NEW! “Connections” passage at the
start of each chapter provides the student
with a sense of how a chapter’s specific
topic interrelates with the overall subject
of human biology, biology in general, and
to the larger world.

NEW! The use of numbered steps.

Where complex processes are described,
numbered step icons are included both
in the text and in the accompanying
figure. These correlating step icons help
students follow the logical sequence of
events as those events unfold within a
complex process.
SUPPORT FOR STUDENTS
ANYTIME, ANYWHERE

is an online homework, tutorial, and assessment
program that helps you quickly master biology
concepts and skills. Self-paced tutorials provide
immediate wrong-answer feedback and hints
to help keep you on track to succeed in the
Before Class
NEW! eText 2.0 Allow your students to access their
text anytime, anywhere.
• Now available on smartphones and tablets
• Seamlessly integrated digital and media resources
• Fully accessible (screen-reader ready)

course. • Configurable reading settings, including resizable

type and night reading mode
• Instructor and student note-taking, highlighting,
Before bookmarking and search
Class
NEW! Dynamic Study Modules help students ac-
quire, retain, and recall information faster and more
efficiently than ever before. These convenient practice
questions and detailed review explanations can be ac-
cessed using a smartphone, tablet, or computer.

During
Class
after
Class

eText 2.0 Dynamic Study Modules

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Kemmerbund, 320
Kemmercheen, 318
Kerbela, 271
Kerbelai, 387
Kermanshah, 109
cheapness of, 112
Kerman shawls, 162
wine, 235
Kerrij, 27
Kerrind, 126
Khana Zinyūn, 225, 351
Khan Wakeel, 243
Khedkhoda, a, 268
Kherrah, 393
Khona Khora, 260
Khonsar, 131
Khosro Mirza, 203, 205, 217
Khyat, a, 191
“King Panther,” 45
King’s palace, 49
poet, 51
relative, 90
Kishmish wine, 159
Kit for Persia, 3
Knitting socks, 142
Kōhrūd Pass, the, 384
Kola, the, 320
Mūschir, 222
Kolajah, 318
Konar Khora, 356
Koom (or Kūm), 387
Koomishah (or Kūmishah), 268
famine at, 254
Koordi tobacco, 33
Koran reading, 337
Kosh gūzeran, 223
Kossid, a, 355
Kotol, a, 282
Kotul Dokter, 349
Peri Zun, 350
Kotuls, the, 349
Kūh Sufi, 162
Kūm, 387
Kūmishah, 357
Kumrahs, 230
Kūrdi bread, 336
Kurrachee, 344
Kūrsi, 138
Kūrūk, the custom of, 370
Kuttl-i-aum, or general massacre, 272

Lady patients, 38
Shiel, 154
La Fontaine, M., 7
Lake Jeukjar, 18
Lallahs, 326
Law, teachers of the, 338
as to cheques, 239
muleteers, 382
Lawn-tennis, 369
Laying carpets, mode of, 152
Lazarist Fathers, 165
Led horses, 56
Lemur, 343
Letter, a Persian, 289
Lighted charcoal, mode of producing, 390
Lika-ul-Molk, 270
Lilium candidum, 173
Lilliane, 131
Lily, painting the, 173
Linga, 345
Lion and Sun, Order of, 258
country, 351
cubs, 222
the tame, 306
Lioness, story of a, 350
Lisbon, 341
Little bishop, 158
Living, cost of, 186
Lizards, 93
Lodahs, 231
Lost arts, 162
Lottery, Indian, 340
Lutf-Ali-Khan, 264
Lūti-pūti, 239
Lūtis, 306
Lying, 315

