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 MAIN VERSION

Elaine N. Marieb
Lori A. Smith

Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
 MAIN VERSION

Elaine N. Marieb, R.N., Ph.D.

Holyoke Community College

Lori A. Smith, Ph.D.

American River College

Human
Anatomy & Physiology
Laboratory Manual
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N

PhysioEx™ Version 9.1 authored by

Peter Z. Zao North Idaho College
Timothy Stabler, Ph.D. Indiana University Northwest
Lori A. Smith, Ph.D. American River College
Andrew Lokuta, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin–Madison
Edwin Griff, Ph.D. University of Cincinnati

A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd i 28/04/16 2:04 PM

 Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Art and Photo Coordinator: David Novak
Senior Acquisitions Editor: Brooke Suchomel Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay
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Production Supervisor: Janet Vail Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo

Cover photographs: Pole vaulter, Pete Saloutos/Getty Images; Sky, Gregor Schuster/Getty Images

Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on page BM-1, which constitutes an extension of this
copyright page.

Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2012. Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States
of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the
publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or
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Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the
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licensees or distributors.

The Authors and Publisher believe that the lab experiments described in this publication, when conducted
in conformity with the safety precautions described herein and according to the school’s laboratory safety
procedures, are reasonably safe for the student to whom this manual is directed. Nonetheless, many of
the described experiments are accompanied by some degree of risk, including human error, the failure or
misuses of laboratory or electrical equipment, mismeasurement, chemical spills, and exposure to sharp
objects, heat, bodily fluids, blood, or other biologics. The Authors and Publisher disclaim any liability
arising from such risks in connection with any of the experiments contained in this manual. If students have
any questions or problems with materials, procedures, or instructions on any experiment, they should always
ask their instructor for help before proceeding.

ISBN 10: 0-13-390238-2 (student edition)

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-390238-9 (student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-13-405733-3 (instructor’s review copy)
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-405733-0 (instructor’s review copy)
www.pearsonhighered.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—V364—18 17 16 15 14

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Contents
THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION
11
The Language of Anatomy 1
1 Locating Body Regions 3
2 Practicing Using Correct Anatomical
Terminology 4
3 Observing Sectioned Specimens 6
4 Identifying Organs in the Abdominopelvic
Cavity 8 4 Observing Osmometer Results 58
5 Locating Abdominal Surface Regions 8
Group Challenge The Language of Anatomy 10
Review Sheet 11
22 Organ Systems Overview 15
1 Observing External Structures 17
2 Examining the Oral Cavity 17
3 Opening the Ventral Body Cavity 17
4 Examining the Ventral Body Cavity 18
5 Examining the Human Torso Model 23
Group Challenge Odd Organ Out 24
Review Sheet 25
THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS USES
33
The Microscope 27
1 Identifying the Parts of a Microscope 28
2 Viewing Objects Through the Microscope 29
3 Estimating the Diameter of the Microscope
Field 32
4 Perceiving Depth 33
5 Preparing and Observing a Wet Mount 33
Review Sheet 35
THE CELL
44 The Cell: Anatomy and Division 39
1 Identifying Parts of a Cell 40
2 Identifying Components
of a Plasma Membrane 41
3 Locating Organelles 42
4 Examining the Cell Model 42
5 Observing Various Cell Structures 43
6 Identifying the Mitotic Stages 45
7 “Chenille Stick” Mitosis 45
Review Sheet 49
A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd iii
Contents iii
55 The Cell: Transport Mechanisms
and Cell Permeability 53
1 Observing Diffusion of Dye Through
Agar Gel 55
2 Observing Diffusion of Dye
Through Water 56
3 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis
Through Nonliving Membranes 56
5 Investigating Diffusion and Osmosis
Through Living Membranes 58
6 Observing the Process of Filtration 60
7 Observing Phagocytosis 62
Group Challenge Compare and Contrast Membrane
Transport Processes 62
Review Sheet 63
HISTOLOGY: BASIC TISSUES
OF THE BODY
66 Classification of Tissues 67
1 Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the
Microscope 74
Group Challenge 1 Identifying Epithelial
Tissues 74
2 Examining Connective Tissue Under the
Microscope 76
3 Examining Nervous Tissue Under the
Microscope 82
4 Examining Muscle Tissue Under the
Microscope 83
Group Challenge 2 Identifying Connective
Tissue 86
Review Sheet 87
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
77 The Integumentary System 93
1 Locating Structures on a Skin Model 95
2 Identifying Nail Structures 98
3 Comparing Hairy and Relatively Hair-
Free Skin Microscopically 98
4 Differentiating Sebaceous and Sweat
Glands Microscopically 100
5 Plotting the Distribution of
Sweat Glands 100
6 Taking and Identifying Inked
Fingerprints 101
Review Sheet 103
iii
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 iv Contents

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

88 Overview of the Skeleton: 12

Classification and Structure
of Bones and Cartilages 107
1 Examining a Long Bone 111
2 Examining the Effects of Heat and Hydrochloric
Acid on Bones 112
3 Examining the Microscopic Structure
of Compact Bone 113
4 Examining the Osteogenic Epiphyseal Plate 115
Review Sheet 117
99 The Axial Skeleton 121
1 Identifying the Bones of the Skull 122
Group Challenge Odd Bone Out 131
2 Palpating Skull Markings 133
3 Examining Spinal Curvatures 134
4 Examining Vertebral Structure 138
5 Examining the Relationship Between
Ribs and Vertebrae 139
6 Examining a Fetal Skull 140
Review Sheet 141
10
1
100 The Appendicular Skeleton 149
1 Examining and Identifying Bones of the
Appendicular Skeleton 150
2 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pectoral
Girdle and Upper Limb 152
1
122 Microscopic Anatomy and Organization
of Skeletal Muscle 189
1 Examining Skeletal Muscle Cell Anatomy 192
2 Observing the Histological Structure
of a Skeletal Muscle 192
3 Studying the Structure of a Neuromuscular
Junction 193
Review Sheet 195
13
1
133 Gross Anatomy of the Muscular
System 199
1 Identifying Head and Neck Muscles 201
2 Identifying Muscles of the Trunk 201
3 Identifying Muscles of the Upper Limb 215
4 Identifying Muscles of the Lower Limb 220
Group Challenge Name That Muscle 224
5 Review of Human Musculature 226
6 Making a Muscle Painting 226
Review Sheet 229
14
1
144 Skeletal Muscle Physiology: Frogs
and Human Subjects 237
1 Observing Muscle Fiber Contraction 238
2 Inducing Contraction in the Frog
Gastrocnemius Muscle 240
3 Demonstrating Muscle Fatigue in Humans 245
BIOPAC 4 Electromyography in a Human Subject
®

3 Observing Pelvic Articulations 155 Using BIOPAC® 246

4 Comparing Male and Female Pelves 157 Review Sheet 253
5 Palpating the Surface Anatomy of the Pelvic
Girdle and Lower Limb 161
6 Constructing a Skeleton 162
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Review Sheet 163
15
1
155 Histology of Nervous Tissue 257
11
1
111 Articulations and Body 1 Identifying Parts of a Neuron 260
2 Studying the Microscopic Structure
Movements 171 of Selected Neurons 262
1 Identifying Fibrous Joints 172 3 Examining the Microscopic Structure
2 Identifying Cartilaginous Joints 172 of a Nerve 264
3 Examining Synovial Joint Structure 174 Review Sheet 265
4 Demonstrating the Importance
of Friction-Reducing Structures 174
5 Demonstrating Movements of Synovial
16
1
166 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulse:
Joints 176
Frog Subjects 269
1 Stimulating the Nerve 272
6 Demonstrating Actions at the Hip Joint 178
2 Inhibiting the Nerve 273
7 Demonstrating Actions at the Knee Joint 179
3 Visualizing the Compound Action
8 Demonstrating Actions at the Shoulder
Potential with an Oscilloscope 274
Joint 181
Review Sheet 277
9 Examining the Action at the TMJ 182
Group Challenge Articulations: “Simon Says” 184
Review Sheet 185

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 Contents v

6 Demonstrating the Phenomenon of Referred

17
1
177 Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Pain 358
Nerves 279 Review Sheet 359
1 Identifying External Brain Structures 281
2 Identifying Internal Brain Structures 283 23
2
233 Special Senses: Anatomy of the Visual
3 Identifying and Testing the Cranial Nerves 288 System 361
Group Challenge Odd (Cranial) Nerve Out 296 1 Identifying Accessory Eye Structures 363
Review Sheet 297 2 Identifying Internal Structures of the Eye 363
3 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of the
18
1
188 Electroencephalography 303 Retina 364
4 Predicting the Effects of Visual Pathway
1 Observing Brain Wave Patterns Using
an Oscilloscope or Physiograph 304 Lesions 368
BIOPAC 2 Electroencephalography Using BIOPAC® 305
®
Review Sheet 369
Review Sheet 309
24
2
244 Special Senses: Visual Tests and
19
1
199 The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves 311 Experiments 373
1 Demonstrating the Blind Spot 373
1 Identifying Structures of the Spinal Cord 312
2 Identifying Spinal Cord Tracts 315 2 Determining Near Point of Accommodation 374
3 Identifying the Major Nerve Plexuses and 3 Testing Visual Acuity 375
Peripheral Nerves 322 4 Testing for Astigmatism 376
Group Challenge Fix the Sequence 322 5 Testing for Color Blindness 376
Review Sheet 323 6 Testing for Depth Perception 377
7 Demonstrating Reflex Activity of Intrinsic
20
20 The Autonomic Nervous System
20 327 and Extrinsic Eye Muscles 377
8 Conducting an Ophthalmoscopic Examination 378
1 Locating the Sympathetic Trunk 328
Review Sheet 379
2 Comparing Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Effects 330
BIOPAC 3 Exploring the Galvanic Skin Response
®

