R.A.

9299 Republic of the Philippines June 25, 2004

NEGROS ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSIT Y
NOHS (1907) I NOTS (1927) I EVSAT (1956) I CVPC (1983)
Kagawasan Ave., Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines
6200
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City 6200

Air Conditioning Design

Engr. Marilou S. Tomentos

Faculty
College of Engineering and Architecture

by:

George William Morano

 OVERVIEW

Air conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an

occupied space to improve the comfort of occupants. Air conditioning can be used in both

domestic and commercial environments. This process is most commonly used to achieve a more

comfortable interior environment, typically for humans and other animals; however, air

conditioning is also used to cool and dehumidify rooms filled with heat-producing electronic

devices, such as computer

servers, power amplifiers, and to display and store some delicate products, such as artwork.

In this study, the research team aim to design an air-conditioning system for our Cafe,

located in Libertad St, Dumaguete City. The study includes the calculation of the total

cooling load considering the different factors and choosing the most appropriate type of air-

conditioning device to provide comfort for my family.

 LAYOUT

NOTE:
COMFORT ROOMS NOT INCLUDED
 ESTABLISHMENT PROFILE

Establishment: Café Shop

Location: Dumaguete City

First Floor

Windows: Sliding

Ceiling: Fiber cement board on light steel frame

Occupancy: Maximum of 13 People (due to covid guideline)

Working Hours: 8 Hours
Total floor Area:
First floor: 42.7243 m²
Second Floor: 57.668692m²

Type of Building: 2-Storey Building

Number of Lights: 5
Door Type: Wood

Wall Type:
First Floor: Concrete
Second Floor: Concrete
 FORMULA

Using formulas in heat transfer through plain walls.

where:

q = heat gained, W

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

T= change in temperature, K

A = area of walls, m²

t = thickness, m

Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window

where:

A = area, m² exposed to sun

SHGF = solar heat gained factor for single sheet of clear glass, W/m-K
SC = shading coefficient

CLF = cooling load factor

Internal Heat Gain from Lights

where:

Fu = utilization factor (fraction of installed lamps in use)

Fb = ballast factor of fluorescent lamps usually 1.2 for common fluorescent fixtures

CLC = cooling load factors for lightning

AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN FACTORS

Heat Gained by Occupants
Maximum people in a certain time are 13; seated, eating. Some standing.

Floor 1
q= (5)(100)+(2)(150)= 800 watts
Floor 2
q= (6)(100)= 600 watts
 First Floor

Heat Gained by Walls, Windows and Doors

Using formulas in heat transfer through plain walls.

𝑘∆𝑇𝐴

𝑞= �
where:

q = heat gained, W

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

𝛥T= change in temperature,
K A =area of walls, m²

t = thickness, m

Total floor area = 43.18300119𝑚2

Assumed outer and inner temperature: 32˚C and 26˚C

Wall is made of general concrete

Door is made by wood

Window is made of glass(sliding)

a. Heat transfer (both side walls)

Wall: A =10x 4.3m = 43 m²

t = 0.3m (concrete)

k = 1.28 W/m-K (concrete)

𝛥T = 6 K
1.28 × (305.15 − 299.15) × 43

𝑞=[ ] × 2 = 2201.6�𝑎���
0.3
b. Heat transfer ( wall with a window and door)

Window: A = 1m2x 1.8m = 1.8m²

Door: A = 4.06𝑚
t = 0.3m (concrete)

k = 1.28 W/m-K (concrete)

Wall: A = 6m x 4.3m= 25.8𝑚2
1.28 x (305.15 − 299.15) x (25.8 − 3.6 − 4.06)
q=[

] = 464.384 watts
0.3
c. Heat transfer (wall with door only)

Door: A = 2.03𝑚2
t = 0.3m (concrete)

k = 1.28 W/m-K (concrete)

1.28 x (305.15 − 299.15) x (25.8 − 2.03)

q=[ ] = 608.512 watts

0.3
d. Total Heat transfer (windows)