Macheelah plain, 347

Madame O⸺, 340
Mad dog, 83
Magazine rifle, 224
Mahomed Ali, 19
Mahomed’s pigeon, 94
Mahommed Ali Khan, 146
Houssein Khan, 19
Major S⸺, 208
Major’s dervish, the, 42
Major St. John, 350
Maker of antiquities, 201
Malek Mahommed Beg, 329
Malekneas Khan, 126
Managing Persians, 179
Man nailed to post, 112
nurse, 276
Manuring, 174
Marching by night, 353
in Persia, 413
March to Shiraz, 206
Mardiros, Kashish, 141
Mare, I buy a, 349
Marg, 269
“Marjahn,” 302
Marnūn, 364
Marriage of Armenian priests, 141
Martyr, a, 154
Mary’s flower, 173
Mashallah, 290
Masreh, 396
Mast, 171
Master of ceremonies, 49
of the mint, 369
Matting, varieties of, 197
Maxūd Beg, 268, 357
Mayar, 357
McGowan, Sergeant, 384
McIntyre, Sergeant, 357
McL⸺, Sergeant, 386
“Meana bug,” the, 26, 217
Medical missionary, 163
practice, 182
Medresseh, 338
at Ispahan, 196
Mehdi, 317
Mejdabad, 388
Melons, 169, 311
Memorial to Sergeant Collins, 295
Merand, 115
Merchants, 188
Meshed carpets, 149
Meshedi, 387
Aga Jan, 224
Mesrop, priest, 140
Milking sheep, 389
Millingen, Dr., 7
Minarets, the Shaking, 361
Minor crops, 174
Mir-achor, the, 103
Mirza Abdul Wahab, 145
Ali Akbar, 244
Hassan Ali Khan, C.I.E., 225, 242
Mahmoud, 271
Naim, 272
Zeynal Abdeen, 125
Missionary, American, 330
church, 165
medical, 163
M⸺, M., 210
Moallim, a, 337
Mob of boys, 393
Mocha coffee, 298
Modakel, 66, 81
Modern college, 338
Mohurrim, 279
Mokhlis caravanserai, 182
Mole crickets, 216
Money table, 63
Mongoose, 303
Monk, the, 159
Monteforte, Count, 371
Month of fasting, 284
mourning, 279
Moollah, Hadji Ali Akbar, 229
Moonshee, the, 81
Mordecai, tomb of, 75
Morning rides, 64
Mortar, blowing from, 203
Mortaza Ali, plane of, 364
Moscow, 211
Mosque, interior of, 197
I put up in a, 131
ruined, 177
sleepers in, 197
tile, 197
Mosquitoes, 340
Mote and beam, picture of, 161
Mother, the, 314
Mothers-in-law, 326
Motummad-ul-Molk, 271
Mouth cloth, 132
M. P⸺, 331
M. Schwab, 401
Mr. Ayrton, 5
Mud as mourning, 126
Muggerpir, 344
Mule-buying, 127
Mules, bargaining for, 381
worn out, 193
Muleteers’ manners, 381
ponies, 347
Mūllas, 198
Mūllavi, the, 380
Mumbar, 197
Munjil, 399
Mūrb ab, 401
Mūrchicah, 374
Murder of a Syud, 265
Mūrghab, 355
carpets, 151
Mūschir, 240, 257
bastinadoed, 271
Mūschir’s coachman, 352
life attempted, 271
Mūschir-ul-Molk, 270
Mūshtaheds, 188
Musical amateur, a, 312
Musicians, 114
and singers, 91
Musjid-i-Shah Ispahan, 135
Mussulman converts, 164
My cornet-playing, 71
Myedesht, 126
My first horse, 62
“hold-all,” 55
house in Julfa, 206
landlord, 360
road, 363
Mystery of a Persian traveller, 225

Naib-ul-Ayalut, 120
Naksh, 131, 325
Naksh-i-Rūstam, 119
Name of God in conversation, 290
Houssein, 281
Nammad carpets, 152
coats, 152
Narghil, 30
Narrow escape, 203
Nastorange, 309
Natanz, 373
Native agents, 71
bits, 54, 329
Natural hot bath, 348
Needlework, 334
New coinage, 371
year, 48
festival, 51
presents, 379
Night marching, 353
Nishan, the, 250
Nose rings, 323
Nawalla, 103
Nude dervish, 43
Nummud, 40
Nun, cruelty to a, 140
expelled, 163
Nunnery, 139, 163
scandals at, 140
school, 140, 163
Nuns, 163
prayers of the, 139