25
2
255 Special Senses: Hearing and
(Electrodermal Activity) Within a Polygraph Equilibrium 383
Using BIOPAC® 330
1 Identifying Structures of the Ear 384
Review Sheet 337
2 Examining the Ear with an Otoscope
(Optional) 386
21
21 Human Reflex Physiology
21 339 3 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
1 Initiating Stretch Reflexes 341 Cochlea 387
2 Initiating the Crossed-Extensor Reflex 343 4 Conducting Laboratory Tests of
Hearing 387
3 Initiating the Plantar Reflex 343
4 Initiating the Corneal Reflex 344
5 Audiometry Testing 390
5 Initiating the Gag Reflex 344
6 Examining the Microscopic Structure of the
Crista Ampullaris 391
6 Initiating Pupillary Reflexes 345
7 Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium 391
7 Initiating the Ciliospinal Reflex 345
Review Sheet 395
8 Initiating the Salivary Reflex 345
9 Testing Reaction Time for Intrinsic
and Learned Reflexes 346 26
2
266 Special Senses: Olfaction and
BIOPAC 10 Measuring Reaction Time Using BIOPAC® 347
®
Taste 399
Review Sheet 349 1 Microscopic Examination of the Olfactory
Epithelium 401

22
22 General Sensation
22 353
2 Microscopic Examination of Taste Buds 402
3 Stimulating Taste Buds 402
1 Studying the Structure of Selected
Sensory Receptors 355
4 Examining the Combined Effects of Smell,
Texture, and Temperature on Taste 402
2 Determining the Two-Point Threshold 356
5 Assessing the Importance of Taste and
3 Testing Tactile Localization 357 Olfaction in Odor Identification 404
4 Demonstrating Adaptation of Touch 6 Demonstrating Olfactory Adaptation 404
Receptors 357
Review Sheet 405
5 Demonstrating Adaptation of Temperature
Receptors 357

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 vi Contents

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

32
3
322 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 471
27
27 Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
27
1 Examining the Microscopic Structure of Arteries
and Veins 473
Glands 407 2 Locating Arteries on an Anatomical Chart or
1 Identifying the Endocrine Organs 408 Model 480
2 Examining the Microscopic Structure of 3 Identifying the Systemic Veins 484
Endocrine Glands 412 4 Identifying Vessels of the Pulmonary
Group Challenge Odd Hormone Out 414 Circulation 485
Review Sheet 415 Group Challenge Fix the Blood Trace 486
5 Tracing the Pathway of Fetal Blood Flow 486
28
28 Endocrine Wet Labs and Human
28 6 Tracing the Hepatic Portal Circulation 488
Metabolism 419 Review Sheet 489
1 Determining the Effect of Pituitary Hormones
on the Ovary 420
2 Observing the Effects of Hyperinsulinism 421
33
3
333 Human Cardiovascular Physiology:
Blood Pressure and Pulse
Group Challenge Thyroid Hormone Case Studies 422 Determinations 495
Review Sheet 423 1 Auscultating Heart Sounds 498
2 Palpating Superficial Pulse Points 499
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM BIOPAC 3
®

Measuring Pulse Using BIOPAC® 500

29
29 Blood
29 425
1 Determining the Physical Characteristics of
Plasma 428
2 Examining the Formed Elements of Blood
Microscopically 428
3 Conducting a Differential WBC Count 431
4 Determining the Hematocrit 432
5 Determining Hemoglobin Concentration 434
6 Determining Coagulation Time 435
7 Typing for ABO and Rh Blood Groups 436
8 Observing Demonstration Slides 438
9 Measuring Plasma Cholesterol Concentration 438
4 Taking an Apical Pulse 502
5 Using a Sphygmomanometer to Measure
Arterial Blood Pressure Indirectly 502
6 Estimating Venous Pressure 503
7 Observing the Effect of Various Factors
on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate 504
8 Examining the Effect of Local Chemical and
Physical Factors on Skin Color 506
Review Sheet 509
34
3
344 Frog Cardiovascular Physiology 515
1 Investigating the Automaticity and Rhythmicity
of Heart Muscle 516
BIOPAC 2 Recording Baseline Frog Heart Activity 518
®

Review Sheet 439

3 Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac
30
30 Anatomy of the Heart
30 445
Muscle Using the Physiograph 521
BIOPAC 4 Assessing Physical and Chemical Modifiers of
®

1 Using the Heart Model to Study Heart Heart Rate 521

Anatomy 448
5 Investigating the Effect of Various Factors
2 Tracing the Path of Blood Through the Heart 449 on the Microcirculation 523
3 Using the Heart Model to Study Cardiac Review Sheet 525
Circulation 450
4 Examining Cardiac Muscle Tissue Anatomy 451
Review Sheet 455
35
3
355 The Lymphatic System and Immune
Response 529
31
31 Conduction System of the Heart
31
1 Identifying the Organs of the Lymphatic
System 531
and Electrocardiography 459 2 Studying the Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph
1A Recording ECGs Using a Standard ECG Node, the Spleen, and a Tonsil 532
Apparatus 463 Group Challenge Compare and Contrast Lymphoid
BIOPAC 1B Electrocardiography Using BIOPAC® 464 Organs and Tissues 534
®

Review Sheet 469 3 Using the Ouchterlony Technique to Identify

Antigens 535
Review Sheet 537

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 Contents vii

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 4 Reporting Results and Conclusions 605

Group Challenge Odd Enzyme Out 605
36
36 Anatomy of the Respiratory
36 5 Observing Movements and Sounds of the
Digestion System 606
System 541
6 Viewing Segmental and Peristaltic
1 Identifying Respiratory System Organs 547 Movements 607
2 Demonstrating Lung Inflation in a Sheep Review Sheet 609
Pluck 547
3 Examining Prepared Slides of Trachea and Lung
Tissue 547 THE URINARY SYSTEM
Review Sheet 549
40
4
400 Anatomy of the Urinary System 613
37
37 Respiratory System Physiology
37 553 1 Identifying Urinary System Organs 615
2 Studying Nephron Structure 618
1 Operating the Model Lung 554
2 Auscultating Respiratory Sounds 556 3 Studying Bladder Structure 621
3 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using Group Challenge Urinary System Sequencing 622
Spirometers 557 Review Sheet 623
4 Measuring the FVC and FEV1 563
BIOPAC 5 Measuring Respiratory Volumes Using
®

BIOPAC® 563
41
4
411 Urinalysis 627
1 Analyzing Urine Samples 629
6 Visualizing Respiratory Variations 567 2 Analyzing Urine Sediment Microscopically
7 Demonstrating the Reaction Between (Optional) 632
Carbon Dioxide (in Exhaled Air) Review Sheet 633
and Water 569
8 Observing the Operation of Standard
Buffers 570 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM,
9 Exploring the Operation of the Carbonic DEVELOPMENT, AND HEREDITY
Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System 570
Review Sheet 571 42
4
422 Anatomy of the Reproductive
System 635
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 1 Identifying Male Reproductive Organs 636
2 Penis 639
38
38 Anatomy of the Digestive System
38 577 3 Seminal Gland 640
1 Identifying Alimentary Canal Organs 578 4 Epididymis 640
2 Studying the Histologic Structure of the Stomach 5 Identifying Female Reproductive Organs 640
and the Gastroesophageal Junction 583
6 Wall of the Uterus 643
3 Observing the Histologic Structure 7 Uterine Tube 643
of the Small Intestine 586
Review Sheet 645
4 Examining the Histologic Structure
of the Large Intestine 588
5 Identifying Types of Teeth 589 43
4
433 Physiology of Reproduction:
6 Studying Microscopic Tooth Anatomy 590 Gametogenesis and the Female
7 Examining Salivary Gland Tissue 590 Cycles 651
8 Examining the Histology of the Liver 591 1 Identifying Meiotic Phases and Structures 653
Review Sheet 593 2 Examining Events of Spermatogenesis 653
3 Examining Meiotic Events Microscopically 655
39
39 Digestive System Processes: Chemical
39 4 Examining Oogenesis in the Ovary 656
and Physical 599 5 Comparing and Contrasting Oogenesis and
Spermatogenesis 656
1 Assessing Starch Digestion by Salivary
Amylase 600 6 Observing Histological Changes in the
Endometrium During the Menstrual Cycle 658
2 Assessing Protein Digestion by Trypsin 603
Review Sheet 661
3 Demonstrating the Emulsification
Action of Bile and Assessing Fat Digestion
by Lipase 604

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 viii Contents

PHYSIOEX TM 9.1 COMPUTER SIMULATIONS

44
44 Survey of Embryonic
44 1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and
Development 665
Permeability PEx-3
1 Microscopic Study of Sea Urchin
Development 666 2 Skeletal Muscle Physiology PEx-17
2 Examining the Stages of Human
Development 666 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses PEx-35
3 Identifying Fetal Structures 669 4 Endocrine System Physiology PEx-59
4 Studying Placental Structure 670
Review Sheet 671
5 Cardiovascular Dynamics PEx-75

6 Cardiovascular Physiology PEx-93

45
45 Principles of Heredity
45 675 7 Respiratory System Mechanics PEx-105
1 Working Out Crosses Involving Dominant and
Recessive Genes 676 8 Chemical and Physical Processes
2 Working Out Crosses Involving Incomplete of Digestion PEx-119
Dominance 677
3 Working Out Crosses Involving Sex-Linked
9 Renal System Physiology PEx-131
Inheritance 678 10 Acid-Base Balance PEx-149
4 Exploring Probability 679
5 Using Phenotype to Determine Genotype 679
11 Blood Analysis PEx-161

6 Using Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Identify 12 Serological Testing PEx-177

Normal Hemoglobin, Sickle Cell Anemia, and
Sickle Cell Trait 681 Credits BM-1
Group Challenge Odd Phenotype Out 682
Index BM-3
Review Sheet 683

SURFACE ANATOMY
46
46 Surface Anatomy Roundup
46 687
1 Palpating Landmarks of the Head 688
2 Palpating Landmarks of the Neck 690
3 Palpating Landmarks of the Trunk 692
4 Palpating Landmarks of the Abdomen 694
5 Palpating Landmarks of the Upper Limb 696
6 Palpating Landmarks of the Lower Limb 699
Review Sheet 703

A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd viii 28/04/16 2:04 PM

 ELAINE MARIEB is the
most trusted name in all of
A&P. More than 3 million
healthcare professionals
started their careers with
one of Elaine Marieb’s
Anatomy & Physiology texts.