Window: A = 1.8m²

k = 1.05 W/m-K (glass)

t = 0.0314m (glass)

𝛥T = 6 K
1.05 × (305.15 − 299.15) × 1.8

𝑞=[ 0.0314 ] �2 = 722.2929936�𝑎���

Total Heat Transfer (door)

Door: A= 2.032𝑚2
k = 0.087 W/m-K (wood)

t = 0.08926m (wood)

0.087 × (305.15 − 299.15) × 2.032

𝑞=[ ] = 11.88330719�𝑎���
0.08926
Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window

Assume that the building wall is exposed sun during 2:00-4:00 PM. The formula below is

used to compute heat gained by solar energy through glass during the span of time the wall and

the window is exposed to the sunlight.

A = 6 solar hours
SHGF = 0.65 W/m-k
SC = 0.83
CLF = 0.77
qsg = 6x0.65x0.83x0.77 = 2.53 watts

Internal Heat Gain From Lights

LED light capacity = 15 watts

Fu = 1
Fb = ballast factor of LED light usually 0.83
CLC = cooling load factors for lightning
q
q = (15)(1)(0.83)(0.73) = 9.0885 watts

HEAT GAIN FROM APPLIANCES

Appliance Quantity Wattage Load
Coffee Brewer 1 1660 1100
Cash register 1 60 48
Bar code Printer 1 440 370
TOTAL HEAT GAINED 1518 watts

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT

Sensible Heat of Occupants 400 watts

Heat Gained by Walls, Window and Door 4005.672301watts
Solar Heat Gained 2.53 watts
Internal Heat Gain from Lights 9.0885 watts
Sensible Heat from appliances 1518 watts
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (Qs) 5935.290801 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT

Occupant Respiration and Activities 800 watts

Moisture-laden outside air from infiltration 21 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT (Ql) 821 watts

Total Required Cooling Load

Qt= Qs+Ql = 5,935.290801 + 821 = 6756.290801 watts

1
6.756290801 kW x
= 1.919400796 TR
3.52𝑘𝑊

Second Floor

Heat Gained by Walls, Windows and Doors

Using formulas in heat transfer through plain walls.

𝑘∆𝑇𝐴

𝑞= �
where:

q = heat gained, W

k = thermal conductivity of the material, W/m-K

𝛥T= change in temperature,
K A =area of walls, m²

t = thickness, m

Total floor area = 57.668692m2

Assumed outer and inner temperature: 32˚C and 26˚C

Wall is made of general concrete

Door is made by wood

Window is made of glass(sliding)

a. Heat transfer (wall with a window)

Window: A = 1m x 1.8m = 1.8m²

t = 0.3m (concrete)

k = 1.28 W/m-K (concrete)

Wall: A = 6m x 4.3m= 25.8𝑚2

= 10m x 4.3m= 43𝑚2

1.28 x (305.15 − 299.15) x (43 − 3.6)
q=[

] x2 = 2017.28 watts
0.3
1.28 x (305.15 − 299.15) x (25.8 − 3.6)
q=[

] = 568.32 watts
0.3
Heat Gained by Solar Energy through a Glass Window

Assume that the building wall is exposed sun during 2:00-4:00 PM. The formula below is

used to compute heat gained by solar energy through glass during the span of time the wall and

the window is exposed to the sunlight.