O⸺, Madame, 340

Odd disorders, 65
Odling, Dr., 351
Oil lamps, 75
paintings, 377
Old Woman, pass of the, 350
Omar, ridicule of, 283
Omen, mode of taking, 277
Omens, 277
Opera at Moscow, 211
Opium, 180
adulteration of, 180
collecting the, 173
eater, an, 380
eating, 181
packing, 181
 preparation, 180
Orcheeni, 269
Ordinary executions, 202
Orphanage at Shiraz, 253
Orphans, fate of, famine, 253
Orūssēe, 57
Our cook, 379
telegraph staff, a grievance of, 133
Out-door costume of women, 325
Oysters at Kurrachee, 345

P⸺, Mr., 70, 225

Packing opium, 181
Pah Chenar, 397
Painters, 200
Painting, 333
the eyebrows, 327
the face, 41
the lily, 173
Paintings in cathedral, 160
Palaces, summer, 372
Palgrave, Mr. Gifford, 212
Pane, 302
Paraphrase, a, 285
Partridges sold alive, 221
tame, 308
Pass of the Old Woman, 350
of the Virgin, 350
Passanghūm, 387
Patient, a grandee, 243
Peacocks, 376
Pehliwans, 98
Pera, 8
Perhan, 322
Peri-bazaar, 210, 401
Persepolis, Ussher on, 217
Persian cat, 305
character, 314
cleanliness of the, 316
colonel, 80
consul, 15
costume, 317
court, 49
cuisine, 290
dinner, 91
drunkards, 141
Gulf to Ispahan, 347
justice, 121, 295
letter, 289
lying, 60
medicine, 33
opium, 181
patients, 64
prince, dinner with a, 114
home of a, 113
proverb, 123
Relief Committee, 252
roads, 22
sick-room, 244
singers, 114
tea, 16
woodcut (in facsimile), 287
Persia viâ Trebizonde, 212
Petrovsk, 404
Phantom cheese, tale of the, 172
Pharaoh and the magicians, 378
and the Red Sea, 378
Photography, 331
Pickles, 171
Pictures, the bishop’s, 159
Pierson, Capt. W.H., R.E., 32, 56, 269
death of his horse, 61
Pierson’s house, 57
stud, 61
Pigeon-fanciers, 95
flying, 95
ornaments, 96
shooting, 129
towers, 130
Pigeons, breeds of, 94
in kanāats, 129
Pig, wild, 177
Pig’s flesh, 179
“Pig-sticking,” 176
“Pip,” 347
Pipe at departure, 16
Pipes, details about, 29
Piræus, 212
Plane trees, 196
of Mortaza Ali, 364
Plaster work, 39
“Pocrat,” 82
Poetry, 285
at schools, 338
quoting of, 288, 338
to produce sleep, 286
Pole-buying, 80
Police, new, at Teheran, 371
Politeness of Zil-es-Sultan, 366
Pollak, Dr., 182
Pomegranates, 310
Poosseen Afghan, 319
Poppies, 173
Porcupines in kanāats, 129
Pork as an aphrodisiac, 399
wild, 179
Port Said, 342
Post, a man nailed to a, 112
Post-house, a night in a, 25
Post-houses, interior, 25
Posting, rate of, 328
rules for, 24, 259
Post-stages, length of, 23
Potatoes, a novelty, 170
Potters, 191
Preparation of opium, 180
Presentations at court, 151
Present of an arm-chair, 123
a fig, 179
 sweetmeats, 111
Price of Persian opium, 181
provisions, 187
Prideaux, Colonel, 346
Priests, Armenian, 197, 199, 363
Primitive forms of church, 140
Prince’s flirtations, 280
hakim-bashi, 145
physician, 145
Prison, dispensary over the, 182
Prisoners, 199
Procrastination, 315
Property, 120
Proverb, a Persian, 123
Provincial grandee, 89
Provisions, price of, 187
Pseudo-masonry, 124
Public at a tazzia, 280
Pulad, 332
Pul-i-Dellak, 388
Pul-i-Kojū, 195
Pulpit, 197, 279
Punishment of “the sticks,” 146
Put up in a mosque, 131