Now, it’s your turn.

A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd ix 28/04/16 2:04 PM

 Tools to Help You
NEW!
Why This Matters shows you why the lab activity is important by relating
it to a real-life or clinical example. In the Review Sheets, corresponding
Why This Matters questions help you evaluate your understanding.

>
74 Exercise 6

Activity 1
Examining Epithelial Tissue Under the Microscope
Obtain slides of simple squamous, simple cuboidal, sim-
ple columnar, stratified squamous (nonkeratinized), pseu- Buccal Swabs
dostratified ciliated columnar, stratified cuboidal, stratified
columnar, and transitional epithelia. Examine each care- A buccal, or cheek, swab is a method used to collect
fully, and notice how the epithelial cells fit closely together stratified squamous cells from the oral cavity. The
6 to form intact sheets of cells, a necessity for a tissue that cells contain DNA that can be used for DNA finger- r
forms linings or the coverings of membranes. Scan each printing or tissue typing. DNA fingerprinting can be

NEW! epithelial type for modifications for specific functions,

such as cilia (motile cell projections that help to move
substances along the cell surface), and microvilli, which
used in criminal investigations, and tissue typing can
be used to match a recipient with a donor for or-
gan transplant, especially a bone marrow transplant.
r

increase the surface area for absorption. Also be alert for
The new goblet cells, which secrete lubricating mucus. Compare
your observations with the descriptions and photomicro-
workbook-style graphs in Figure 6.3.
While working, check the questions in the Review
design makes Sheet at the end of this exercise. A number of the ques-
tions there refer to some of the observations you are
it easy to see asked to make during your microscopic study.
The buccal swab procedure involves using a cotton-
tipped applicator to scrape the inside of the mouth
in the buccal region and remove cells at the surface.
This noninvasive procedure provides an easy way
to obtain the DNA profile of an individual, a unique
molecular “signature.” ■

where sections,
lab activities, and
drawing activities
begin and end.
Group Challenge 1
Identifying Epithelial Tissues
Following your observations of epithelial tissues under the
microscope, obtain an envelope for each group that contains
images of various epithelial tissues. With your lab manual
closed, remove one image at a time and identify the epithe-
lium. One member of the group will function as the verifier,
whose job is to make sure that the identification is correct.
After you have correctly identified all of the images,
sort them into groups to help you remember them. (Hint:
You could sort them according to cell shape or number of
layers of epithelial cells.)
Now, carefully go through each group and try to
list one place in the body where the tissue is found
and one function for it. After you have correctly listed
the locations, take your lists and draw some general
conclusions about where epithelial tissues are found in
the body. Then compare and contrast the functions of the
various epithelia. Finally, identify the tissues described in
the Group Challenge 1 chart, and list several locations
in the body.

Group Challenge 1: Epithelial Tissue IDs

Magnified appearance Tissue type Locations in the body

t Apical surface has dome-shaped cells

(flattened cells may also be mixed in)
t Multiple layers of cells are present

t Cells are mostly columnar

t Not all cells reach the apical surface
t Nuclei are located at different levels
t Cilia are located at the apical surface

t Apical surface has flattened cells with very

little cytoplasm
t Cells are not layered

t Apical surface has square cells with a

round nucleus
t Cells are not layered

A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd x 28/04/16 2:04 PM

 Succeed in the Lab
NEW!
Prepare for lab by watching pre-lab videos on
your smartphone, tablet, or computer. Short
pre-lab videos will give you some background
information on the lab, explain what materials you
will be using, help you see the connections between
the content you learn in the classroom and the
experiment, and give you the opportunity to check your Prepare for lab: Watch the Pre-lab Video
>Study Area>Pre-Lab Videos
understanding—all before you even step foot in the lab.

NEW!
Dynamic Study Modules offer a mobile-friendly,
personalized reading experience of the chapter content.
As you answer questions to master the chapter content,
you receive detailed feedback with text and art from the
lab manual itself. The Dynamic Study Modules help you
acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more
efficiently than ever before.

Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 is a
virtual anatomy study and practice tool that
gives you 24/7 access to the most widely used
lab specimens, including the human cadaver,
anatomical models, histology, cat, and fetal pig.
PAL 3.0 is easy to use and includes built-in audio
pronunciations, rotatable bones, and simulated
fill-in-the-blank lab practical exams.
PhysioEx™ 9.1 is an easy-to-use lab simulation
program that allows you to repeat labs as often as
you like, perform experiments without animals,
and conduct experiments that are difficult to
perform in a wet lab environment because of time,
cost, or safety concerns. The online format with
easy step-by-step instructions includes everything
you need in one convenient place.

A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd xi 28/04/16 2:04 PM

 Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the following reviewers for their contribution
to this edition: Matthew Abbott, Des Moines Area Community
College; Lynne Anderson, Meridian Community College;
Christopher W. Brooks, Central Piedmont Community
College; Brandi Childress, Georgia Perimeter College;
Christopher D'Arcy, Cayuga Community College; Mary E.
Dawson, Kingsborough Community College; Karen Eastman,
Chattanooga State Community College; Michele Finn, Monroe
Community College; Lisa Flick, Monroe Community College;
Abigail M. Goosie, Walters State Community College; Samuel
Hirt, Auburn University; Shahdi Jalilvand, Tarrant County
College—Southeast; Tiffany B. McFalls-Smith, Elizabethtown
Community & Technical College; Melinda Miller, Pearl
River Community College; Todd Miller, Hunter College
of CUNY; Susan Mitchell, Onondaga Community College;
Erin Morrey, Georgia Perimeter College; Jill Y. O'Malley, Erie
Community College—City; Suzanne Oppenheimer, College
of Western Idaho; Suzanne Pundt, The University of Texas at
Tyler; Mark Schmidt, Clark State Community College; Teresa
Stegall-Faulk, Middle Tennessee State University; Bonnie J.
Tarricone, Ivy Tech Community College.
Special thanks to Susan Mitchell for her authorial contribu-
tions to this lab manual over the years.
Thanks also to Josephine Rogers of the University of
Cincinnati, the original author of the pre-lab quizzes.
The excellence of PhysioEx 9.1 reflects the expertise of
Peter Zao, Timothy Stabler, Lori Smith, Andrew Lokuta, Greta
Peterson, Nina Zanetti, and Edwin Griff. They generated the
ideas behind the activities and simulations. Credit also goes
to the team at BinaryLabs, Inc., for their expert programming
and design.
Continued thanks to colleagues and friends at Pearson who
worked with us in the production of this edition, especially
Serina Beauparlant, Editor-in-Chief; Brooke Suchomel, Senior
Acquisitions Editor; Lisa Clark, Development Editor; and
A01_MARI3214_12_FM_ppi-xii.indd xii
Shannon Cutt, Program Manager. Applause also to Lauren Hill
who managed MasteringA&P, and Aimee Pavy for her work
on PhysioEx 9.1. Many thanks to Amanda J.S. Kaufmann who
did a super job as video production manager of the new pre-lab
videos. Additional thanks go to Cheryl Chi and the group at
Roaring Mouse Productions, who provided their special skills to
the video production team. Many thanks to Stacey Weinberger
for her manufacturing expertise. Finally, our Senior Marketing
Manager, Allison Rona, has efficiently kept us in touch with the
pulse of the market.
Kudos also to Michele Mangelli and her production team,
who did their usual great job. Janet Vail, Production Editor for
this project, got the job done in jig time. David Novak acted as
Art and Photo Coordinator, and Kristin Piljay conducted photo
research. Our fabulous interior and cover designs were created
by tani hasegawa. Sally Peyrefitte brought her experience to
copyediting the text.
We are grateful to the team at BIOPAC, especially to Jocelyn
Kremer and Mike Mullins, who were extremely helpful in
making sure we had the latest updates and answering all of our
questions.
Elaine N. Marieb
Lori A. Smith
Anatomy and Physiology
Pearson Education
1301 Sansome Street
San Francisco, CA 94111
28/04/16 2:04 PM
 EXERCISE

1 The Language
of Anatomy
Objectives
□ Describe the anatomical position, and explain its importance.

□ Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body regions, orientation

and direction, and body planes.
□ Name the body cavities, and indicate the important organs in each.

□ Name and describe the serous membranes of the ventral body cavities.

□ Identify the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions on a torso model or image.

Materials
● Human torso model (dissectible)
● Human skeleton
● Demonstration: sectioned and labeled
kidneys (three separate kidneys uncut
or cut so that [a] entire, [b] transverse
sectional, and [c] longitudinal sectional
Pre-Lab Quiz
views are visible)
● Gelatin-spaghetti molds
● Scalpel
● Post-it® Notes
1. Circle True or False. In anatomical position, the body is lying down.
2. Circle the correct underlined term. With regard to surface anatomy,
abdominal / axial refers to the structures along the center line of the
body.
3. The term superficial refers to a structure that is:
a. attached near the trunk of the body
b. toward or at the body surface
c. toward the head
d. toward the midline
4. The plane runs longitudinally and divides the body into right
and left sides.
a. frontal c. transverse
b. sagittal d. ventral
5. Circle the correct underlined terms. The dorsal body cavity can be
divided into the cranial / thoracic cavity, which contains the brain, and
the sural / vertebral cavity, which contains the spinal cord.