A = 6 solar hours
SHGF = 0.65 W/m-k
SC = 0.83
CLF = 0.77
qsg = 6x0.65x0.83x0.77 = 2.53 watts

Internal Heat Gain From Lights

LED light capacity = 15 watts

Fu = 1
Fb = ballast factor of LED light usually 0.83
CLC = cooling load factors for lightning
q
q = (15)(1)(0.83)(0.73) = 9.0885 watts

HEAT GAIN FROM APPLIANCES

Appliance Quantity Wattage Load

laptop 1 55 36.85

TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT

Sensible Heat of Occupants 360 watts

Heat Gained by Walls and Window 2585.6 watts
Solar Heat Gain 2.53 watts
Internal Heat Gain from Lights 9.0885 watts
Sensible Heat from appliances 36.85 watts
TOTAL SENSIBLE HEAT (QS) 2994.0685 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT

Occupant respiration and Activities 600 watts

Moisture-laden outside air from infiltration 21 watts
TOTAL LATENT HEAT (Ql) 621 watts

Total Required Cooling Load

Qt= Qs+Ql = 2994.0685 + 621 = 3615.0685 watts

1
3.6150685 kW x
= 1.027008097 TR
3.52𝑘𝑊
 CONCLUSION

With a refrigerating capacity of 1.919400796 TR it is advisable to use and air

conditioning system that can sustain this load assuming that the First Floor is packed with

maximum people. I suggest the following system:

LG 2 Ton 3 Star Inverter Split AC

 With a refrigerating capacity of 1.027008097 TR it is advisable to use and air

conditioning system that can sustain this load assuming that Floor 2 is packed with maximum

people. I suggest the following system:

Sharp 1.1 Ton 3 Star Split Inverter AC

References:

https://www.flipkart.com/sharp-1-1-ton-3-star-split-inverter-ac-white/p/itme7ttfnyt5pnvz

https://gadgets.ndtv.com/lg-2-ton-3-star-inverter-split-ac-js-q24npxa-price-in-india-15728
 APPENDIX

Table 1. Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for lightning

Hours after lights Fixture X, Hours of operation ration

are turned on
10 16 10 16
0 0.08 0.19 0.01 0.05
1 0.62 0.72 0.76 0.79
2 0.66 0.75 0.81 0.83
3 0.69 0.77 0.84 0.87
4 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.89
5 0.75 0.82 0.90 0.91
6 0.78 0.84 0.92 0.93
7 0.80 0.85 0.93 0.94
8 0.82 0.87 0.95 0.95
9 0.84 0.88 0.96 0.96
10 0.85 0.89 0.97 0.97
11 0.32 0.90 0.22 0.98
12 0.29 0.91 0.18 0.98
13 0.26 0.92 0.14 0.98
14 0.23 0.93 0.12 0.99
15 0.21 0.94 0.09 0.99
16 0.19 0.94 0.08 0.99
17 0.17 0.40 0.06 0.24
18 0.15 0.36 0.05 0.20

Fixture X: recessed lights, not vented, supply and return air registers below the ceiling of through
the ceiling space and griller.
Fixture Y: vented or free hanging lights; air registers below or through the ceilings, return air
registers around the fixtures and through the ceiling space.

Table 2. Heat Gain from Occupants

Activity Heat Gain, W Sensible Heat, %
Sleeping 70 75
Seated quietly 100 60
Standing 150 50
Walking, 3km/hour 305 35
Office work 150 55
Teaching 175 50
Retail Shop 185 50
Industrial 300-600 35

3. Values of Infiltration Constants

Quality of Construction a b c

Tight 0.15 0.010 0.007

Average 0.20 0.015 0.14
Loose 0.25 0.20 0.022

Table 4. Sensible-Heat Cooling Load Factors for People

Hours after Total Hours in Space
Entry
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1 0.49 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.55 0.58 0.62
2 0.59 0.59 0.60 0.61 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.70
3 0.17 0.66 0.67 0.67 0.69 0.70 0.72 0.75
4 0.13 0.71 0.72 0.72 0.74 0.75 0.77 0.79
5 0.10 0.27 0.76 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.80 0.82
 6 0.08 0.21 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.83 0.85
7 0.07 0.16 0.34 0.8 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.87
8 0.06 0.14 0.26 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.88
9 0.05 0.11 0.21 0.38 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.90
10 0.04 0.10 0.18 0.30 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.91
11 0.04 0.08 0.15 0.25 0.42 0.91 0.91 0.92
12 0.03 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.34 0.92 0.92 0.93
13 0.03 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.28 0.45 0.93 0.94
14 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.36 0.94 0.95
15 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.20 0.30 0.47 0.95
16 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.12 0.17 0.25 0.38 0.96
17 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.15 0.21 0.31 0.49
18 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.13 0.19 0.26 0.39