Quail-shooting, 90
Quarantine, 4
Quarters at Julfa, 206
Quinces, 170, 310
Quinine, 70
a general taking of, 398
Quotation of poetry, 288

Racecourse at Ispahan, 364

Races at Teheran, 214
Rahim Khan, 73
Railway, Moscow to Petersburg, 211
Rain, 175
Ramazan, fast of the, 284
Rammals, 120
Rams, fighting, 308
Raphael, a suspicious, 161
Rawlinson, Sir H., 109
Reading poetry, 145
Real ancient relic, 80
Red tape, 317
Réflet Métallique, 191
Relations of master and servant, 326
Religion of people, 339
teachers of, 338
Religious affectation, 285
toleration, 339
Removal of ancient building, 364
Repudiation, a, 273
Resht, 210
embroideries, 333
Resht-i-Behesht, 226
Respect to parents, 314
Rev. R. B⸺, 340
Riding-trousers, Persian, 322
Ring, a curious, 376
Ripsimeh, St., 160
Rise of the Zenda Rūd, 194
River Kara Sū, 108
Road-cooking, 107
Road to Shiraz, 217
Roads in Turkey, 213
want of, 248
Robber-chief, 264
Robbers, 263
alarm of, 130
fate of, 269
fight amongst, 265
Rock sculptures, 119
Rodolphe, 162
Roman Catholic Armenians, 166
Rookhnabad, 218
Rookhni, spring of, 241
Room-fellow, a would-be, 246
Roseh-Khana, 283
Rose-water, 309
Ross, Colonel, 346
Rotten Row of Shiraz, 219
Row at the bath, 71
Royal bounty, 51
edict, 63
farrashes, 51
firman, 257
ornaments, 50
Rūbandah, 334
Rūdbar, 399
Rudeness of Zil-es-Sultan, 367
Ruhdesht, 176
Ruined bazaar, 200
mosque, 177
Running footmen, 370
Russian bread, 18
cigarettes, 340
goods, 373 (Appendix D.)
Russian passengers, 10
post-house, 13
steamer, 9
subjects in Persia, 159
wines, 10
Rūstumabad, 209

S⸺, Captain, 179

S⸺, Colonel, 208
S⸺, Mr., 340, 385
Saadi, a moral tale of, 277
at schools, 338
 tomb of, 278
Sacred trees, 364
Sacrifice of an ox, 258
Saddle-bags, 22
Saddle for riding post, 4
St. George’s church, 143
St. J⸺, Captain, 225
St. John, Major, 350
St. Michael, picture of, 158
Saint, shrine of a, 362
Salaam, the, 51
Salt lake, 247
marsh, 393
Samovar, 311
Sana, 108
Sanctuary, 137
Sang, 334
Sangak bread, 334
Sarhang, the, 80
Sau-sau-Rac, 274
Scandals at nunnery, 140
Scars on horses, 61
Scenery in North Persia, 397
School discipline, 337
Schools, 163
Schwab, Mr., 401
Scorpions, 249
stings of, 249
suicide of, 249
varieties of, 249
Sealing, 184
Seals, 184
Securing doors, mode of, 142
Segah, the, 326
Seidūn, 260
Sergeant Collins, 293
Hockey, 127
Sergipatoffski, Mr., 214
Serrum-u-Dowlet, 112
Servants, 67
honesty of, 313
posting, 260
wages, 67
Severe governors, 206
Shah Abbas the Great, 161, 390
bribing the, 271
Paleng, 45
the, 50, 370
Shah’s tower, 402
Shahtirs, 370
Shaking Minarets, the, 361
Sharp ride, a, 208
Shashgird, 389
Shawls, 274
Sheep, 175