M
ost of us are naturally curious about our bodies. This curiosity is apparent
even in infants, who are fascinated with their own waving hands or their
mother’s nose. Unlike an infant, however, an anatomy student must learn
to observe and identify the dissectible body structures formally.
A student new to any science is often overwhelmed at first by the terminol-
For related exercise study tools, go to the ogy used in that subject. The study of anatomy is no exception. But without this
Study Area of MasteringA&P. There you specialized terminology, confusion is inevitable. For example, what do over, on
will find: top of, above, and behind mean in reference to the human body? Anatomists have
● Practice Anatomy ● A&PFlix an accepted set of reference terms that are universally understood. These allow
Lab body structures to be located and identified precisely with a minimum of words.
● Practice quizzes,
This exercise presents some of the most important anatomical terminology
● PhysioEx Histology Atlas,
used to describe the body and introduces you to basic concepts of gross anatomy,
eText, Videos,
the study of body structures visible to the naked eye.
and more!
1

M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 1 28/04/16 2:13 PM

 2 Exercise 1

Anatomical Position
When anatomists or doctors refer to specific areas of the
human body, the picture they keep in mind is a universally
accepted standard position called the anatomical position. It
is essential to understand this position because much of the
directional terminology used in this book refers to the body in
this position, regardless of the position the body happens to be
in. In the anatomical position, the human body is erect, with
1 the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward,
and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward
(Figure 1.1a).
□ Assume the anatomical position, and notice that it is not
particularly comfortable. The hands are held unnaturally for-
ward rather than hanging with palms toward the thighs.
Check the box when you have completed this task.

Cephalic Cephalic
Frontal Otic
Orbital Occipital
Nasal
Buccal
Upper limb
Oral Cervical
Acromial
Mental
Brachial
Cervical Antecubital
Thoracic Olecranal Back (dorsal)
Sternal Antebrachial Scapular
Axillary Carpal
Mammary Vertebral
Abdominal
Umbilical Lumbar

Pelvic Manus (hand) Sacral

Inguinal Palmar
Pollex Gluteal
Digital
Perineal

Lower limb
Pubic Coxal
Femoral
Patellar
Popliteal
Crural
Sural
Fibular or peroneal

Thorax
Pedal (foot)
Abdomen Tarsal
Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal
Digital
Plantar
Hallux

(a) Anterior/Ventral (b) Posterior/Dorsal

Figure 1.1 Surface anatomy. (a) Anatomical position. (b) Heels are raised to
illustrate the plantar surface of the foot.

M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 2 28/04/16 2:13 PM

 The Language of Anatomy 3

Surface Anatomy
Body surfaces provide a wealth of visible landmarks for Pubic: Genital region
study. There are two major divisions of the body: Sternal: Region of the breastbone
Axial: Relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body Tarsal: Ankle
Appendicular: Relating to limbs and their attachments to Thoracic: Chest
the axis Umbilical: Navel
1
Anterior Body Landmarks Posterior Body Landmarks
Note the following regions in Figure 1.1a: Note the following body surface regions in Figure 1.1b:
Abdominal: Anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs Acromial: Point of the shoulder
Acromial: Point of the shoulder Brachial: Arm
Antebrachial: Forearm Calcaneal: Heel of the foot
Antecubital: Anterior surface of the elbow Cephalic: Head
Axillary: Armpit Dorsum: Back
Brachial: Arm Femoral: Thigh
Buccal: Cheek Gluteal: Buttocks or rump
Carpal: Wrist Lumbar: Area of the back between the ribs
Cephalic: Head and hips; the loin
Cervical: Neck region Manus: Hand
Coxal: Hip Occipital: Posterior aspect of the head or base
Crural: Leg of the skull
Digital: Fingers or toes Olecranal: Posterior aspect of the elbow
Femoral: Thigh Otic: Ear
Fibular (peroneal): Side of the leg Pedal: Foot
Frontal: Forehead Perineal: Region between the anus and
external genitalia
Hallux: Great toe
Plantar: Sole of the foot
Inguinal: Groin area
Popliteal: Back of the knee
Mammary: Breast region
Sacral: Region between the hips
Manus: Hand (overlying the sacrum)
Mental: Chin Scapular: Scapula or shoulder blade area
Nasal: Nose Sural: Calf or posterior surface of the leg
Oral: Mouth Vertebral: Area of the spinal column
Orbital: Bony eye socket (orbit)
Palmar: Palm of the hand Activity 1
Patellar: Anterior knee (kneecap) region
Pedal: Foot
Locating Body Regions
Locate the anterior and posterior body landmarks on
Pelvic: Pelvis region
yourself, your lab partner, and a human torso model.
Pollex: Thumb

Body Orientation and Direction

Study the terms below, referring to Figure 1.2 on p. 4 for a Superior/inferior (above/below): These terms refer to place-
visual aid. Notice that certain terms have different meanings, ment of a structure along the long axis of the body. For
depending on whether they refer to a four-legged animal example, the nose is superior to the mouth, and the abdomen
(quadruped) or to a human (biped). is inferior to the chest.

M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 3 28/04/16 2:13 PM

 4 Exercise 1

Anterior/posterior (front/back): In humans, the most an- used primarily to locate various areas of the body limbs.
terior structures are those that are most forward—the face, For example, the fingers are distal to the elbow; the knee is
chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures are those toward the proximal to the toes. However, these terms may also be used
backside of the body. For instance, the spine is posterior to to indicate regions (closer to or farther from the head) of
the heart. internal tubular organs.
Medial/lateral (toward the midline/away from the midline Superficial (external)/deep (internal) (toward or at the
or median plane): The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the body surface/away from the body surface): For example,
ribs; the ear is lateral to the nose. the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles, and the lungs
are deep to the rib cage.
The terms of position just described assume the person
1 is in the anatomical position. The next four term pairs are
more absolute. They apply in any body position, and they Activity 2
consistently have the same meaning in all vertebrate animals.
Practicing Using Correct
Cephalad (cranial)/caudal (toward the head/toward the
tail): In humans, these terms are used interchangeably with Anatomical Terminology
superior and inferior, but in four-legged animals they are syn- Use a human torso model, a human skeleton, or your
onymous with anterior and posterior, respectively. own body to specify the relationship between the fol-
Ventral/dorsal (belly side/backside): These terms are used lowing structures when the body is in the anatomical
chiefly in discussing the comparative anatomy of animals, position.
assuming the animal is standing. In humans, the terms ventral
and dorsal are used interchangeably with the terms anterior 1. The wrist is to the hand.
and posterior, but in four-legged animals, ventral and dorsal
are synonymous with inferior and superior, respectively. 2. The trachea (windpipe) is to the
Proximal/distal (nearer the trunk or attached end/farther spine.
from the trunk or point of attachment): These terms are
3. The brain is to the spinal cord.

Superior (cephalad) 4. The kidneys are to the liver.

5. The nose is to the cheekbones.

6. The thumb is to the ring finger.

7. The thorax is to the abdomen.

8. The skin is to the skeleton.

Posterior Anterior
(dorsal) (ventral)

Proximal Superior (dorsal)

Posterior Anterior
(caudal) (cephalad)

Distal

(a) Inferior (caudal) (b) Inferior (ventral)

Figure 1.2 Anatomical terminology describing body orientation and direction.

(a) With reference to a human. (b) With reference to a four-legged animal.

M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 4 28/04/16 2:13 PM

 The Language of Anatomy 5

Body Planes and Sections

The body is three-dimensional, and in order to observe its internal
structures, it is often necessary to make a section, or cut. When
the section is made through the body wall or through an organ,
it is made along an imaginary surface or line called a plane.
Anatomists commonly refer to three planes (Figure 1.3),
or sections, that lie at right angles to one another.
Sagittal plane: A sagittal plane runs longitudinally and
divides the body into right and left parts. If it divides the
body into equal parts, right down the midline of the body, it is
called a median, or midsagittal, plane.
Frontal plane: Sometimes called a coronal plane, the fron-
tal plane is a longitudinal plane that divides the body (or an
organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
Transverse plane: A transverse plane runs horizontally, di-
viding the body into superior and inferior parts. When organs
are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are com-
monly called cross sections.
On microscope slides, the abbreviation for a longitudinal
section (sagittal or frontal) is l.s. Cross sections are abbrevi-
ated x.s. or c.s. 1
A median or frontal plane section of any nonspherical
object, be it a banana or a body organ, provides quite a differ-
ent view from a cross section (Figure 1.4, p. 6).

(a) Median (midsagittal) plane (b) Frontal (coronal) plane (c) Transverse plane

Vertebral Right Left

column lung Heart lung Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen

Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous Spinal

fat layer cord

Figure 1.3 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) scans. Note the transverse section is an inferior view.