Table 5. Space per Occupant

Type of Space Occupancy
Residence 2-6 occupants
Office 10-15 m2 per occupant
Retail 3-5 m2 per occupant
School 2.5 m2 per occupant
Auditorium 1.0 m2 per occupant

Table 6. Maximum Solar-Heat Gain Factor for Sunlight Glass

Month N/shade NE/NW E/W SE/SW S Hor
32° North Latitude
Dec 69 69 510 775 795 500
Jan, Nov 75 90 550 785 775 55
Feb, Oct 85 205 645 780 700 685
Mar, Sept 100 330 695 700 545 780
Apr, Aug 115 450 700 580 355 845
May, July 120 530 685 480 230 865
June 140 555 675 440 109 870
42° North Latitude
Dec 57 57 475 730 800 355
Jan, Nov 63 63 480 755 795 420
Feb, Oct 80 155 575 760 750 505
Mar, Sept 95 285 660 730 640 690
Apr, Aug 110 435 690 630 475 790
May, July 120 515 690 545 350 830
June 150 540 680 510 300 840

Table 7. Shading Coefficients

No indoor Venetian Blades es
Types of Glass Thickness, mm shading
Med Light Med ght
Single Glass
Regular Sht 3 1.00 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25
Plate 6-12 0.95 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25
Heat-absorbing 6 0.70 0.57 0.53 0.40 0.30
10 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.40 0.28
Double Glass
Regular 3 0.90 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25
Plate 6 0.83 0.57 0.51 0.60 0.25
Reflective 6 0.2-0.4 0.20-0.33

Table 8. Cooling Load Factors of Glass with Interior Shading (North Latitudes)
Solar time Window Facing
(hours)
N NE S SE S SW W NW Hor
6 0.73 0.56 0.47 0.30 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.12
7 0.66 0.76 0.72 0.57 0.16 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.27
8 0.65 0.74 0.80 0.74 0.26 0.14 0.11 0.14 0.44
9 0.73 0.58 0.76 0.81 0.38 0.16 0.13 0.17 0.59
10 0.80 0.37 0.62 0.79 0.58 0.19 0.15 0.19 0.72
11 0.86 0.29 0.41 0.68 0.75 0.22 0.17 0.20 0.81
12 0.84 0.27 0.27 0.49 0.83 0.38 0.17 0.21 0.85
13 0.89 0.26 0.24 0.33 0.80 0.59 0.31 0.22 0.85
14 0.86 0.24 0.22 0.28 0.68 0.75 0.53 0.30 0.81
15 0.82 0.22 0.20 0.25 0.50 0.83 0.72 0.52 0.71
16 0.75 0.20 0.17 0.22 0.35 0.81 0.82 0.73 0.58
17 0.78 0.16 0.14 0.18 0.27 0.69 0.81 0.82 0.42
18 0.91 0.12 0.11 0.13 0.19 0.45 0.61 0.69 0.25

Table 9. Cooling Load Estimates for Various Office Load Densities

Light Load Density Wattage Diversity Load, W
 Computers 55 0.67 36.85

Monitors 55 0.67 36.85

Laser-Printer 130 0.33 42.9
Fax Machine 15 0.67 10.05

Table 10. Thermal Conductivity

Material Thermal Conductivity (W/m K)
Brick, common (Building brick) 0.621
Brick, fire 0.47
Brick, insulating 0.15
General concrete 1.28
Concrete, light 0.1-0.3
Concrete, stone 1.7
Concrete, medium 0.4-0.7
Cement 0.29
Glass 1.05
Glass, window 0.96