M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 5 28/04/16 2:13 PM

 6 Exercise 1
1 2. After completing instruction 1, obtain a gelatin-
(a) Cross section
(b) Median
section
(c) Frontal sections
Figure 1.4 Objects can look odd when viewed in
section. This banana has been sectioned in three
different planes (a–c), and only in one of these planes
(b) is it easily recognized as a banana. If one cannot
recognize a sectioned organ, it is possible to reconstruct
its shape from a series of successive cuts, as from the
three serial sections in (c).
Body Cavities
The axial portion of the body has two large cavities that
provide different degrees of protection to the organs within
them (Figure 1.5).
Dorsal Body Cavity
The dorsal body cavity can be subdivided into the cranial
cavity, which lies within the rigid skull and encases the brain,
and the vertebral (or spinal) cavity, which runs through the
bony vertebral column to enclose the delicate spinal cord.
Because the spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, these
cavities are continuous with each other.
Ventral Body Cavity
Like the dorsal cavity, the ventral body cavity is subdivided.
The superior thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of
the ventral cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm. The heart
and lungs, located in the thoracic cavity, are protected by the
M01_MARI3214_12_C01_pp001-014.indd 6
Activity 3
Observing Sectioned Specimens
1. Go to the demonstration area and observe the trans-
versely and longitudinally cut organ specimens (kid-
neys). Pay close attention to the different structural
details in the samples; you will need to draw these views
in the Review Sheet at the end of this exercise.
spaghetti mold and a scalpel, and take them to your
laboratory bench. (Essentially, this is just cooked spa-
ghetti added to warm gelatin, which is then allowed to
gel.)
3. Cut through the gelatin-spaghetti mold along any
plane, and examine the cut surfaces. You should see
spaghetti strands that have been cut transversely (x.s.)
and some cut longitudinally.
4. Draw the appearance of each of these spaghetti
sections below, and verify the accuracy of your section
identifications with your instructor.
Transverse cut Longitudinal cut
bony rib cage. The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is often
referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity. Although there
is no further physical separation of the ventral cavity, some
describe the abdominopelvic cavity as two areas: a superior
abdominal cavity, the area that houses the stomach, intes-
tines, liver, and other organs, and an inferior pelvic cavity,
the region that is partially enclosed by the bony pelvis and
contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum. Notice
in Figure 1.5a that the abdominal and pelvic cavities are not
aligned with each other in a plane because the pelvic cavity
is tipped forward.
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of
the organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin,
double-layered membrane called the serosa, or serous mem-
brane. The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is
referred to as the parietal serosa, and it is continuous with a
28/04/16 2:13 PM
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
"But oh! Remember, if there is no room for Christ in your heart, there will be no room
for you in Christ's heaven."

"My friend, He is knocking now; it may be His last knock. He is calling now; it may be
His last call."

"'Oh, let Me in.'" He cries, "'and I will make you happy; I am bringing you forgiveness,
and peace, and joy, and rest, and all that you need. Oh, let Me in before it is too late! I
have waited so patiently and so long, and still I wait. Will you not, even this night, undo
the door?'"

When the little service was over the people went back into their houses, and Angel and
her mother went on with their work. And as Angel wiped the cups and saucers, she
sang softly to herself the chorus of the hymn—

"Oh! My soul, for such a wonder,

Wilt thou not undo the door?"

"Yes, I will!" said her mother suddenly, bursting into tears; "I will undo the door; I will
keep Him waiting no longer."

CHAPTER V

ANGEL'S BIRTHDAY

IT was a bright, sunny morning, some weeks after that little service was held in
Pleasant Place.

The sunbeams were streaming in at Mrs. Blyth's window, for the cobwebs and spiders
had some time ago received notice to quit, and the dust had all been cleared away, and
found no chance of returning.

Mrs. Blyth was a different woman. Her troubles and trials remained, and she had just as
much to do, and just as many children to look after, but she herself was quite different.
She had opened the door of her heart, and the Lord Jesus had come in. And He had
brought sunshine with Him into that dark and ignorant heart. Life, instead of being a
burden and a weariness, was now full of interest to Mrs. Blyth, because she was trying
to do every little thing to please Jesus, who had done so much for her. Whether she was
washing the children, or cleaning the house, or turning the mangle, she tried to do it all
to please Him. She remembered that He was looking at her, and that He would be
pleased if she did it well. It was wonderful how that thought helped her, and how it
made the work easy and pleasant.
So, through the bright, clean window, the morning sunbeams were streaming on little
Angel's head. Her mother was standing by her side, watching her as she lay asleep, and
waiting for her to awake.

As soon as ever Angel opened her eyes, her mother said—

"Little Angel, do you know what to-day is?"

"No, mother," said Angel, rubbing her eyes, and sitting up in bed.

"It's your birthday, Angel; it is indeed!" said her mother. "I hunted it out in your
grandmother's old Bible. It's the day you were born, just seven years ago!"

"And am I really going to have a birthday, mother?" said Angel, in a very astonished
voice.

"Yes, a real good birthday," said her mother; "so get up and come downstairs, before
any of it is gone."

Angel was not long in putting on her clothes and coming down. She found the table put
quite ready for breakfast, with a clean tablecloth, and the mugs and plates set in order
for her and her little brothers and sisters; and in a little jar in the middle of the table
was a beautiful bunch of flowers. Real country flowers they were, evidently gathered
from some pleasant cottage garden far away. There were stocks and mignonette, and
southernwood, and sweetbrier, and a number of other flowers, the names of which
neither Angel nor her mother knew.

"Oh mother, mother," said little Angel, "what a beautiful nosegay!"

"It's for you, Angel," said her mother: "for your birthday. I got it at the early market.
My father always gave me a posy on my birthday."

"Oh, mother," said little Angel, "is it really for me?"

But that was not all, for by the side of Angel's plate she found a parcel. It was tied up in
brown paper, and there was a thick piece of string round it, fastened tightly in so many
knots that it took Angel a long time to open it. Her little hands quite shook with
excitement when at last she took off the cover and looked inside. It was a little book, in
a plain black binding.

"Oh, mother," said Angel, "what is it? Is it for my birthday?"

"Yes," said her mother; "look at the writing at the beginning. I'll read it to you."

It was very uneven writing, and very much blotted, for Mrs. Blyth was only a poor
scholar; but little Angel did not notice this—it seemed very wonderful to her to be able
to write at all.

Now, what was written in the little book was this:

"Given to little Angel by her dear mother; and she hopes she will promise to read it, and
will keep her promise better than I did."

"But I can't read, mother," said Angel.

"No; but you must learn," said her mother. "I mean that you shall go to school regular
now, Angel. Why, you're seven years old to-day!"

Poor little Angel's head was nearly turned; it was such a wonderful thing to have a
birthday.

But the wonders of the day were not over yet; for when, after breakfast, Angel asked
for the clothes to mangle, her mother said: "They're all done Angel; I'm just going to
take them home. I've done a lot these three nights when you was in bed, that we might
have a bit of a holiday to-day."

"A holiday, mother!" said Angel. "Oh, how nice! No mangling all day!"

"No mangling all day," repeated the mother, as if the thought were as pleasant to her as
to Angel.

But the wonders of the day were not yet over.

"Angel," said her mother, as they were washing the children, "did you ever see the
sea?"

"No, mother," said Angel; "but Tim has; he went last Easter Monday with his uncle."

"Well," said her mother, "if it doesn't rain, you shall see it to-day."

"Oh, mother!" was all that little Angel could say. And who do you think is going to take
you, child? "I don't know, mother."

"Why, Angel, your father is. He came in last night as soon as you'd gone to bed. He sat
down in that arm-chair by the fire, and he said, 'Dear me! how comfortable things is
just now at home! If they was always like this, I wouldn't stop out of an evening.'"

"So I said, 'If God helps me, John, they always shall be like this, and a deal better, too,
when the children gets a bit bigger.' And your father stopped at home and read his
newspaper, Angel, and then we had a bit of supper together. It was like when we was
first married, child; and as we ate our supper, Angel, I said, 'It's Angel's birthday to-
morrow, John.' And your father said, 'Is it? Why, to-morrow's Saturday. Let's all go to
the sea together;' and he took quite a handful of shillings out of his pocket. 'Here's
enough to pay,' he said. 'Have them all ready at dinner-time, and we'll go by the one-
o'clock train.'"

"Oh, mother," said little Angel, "it is so nice to have a birthday!"

True to his promise, John Blyth came home at dinner-time, with the shillings still in his
pocket. His mates had tried hard to persuade him to turn into the Blue Dragon on his
way home, but he told them he had an engagement, and had no time to stay.

What a happy afternoon that was!

Angel had never been in a train before, and her father took her on his knee, pointing
out to her the houses, and trees, and fields, and sheep, and cows, and horses, as they
went by. And then they arrived at the sea, and oh! What a great, wonderful sea it
seemed to Angel! She and her little brothers and sisters made houses in the sand, and
took off their shoes and stockings and waded in the water, and picked up quite a
basketful of all kinds of beautiful shells; whilst her father and mother sat, with the baby,
under the shadow of the cliffs and watched them.

And then they all came home together to tea, and her father never went out again that
night, but sat with them by the fire, and told Angel stories till it was time to go to bed.

"Oh, mother," said Angel again, a sleepy head on the pillow, "it is nice to have a
birthday!"

CHAPTER VI

THE GREAT BIRTHDAY

THE bells were ringing merrily from the tower of the old church close to Pleasant Place.

The street near the church was full of people bustling to and fro, going in and out of the
different shops, and hurrying along as if none of them had any time to lose. The shops
were unusually gay and tempting, for it was Christmas Eve. Even Pleasant Place looked
a little less dull than usual. There were sprigs of holly in some of the windows, and most
of the houses were a little cleaner and brighter than usual.

Angel and her mother had been very busy all day. They had just finished their
mangling, and had put all the clothes out of the way for Christmas Day, when they
heard a knock at the door, and Angel went to open it.

"It's a basket, mother," she said. "It can't be for us."

The man who had brought the basket laughed.

"It's for an Angel!" he said. "Have you got any of that article in here? Here's the
direction I was to bring it to—'Little Angel, No. 9, Pleasant Place.'"

"Then, please, it's for me," said Angel.

"For you!" said the man. "Well, to be sure! So you are the angel, are you? All right,
here's your basket!" And he was gone before they could ask more.

The basket was opened with some difficulty, for it was tightly tied up, and then Angel
and her mother put out the contents on the table amidst many exclamations.

There was first a plum-pudding, then a number of oranges and apples, then a large
cake, and then a pretty Christmas card, with a picture of a robin hopping about in the
snow, and these words printed on it, "A Happy Christmas to you all."

"Where can they all have come from?" said little Angel, as one good thing after another
came out of the basket. At the very bottom of the basket they found a tiny note.
"This will tell us about it," said Mrs. Blyth. "Why, it's directed to you, Angel!"

So Angel's mother sat down, stirred the fire, spelt it carefully out, and read it aloud by
the firelight.

"MY DEAR LITTLE ANGEL,"

"I send you a few little things for Christmas
Day. I hope you will have a very happy day. Do not
forget whose Birthday it is. Your friend,"
"MABEL DOUGLAS."

"Whose birthday is it, mother?" asked little Angel.

"The Lord Jesus Christ's," said her mother reverently. "Did I never tell you that, little
Angel? It's the day we think about Him being born a little baby at Bethlehem."

"SO YOU ARE THE ANGEL, ARE YOU? HERE'S YOUR BASKET."

Angel was sitting on her stool in front of the fire thinking, and it was some time before
she spoke again. Then she said suddenly, "What are you going to give Him, mother?"

"Give who, Angel?"

"What are you going to give the Lord Jesus for His birthday?"
"Oh, I don't know," said her mother. "I don't see how we can give Him anything."

"No," said little Angel sadly; "I've only got one penny,—that wouldn't buy anything good
enough. I would have liked to give Him something on His birthday; He did such a lot for
us."

"We can try to please Him, Angel," said her mother, "and do everything that we think
He would like."

"Yes," said little Angel, "we must try all day long."

That was a very happy Christmas Day for Angel and for her mother.

"This is the Lord Jesus' birthday," was Angel's first thought when she awoke in the
morning; and all through the day she was asking herself this question, "What would
Jesus like?" And whatever she thought He would like that she tried to do.

Angel's father was at home to dinner, and was very kind to her all day. He had not been
seen inside a public-house since Angel's birthday. It was a very good little Christmas
dinner. As they were eating it, Mr. Blyth said:

"Emily, have you seen those bills on the wall at the top of the court?"

Angel's mother said, "No; I have not been out to-day."

"There's to be a meeting to-night in that little schoolroom just a bit of way down the
street. That new young minister's going to speak; and it says on the bills it will all be
over in half an hour. I've a good mind to go and hear what he's got to say. Will you
come with me?"

"Yes, that I will," said Mrs. Blyth, with tears in her eyes. She had not been inside a
place of worship with her husband since the first year they were married.

"Can't Angel come too?" said her father, as he looked at her earnest little face.

"Not very well," said Mrs. Blyth; "we can't all go. Some one must stop with baby and
the children."

When Angel's large plum-pudding was put on the table, a sudden thought seized her.
"Mother," she whispered, "don't you think Jesus would like poor old Mrs. Sawyer to have
a bit of it?"

"Yes," said Mrs. Blyth, "I'll cut her a slice, and one for Annie too, poor girl. Will you take
them in?"

So Angel went next door with her two slices of plum-pudding. She found Mrs. Sawyer
and her niece Annie just beginning their dinner. There was nothing on the table but
some tea, and a loaf of bread with a few currants in it, so Angel felt very glad she had
brought the pudding. She was sure Jesus would be pleased they should have it; and she
thought it would make Him glad on His birthday to see how Mrs. Sawyer and Annie
smiled when they saw what she had brought them.

"Are you going to this meeting to-night?" said Annie, as Angel turned to go.

"No, I'm not going," said Angel; "but father and mother are. I must mind the children."
"I'll tell you what," said Annie; "if you'll bring them in here, I'll mind them. I can't leave
aunt, and they'll be a bit of company for her."

And so it came to pass that Pleasant Place beheld the wonderful sight of Mr. and Mrs.
Blyth and Angel all going together to the little meeting in the schoolroom.

A good many Pleasant Place people were there; and they looked round in astonishment
as Mr. Blyth came in, for they thought him about the most unlikely man in the whole
court to be there. And his wife and little Angel, as they sat beside him, prayed very
earnestly that he might get a blessing.

Mr. Douglas's text was a very strange one for Christmas Day—at least, so many of the
people thought when he gave it out. It had only four words, so that even little Angel
could remember it quite well—

"GIVE ME THINE HEART."

"Suppose," said the minister, "it was my birthday, and every one in my house was
keeping it. They all had a holiday and went out into the country, and there was a very
good dinner, which they all very much enjoyed, and altogether it was a very pleasant
day to them indeed."

"But suppose that I, whose birthday it was, was quite left out of it. No one gave me a
single present; no one even spoke to me; no one took the slightest notice of me. In
fact, all day long I was quite forgotten; I never once came into their thoughts."

"Nay, more. Not only did they do nothing whatever to give me pleasure, but they
seemed all day long to take a delight in doing the very things which they knew grieved
me and pained me, and were distressing to me."

"Surely, my friends, that would be a strange way of keeping my birthday; surely I

should feel very hurt by such conduct; surely it would be a perfect sham to pretend to
be keeping my birthday, and yet not take the slightest notice of me, except to annoy
and wound me! My friends," said the minister, "this afternoon I took a walk. In the
course of my walk I saw a number of people who pretended to be keeping a birthday.
And yet what were a great many of them doing? They were eating and drinking and
enjoying themselves, and having a merry time of it."

"But I noticed that the One whose birthday it was, was quite forgotten: they had not
given Him one single present all day long they had never once spoken to Him; all day
long He had never been in their thoughts; all day long He had been completely and
entirely passed by and forgotten."

"Nor was this all. I saw some who seemed to be taking a pleasure in doing the very
things He does not like, the very things which offend and grieve Him—drinking and
quarrelling, and taking His holy name in vain."

"And yet all these, my friends, pretended to be keeping the Lord Jesus Christ's
birthday!"

"But, I trust, by seeing you here to-night, that you have not been amongst their
number. I would therefore only put to you this one question—"
"The Lord Jesus Christ's birthday! Have you made Him a present to-day?"

"A present!" you say. "What can I give Him? He is the King of kings and Lord of lords.
What have I that is fit for a present to a king?"

"Give Him what He asks for, my friends. He says to you to-night, 'Give Me thine heart.'"

"That is the birthday present He is looking for. Will you hold it back?"

"Oh, think of what we are commemorating to-day. Think how He left His glory, and
came to be a poor, helpless babe for you; think, my friends, of all His wonderful love to
you. And then I would ask you, Can you refuse Him what He asks? Can you say—"

"Lord, I cannot give Thee my heart. I will give it to the world, to pleasure, to sin, to
Satan, but not to Thee,—no, not to Thee. I have no birthday present for Thee to-night?"

"Oh, will you not rather say—"

"'Lord, here is my heart; I bring it to Thee; take it for Thine own.

Cleanse it in Thy blood; make it fit to be Thine'"?

"Will you not this night lay at your King's feet the only birthday present you can give
Him—the only one He asks for—your heart?"

"Mother," said little Angel, as they walked home, "we can give Him a present, after all."

It was her father who answered her.

"Yes, Angel," he said, in a husky voice; "and we mustn't let Christmas Day pass before
we have done it."

And that night amongst the angels in heaven there was joy—joy over one sinner who
repented of the evil of his way, and laid at his Lord's feet a birthday present, even his
heart.

There was joy amongst the angels in heaven; and a little Angel on earth shared in their
joy.
 "PLEASE, MR. SOLEMN, WHEN YOU DIE,
WHO'LL HAVE TO DIG YOUR GRAVE?"

LITTLE DOT

CHAPTER I

OLD SOLOMON'S VISITOR

IT was a bright morning in spring, and the cemetery on the outskirts of the town looked
more peaceful, if possible, than it usually did. The dew was still on the grass, for it was
not yet nine o'clock. The violets and snowdrops on little children's graves were peeping
above the soil, and speaking of the resurrection. The robins were singing their sweetest
songs on the top of mossy gravestones—happy in the stillness of the place. And the
sunbeams were busy everywhere, sunning the flowers, lighting up the dewdrops, and
making everything glad and pleasant. Some of them even found their way into the deep
grave in which Solomon Whitaker, the old grave-digger, was working, and they made it
a little less dismal, and not quite so dark.
Not that old Whitaker thought it either dismal or dark. He had been a grave-digger
nearly all his life, so he looked upon grave-digging as his vocation, and thought it, on
the whole, more pleasant employment than that of most of his neighbours.

It was very quiet in the cemetery at all times, but especially in the early morning; and
the old man was not a little startled by hearing a very small voice speaking to him from
the top of the grave.

"What are you doing down there, old man?" said the little voice.

The grave-digger looked up quickly, and there, far above him, and peeping cautiously
into the grave, was a child in a clean white pinafore, and with a quantity of dark brown
hair hanging over her shoulders.

"Whoever in the world are you?" was his first question.

His voice sounded very awful, coming as it did out of the deep grave, and the child ran
away, and disappeared as suddenly as she had come.

Solomon looked up several times afterwards as he threw up fresh spadefuls of earth,

but for some time he saw no more of his little visitor. But she was not far away; she
was hiding behind a high tombstone, and in a few minutes she took courage, and went
again to the top of the grave. This time she did not speak, but stood with her finger in
her mouth, looking shyly down upon him, as her long brown hair blew wildly about in
the breeze.

Solomon thought he had never seen such a pretty little thing. He had had a little girl
once, and though she had been dead more than thirty years, he had not quite forgotten
her.

"What do they call you, my little dear?" said he, as gently as his husky old voice would
let him say it.

"Dot," said the child, nodding her head at him from the top of the grave.

"That's a very funny name," said Solomon. "I can't think on that I ever heard it afore."

"Dot isn't my real name; they call me Ruth in my father's big Bible on our parlour
table."

"That's got nothing to do with Dot as I can see," said the grave-digger musingly.

"No," she said, shaking her long brown hair out of her eyes; "it's 'cause I'm such a little
dot of a thing that they call me Dot."

"Oh, that's it, is it?" said Solomon; and then he went into a deep meditation on names,
and called to mind some strange ones which he read on the old churchyard
gravestones.

When Solomon was in one of his "reverdies," as his old wife used to call them when she
was alive, he seldom took much notice of what was going on around him, and he had
almost forgotten the little girl, when she said suddenly, in a half-frightened voice—

"I wonder what they call you, old man?"

"Solomon," said the grave-digger; "Mr. Solomon Whitaker—that's my name."

"Then, please, Mr. Solemn, what are you doing down there?"

"I'm digging a grave," said Solomon.

"What's it for, please, Mr. Solemn?" asked the child.

"Why, to bury folks in, of course," said the old man.

Little Dot retreated several steps when she heard this, as if she were afraid Mr. Solomon
might want to bury her. When he looked up again there was only a corner of her white
pinafore in sight. But as he went on quietly with his work, and took no notice of her, Dot
thought she might venture near again, for she wanted to ask Mr. Solomon another
question.

"Please," she began, "who are you going to put in that there hole?"

"It's a man as fell down dead last week. He was a hard-working fellow, that he was,"
said the grave-digger; for he always liked to give people a good word when digging
their graves.

Dot now seemed satisfied; and, on her side, told the old man that she had come to live
in one of the small cottages near the cemetery gates, and that they used to be "ever so
far off" in the country.

Then she ran away to another part of the cemetery, and old Solomon shaded his eyes
with his hand to watch her out of sight.

CHAPTER II

DOT'S DAISIES

DOT'S mother had lived all her life in a remote part of Yorkshire, far away from church
or chapel or any kind of school. But her husband had been born and brought up in a
town, and country life did not suit him. And so, when Dot was about five years old, he
returned to his native place, and took one of the cottages close to the cemetery, in
order that his little girl might still have some green grass on which to run about, and
might still see a few spring flowers.

The cemetery was some way out of the town; and Dot's mother, having had but little
education herself, did not think it at all necessary that Dot, at her tender age, should go
to school, and therefore the little girl was allowed to spend most of her time in the
cemetery, with which she was very well pleased. She liked to run round the
gravestones, and climb over the grassy mounds, and watch the robins hopping from
tree to tree.
But Dot's favourite place was by old Solomon's side. She went about with him from one
part of the cemetery to another, and he liked to feel her tiny hand in his. She took a
great interest, too, in the graves he was digging. She watched him shaping them neatly
and making them tidy, as he called it, until she began, as she fancied, to understand
grave-digging nearly as well as he did. But she sometimes puzzled the old man by her
questions, for Dot always wanted to know everything about what she saw.

"Mr. Solemn," she said one day, "shall you make me a little grave when I die?"

"Yes," he said, "I suppose I shall, little woman."

Dot thought this over for a long time.

"I don't want to go into a grave," she said; "it doesn't look nice."

"No," said the grave-digger, "you needn't be frightened; you won't have to go just yet.
Why, you're ever such a little mite of a thing!"

"Please, Mr. Solemn, when you die, who'll have to dig your grave, please?"

"I don't know," said Solomon uneasily; "they'll have to get a new digger, I suppose."

"Maybe you'd better dig one ready when you've a bit of time, Mr. Solemn."

But though Solomon was very fond of digging other people's graves—for he was so
much used to it that it had become quite a pleasure to him—he had no wish to dig his
own, nor did he like thinking about it, though Dot seemed as if she would not let him
forget it.

Another day, when he was working in a distant part of the cemetery, she asked him—

"Whereabouts will they bury you, Mr. Solemn?"

And when they were standing over a newly made grave, and Solomon was admiring his
work, she said—

"I hope they will make your grave neat, Mr. Solemn."

But though these questions and remarks made old Whitaker very uneasy—for he had a
sort of uncomfortable feeling in his heart when he thought of the day when his grave-
digging would come to an end—still, for all that, he liked little Dot, and he would have
missed the child much if anything had kept her from his side. She took such an interest
in his graves, too, and watched them growing deeper and deeper with as much pleasure
as he did himself. And, whether we be rich or poor, high or low, interest in our work
generally wins our hearts. And by and by Dot found herself a way, as she thought, of
helping old Solomon to make his graves look nice.

He was working one day at the bottom of a grave, and Dot was sitting on the grass at a
little distance. He thought she was busy with her doll, for she had not been talking to
him for a long time, and he gave a jump as he suddenly felt something patting on his
head, and heard Dot's merry little laugh at the top of the grave. She had filled her
pinafore with daisies, and thrown them upon him in the deep grave.
"Whatever in the world is that for?" said the old man, good-naturedly, as he shook the
flowers off his head.

"It's to make it pretty," said Dot. "It'll make it white and soft, you know, Mr. Solemn."

Solomon submitted very patiently; and from that time the child always gathered daisies
to scatter at the bottom of Solomon's graves, till he began to look upon it as a
necessary finish to his work. He often thought Dot was like a daisy herself, so fresh and
bright she was. He wondered at himself when he reckoned how much he loved her. For
his own little girl had been dead so many years; and it was so long now since he had
dug his old wife's grave, that Solomon had almost forgotten how to love. He had had no
one since to care for him, and he had cared for no one.

But little Dot had crept into his old heart unawares.

CHAPTER III

THE LITTLE GRAVE

OLD Solomon was digging a grave one day in a very quiet corner of the cemetery. Dot
was with him, as usual, prattling away in her pretty childish way.

"It's a tidy grave, is this," remarked the old man, as he smoothed the sides with his
spade; "nice and dry too; it'll do me credit."

"It's a very little one," said Dot.

"Yes, it's like to be little when it's for a little girl; you wouldn't want a very big grave,
Dot."

"No," said Dot; "but you would want a good big one, wouldn't you, Mr. Solemn?"

The mention of his own grave always made Solomon go into one of his "reverdies." But
he was recalled by Dot's asking quickly—

"Mr. Solemn, is she a very little girl?"

"Yes," said the old man; "maybe about your size, Dot. Her pa came about the grave. I
was in the office when he called, 'and,' said he, 'I want a nice quiet little corner, for it is
for my little girl.'"

"Did he look sorry?" said Dot.

"Yes," he said; "folks mostly do look sorry when they come about graves."
Dot had never watched the digging of a grave with so much interest as she did that of
this little girl. She never left Solomon's side, not even to play with her doll. She was
very quiet, too, as she stood with her large eyes wide open, watching all his
movements. He wondered what had come over her, and he looked up several times
rather anxiously as he threw up the spadefuls of earth.

"Mr. Solemn," she said, when he had finished, "when will they put the little girl in?"

"To-morrow morning," said the old man, "somewhere about eleven."

Dot nodded her head, and made up her mind she would be in this corner of the
cemetery at eleven o'clock.

When Solomon came back from his dinner, and went to take a last look at the little
grave, he found the bottom of it covered with white daisies which Dot had thrown in.

"She has made it pretty, bless her!" he murmured.

Dot crept behind the bushes near the chapel the next day, to watch the little girl's
funeral arrive. She saw the small coffin taken from the hearse, and carried on in front.
Then she watched the people get out of the carriages, and a lady and gentleman, whom
she felt sure were the little girl's father and mother, walked on first. The lady had her
handkerchief to her eyes, and Dot could see that she was crying. After her walked two
little girls, and they were crying also.

There were a few other people at the funeral, but Dot did not care to look at them; she
wanted to see what became of the little girl's coffin, which had just been carried into
the chapel. She waited patiently till they brought it out, and then she followed the
mournful procession at a little distance, till they reached the corner of the cemetery
where Solomon had dug the grave.

Solomon was there, standing by the grave, when the bearers came up with the coffin.
Dot could see him quite well, and she could see the minister standing at the end of the
grave, and all the people in a circle round it. She did not like to go very near, but she
could hear the minister reading something in a very solemn voice, and then the coffin
was let down into the grave. The little girl's mamma cried very much, and Dot cried too,
she felt so sorry for her.

When the service was over, they all looked into the grave, and then they walked away.
Dot ran up as soon as they were gone, and, taking hold of Solomon's hand, she peeped
into the grave. The little coffin was at the bottom, and some of Dot's daisies were lying
round it.

"Is the little girl inside there?" said Dot in an awestruck voice.

"Yes," said Solomon, "she's in there, poor thing. I'll have to fill it up now."

"Isn't it very dark?" said Dot.

"Isn't what dark?"

"In there," said Dot. "Isn't it very dark and cold for the poor little girl?"
"Oh, I don't know that," said Solomon. "I don't suppose folks feels cold when they are
dead; anyhow, we must cover her up warm."

But poor Dot's heart was very full; and, sitting on the grass beside the little girl's grave,
she began to cry and sob as if her heart would break.

"Don't cry, Dot," said the old man; "maybe the little girl knows nothing about it—maybe
she's asleep like."

But Dot's tears only flowed the faster. For she felt sure if the little girl were asleep, and
knew nothing about it, as old Solomon said, she would be waking up some day, and
then how dreadful it would be for her.

"Come, Dot," said Solomon at last, "I must fill it up."

Then Dot jumped up hastily. "Please, Mr. Solemn, wait one minute," she cried, as she
disappeared amongst the bushes.

"Whatever is she up to now?" said the old grave-digger.

She soon came back with her pinafore full of daisies. She had been gathering them all
the morning, and had hid them in a shady place under the trees. Then, with a little sob,
she threw them into the deep grave, and watched them fall on the little coffin. After this
she watched Solomon finish his work, and did not go home till the little girl's grave was
made, as old Solomon said, "all right and comfortable."

CHAPTER IV

LILIAN AND HER WORDS

DOT took a very great interest in "her little girl's grave," as she called it. She was up
early the next morning; and as soon as her mother had washed her, and given her her
breakfast, she ran to the quiet corner in the cemetery to look at the new-made grave. It
looked very bare, Dot thought, and she ran away to gather a number of daisies to
spread upon the top of it. She covered it as well as she could with them, and she patted
the sides of the grave with her little hands, to make it more smooth and tidy. Dot
wondered if the little girl knew what she was doing, and if it made her any happier to
know there were daisies above her.

She thought she would ask Solomon; so when she had finished she went in search of
him. He was not far away, and she begged him to come and look at what she had done
to her little girl's grave. He took hold of Dot's hand, and she led him to the place.

"See, Mr. Solemn," she said, "haven't I made my little girl pretty?"

"Aye," he answered; "you have found a many daisies, Dot."

"But, Mr. Solemn," asked Dot anxiously, "do you think she knows?"

"Why, Dot, I don't know—maybe she does," he said, for he did not like to disappoint
her.

"Mr. Solemn, shall I put you some daisies at the top of your grave?" said Dot, as they
walked away.

Solomon made no answer. Dot had reminded him so often of his own grave, that he had
sometimes begun to think about it, and to wonder how long it would be before it would
have to be made. He had a vague idea that when he was buried, he would not come to
an end.

He had heard of heaven and of hell; and though he had never thought much about
either of them, he had a kind of feeling that some day he must go to one or other. Hell,
he had heard, was for bad people, and heaven for good ones; and though Solomon tried
to persuade himself that he belonged to the latter class, he could not quite come to that
opinion. There was something in his heart which told him all was not right with him, and
made the subject an unpleasant one. He wished Dot would let it drop, and not talk to
him any more about it; and then he went into a reverie about Dot, and Dot's daisies,
and all her pretty ways.

It was the afternoon of the same day, and Dot was sitting beside her little girl's grave,
trying to make the daisies look more pretty by putting some leaves among them, when
she heard footsteps crossing the broad gravel path. She jumped up, and peeped behind
the trees to see who was coming. It was the lady and gentleman whom she had seen at
the funeral, and they were coming to look at their little grave. Dot felt very shy, but she
could not run away without meeting them, so she hid behind a hawthorn bush at the
other side.

The little girl's papa and mamma came close to the grave, and Dot was so near that, as
they knelt down beside it, she could hear a great deal of what they were saying. The
lady was crying very much, and for some time she did not speak. But the gentleman
said—

"I wonder who has put those flowers here, my dear; how very pretty they are!"

"Yes," said the lady, through her tears; "and the grave was full of them yesterday."

"How pleased our little girl would have been!" said he. "She was so fond of daisies! Who
can have done it?"

Little Dot heard all this from her hiding-place, and she felt very pleased that she had
made her little girl's grave so pretty.

The lady cried a great deal as she sat by the grave; but just before they left, Dot heard
the gentleman say—

"Don't cry, dearest; remember what our little Lilian said the night before she died."

"Yes," said the lady, "I will not forget."

And she dried her eyes, and Dot thought she tried to smile as she looked up at the blue
sky. Then she took a bunch of white violets which she had brought with her, and put
them in the middle of the grave, but she did not move any of Dot's daisies, at which she
looked very lovingly and tenderly.

As soon as they were gone, Dot came out from behind the hawthorn bush. She went up
to her little girl's grave, and kneeling on the grass beside it she smelt the white violets
and stroked them with her tiny hand. They made it look so much nicer, she thought; but
she felt very glad that the lady had liked her daisies. She would gather some fresh ones
to-morrow.

Dot walked home very slowly. She had so much to think over. She knew her little girl's
name now, and that she was fond of daisies. She would not forget that. Dot felt very
sorry for the poor lady; she wished she could tell her so. And then she began to wonder
what it was that her little girl had said the night before she died. It must be something
nice, Dot thought, to make the lady wipe her eyes and try to smile. Perhaps the little
girl had said she did not mind being put into the dark hole. Dot thought it could hardly
be that, for she felt sure she would mind it very much indeed. Dot was sure she would
be very frightened if she had to die, and old Solomon had to dig a grave for her. No, it
could not be that which Lilian had said. Perhaps Solomon was right, and the little girl
was asleep. If so, Dot hoped it would be a long, long time before she woke up again.

Solomon had left his work, or Dot would have told him about what she had seen. But it
was tea-time now, and she must go home. Her mother was standing at the door looking
out for her, and she called to the child to be quick and come in to tea.

Dot found her father at home, and they began their meal. But little Dot was so quiet,
and sat so still, that her father asked her what was the matter. Then she thought she
would ask him what she wanted to know, for he was very kind to her, and generally
tried to answer her questions.

So Dot told him about her little girl's grave, and what the lady and gentleman had
talked about, and she asked what he thought the little girl had said, which had made
her mother stop crying.

But Dot's father could not tell her. And when Dot said she was sure she would not like to
be put in a hole like that, her father only laughed, and told her not to trouble her little
head about it: she was too young to think of such things.

"But my little girl was only just about as big as me," said Dot, "'cause Mr. Solemn told
me so."

That was an argument which her father could not answer, so he told Dot to be quick
over her supper, and get to bed. And when she was asleep, he said to his wife that he
did not think the cemetery was a good place for his little girl to play in—it made her
gloomy. But Dot's mother said it was better than the street, and Dot was too light-
hearted to be dull long.

And whilst they were talking little Dot was dreaming of Lilian, and of what she had said
the night before she died.
 CHAPTER V

DOT'S BUSY THOUGHTS

A DAY or two after, as Dot was putting fresh daisies on the little grave, she felt a hand
on her shoulder, and looking up she saw her little girl's mamma. She had come up very
quietly, and Dot was so intent on what she was doing that she had not heard her. It was
too late to run away; but the lady's face was so kind and loving that the child could not
be afraid. She took hold of Dot's little hand, and sat down beside her, and then she said
very gently—

"Is this the little girl who gathered the daisies?"

"Yes," said Dot shyly, "it was me."

The lady seemed very pleased, and she asked Dot what her name was, and where she
lived. Then she said—

"Dot, what was it made you bring these pretty flowers here?"

"Please," said the child, "it was 'cause Mr. Solemn said she was ever such a little girl—
maybe about as big as me."

"Who is Mr. Solemn?" asked the lady.

 "IS THIS THE LITTLE GIRL WHO GATHERED THE DAISIES?"

"It's an old man—him as digs the graves; he made my little girl's grave," said Dot,
under her breath, "and he filled it up and all."

The tears came into the lady's eyes, and she stooped down and kissed the child.

Dot was beginning to feel quite at home with the little girl's mamma, and she stroked
the lady's soft glove with her tiny hand.

They sat quite still for some time. Dot never moved, and the lady had almost forgotten
her—she was thinking of her own little girl. The tears began to run down her cheeks,
though she tried to keep them back, and some of them fell upon Dot as she sat at her
feet.

"I was thinking of my little girl," said the lady, as Dot looked sorrowfully up to her face.

"Please," said Dot, "I wonder what your little girl said to you the night before she died?"
She thought perhaps it might comfort the lady to think of it, as it had done so the other
day.

The lady looked very surprised when Dot said this, as she had had no idea that the little
girl was near when she was talking to her husband.

"How did you know, Dot?" she asked.

"Please, I couldn't help it," said little Dot; "I was putting the daisies."

"Yes?" said the lady, and she waited for the child to go on.

"And I ran in there," said Dot, nodding at the hawthorn bush. "I heard you—and,
please, don't be angry."

"I am not angry," said the lady.

Dot looked in her face, and saw she was gazing at her with a very sweet smile.

"Then, please," said little Dot, "I would like very much to know what the little girl said."

"I will tell you, Dot," said the lady. "Come and sit on my knee."

There was a flat tombstone close by, on which they sat whilst the girl's mamma talked
to Dot. She found it very hard to speak about her child, it was so short a time since she
had died. But she tried her very best, for the sake of the little girl who had covered the
grave with daisies.

"Lilian was only ill a very short time," said the lady; "a week before she died she was
running about and playing—just as you have been doing to-day, Dot. But she took a bad
cold, and soon the doctor told me my little girl must die."

"Oh," said Dot, with a little sob, "I am so sorry for the poor little girl!"

"Lilian wasn't afraid to die, Dot," said the lady.

"Wasn't she?" said Dot. "I should be frightened ever so much—but maybe she'd never
seen Mr. Solemn bury anybody; maybe she didn't know she had to go into that dark
hole."

"Listen, Dot," said the lady, "and I will tell you what my little girl said the night before
she died."

"'Mamma,' she said, 'don't let Violet and Ethel think that I'm down deep in the
cemetery; but take them out, and show them the blue sky and all the white clouds, and
tell them, Little sister Lilian's up there with Jesus.' Violet and Ethel are my other little
girls, Dot."

"Yes," said Dot, in a whisper; "I saw them at the funeral."

"That is what my little girl said, which made me stop crying the other day."

Dot looked very puzzled. There was a great deal that she wanted to think over and to
ask Solomon about.

The lady was obliged to go home, for it was getting late. She kissed the child before she
went, and said she hoped Dot would see her little girl one day, above the blue sky.

Dot could not make out what the lady meant, nor what her little girl had meant the
night before she died. She wanted very much to hear more about her, and she hoped
the lady would soon come again.

"Mr. Solemn," said Dot the next day, as she was in her usual place on the top of one of
Solomon's graves, "didn't you say that my little girl was in that long box?"

"Yes," said Solomon—"yes, Dot, I said so, I believe."

"But my little girl's mamma says she isn't in there, Mr. Solemn, and my little girl said so
the night before she died."

"Where is she, then?" said Solomon.

"She's somewhere up there," said Dot, pointing with her finger to the blue sky.

"Oh, in heaven," said Solomon. "Yes, Dot, I suppose she is in heaven."

"How did she get there?" said Dot. "I want to know all about it, Mr. Solemn."

"Oh, I don't know," said the old man. "Good folks always go to heaven."

"Shall you go to heaven, Mr. Solemn, when you die?"

"I hope I shall, Dot, I'm sure," said the old man. "But there, run away a little; I want to
tidy round a bit."

Now, Solomon had very often "tidied round," as he called it, without sending little Dot
away; but he did not want her to ask him any more questions, and he hoped she would
forget it before she came back.

But Dot had not forgotten. She had not even been playing; she had been sitting on an
old tombstone, thinking about what Solomon had said. And as soon as he had finished