chapter 5 Gas Turbine Plant gZ Gas Turbine Is a combustion engine in applications much above 10 MW. Large units regularly operate in 100 MW to approximately 230 MW. AiR STANDARD CYCLE: me rfuel Generator Output ANALYSIS OF THE GAS TURBINE CYCLE: 1. PV and T relations in isentropic compression process 1~2: | = pressure ratioa Chapter 05 Gas Turbine Plan. 2. Compressor Work, We? We = ms Cpe (T2-T1) where: Ga = 1.0 Wkg-K ( for air) 3. Heat Added in the Combustor ( Process © - © ) = MG (TT), 4. PV and T relations in isentropic turbine expansion process (® - 9) a. PVE = PAV PERFORMANCE OF THE ACTUAL TS Diagram of the Actual oie TEngineering Reviewer : oe oo ~ v-3 ‘ ideal Compressor Work, W, We = Ma Cpa ( T2- Ti) 2 actual Compressor Work, W., Wea = Ma Cpa (Ta = Th) 3, Heat Added in the Combustor, Q, Qa = My Coy (T3 Tr) 4,Heat Supplied by Fuel, Q 5, Ideal Turbine Work, Wy sisal: 6. Actual Turbine Work, Wea “Wa = M5 Coo (T= Te!) a= We Xe where : e; = turbine efficiency 7. Ideal net turbine work, Wai My Cog (Ts Ta): ine work, Wra 9. Thermal efficiency , tn er 10. Over-all Thermal efficiency , ‘Be GeneratorO.utput oe Ope. yy 1. Compressor efficiency, € is Tht ahChapter 05 — Gas Turbine m,, 4 v-4 12. Combustor efficiency, @n a 13. Net Plant Heat Rate, NHR — THE LUCKY NINE POINTS TO REMEMBER for GAS TURBINES 1. Temperature of the gas entering the expander is 200°C to 1290°C. 2. - Exhaust temperature is 540°C to 590°C 3. The exhaust flowrate in modern heavy duty turbines per 100 MW is approximately 240 to 250 kg/s. 4. Approximately 50 to 75% of the turbine power is used to drive the high efficiency compressor. é 5, Temperature of the air entering the turbine will be between 650°C and 1000°C. Maximum temperature by metallurgical reasons is 1700 K. 6. Thermal Efficiency of existing heavy-duty combustion turbines in simple cycle is 34 to 36%. 7. “Thermal Efficiency of aeroderivative turbines commonly achieve efficiencies up to 42%. ‘ 8. The back work ratio is approximately 50 to 75% . 9. Actual regeneration efficiency rarely exceeds 75% .(ROBLEMS In FUNDAMENTALS of owe Orart § pi ME Board Problem : Gas Turbine Problens § 4 gas turbine working on air standard 8 fessor at atmospheric condition ed oe cle has air enter into the the maximum temperature in the cycle ig 197 The pressure ratio is 9 and seamaye hay of ai iinet iS 1077°C. Compute for the cycle 44.8 3, 352% basen Sh p a= eo AW & @ © Solving for W, and We : BR .(B)* : : Tt el : 14-1 ho (9) 7 @+27) (A f T, = 552.66 K a We = mG (te- ti)” . fs) = {1.0 2 |(522.6-295)k o We (10 wy) DK 2 teres ae = 257.66 kI/kg Solving for Qu: 7 aye Q =MG(t-t) ee (2) * 1 (1350-95266 )K 144 10774273 _ (9) 14 et _ (2) = 797.334 S le (7) “ee Ty = 720.598 K We = mGp(ts -t+) 1*2_ (1350 - 750.598 ) K kg-K = 629.402 Ki/kg if |} chapter 05.-. ye commana maine ir atl ntact thus ; 629,402- 257.66 5 797.334 0.4662 oF 46.62 % ee = & thus; © @& = 0.4662 oF 46.62 % % 2. Past ME Board Problem , Ina gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kPa, 227°C and 43 m/s..The products ‘of combustion leave the combustor at 511 kPa, 1004°C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with heating value of 43,000 kKi/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency of the unit in percent ? A. 64% C. 79 % B. 92% D. 102 % Slane Combustor Efficiency = atest Absobed= 7 HeatSuppliedby Fuel where: Heat Supplied by Fuel = m; Qh = 0.0229 ( 43,000 ) = 984.70 kI/kg air Heat Absorbed =Cy(t,—tr) + 1 y2_v2) =1( 1004-227) + 4 (140)? - (43)? 2\ 1000plant Engineering Reviewe: ye : totam v-1 = 785.88 ki/kg air then; = 785.88 984.70 thus; = & = 0.7981 of 79.81 % rr aramip sic aaae , Yat ME Board Problem ‘Air enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 550 kPa, 227°C and 43 m/s. The products of combustion leave the combustor at 517 kPa, 1007°C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of 43,000 Ki/kg. The combustor efficiency is 95 % . What is the air-fuel ratio ? Note: of air : T(K) h(Ki/kg) 500 503.02 1280 1372.25 A. 47.39 C. 56.93 B, 32.25 D. 44.95 Slaton Let; m = kg of fuel per kg air By: Energy Balance Considering 1 kg.of air: = (1tm)he+ Ft mv? ‘| hy + SOM? +O (0.95) = (1 + my(1372.25) +t dm) er tye d ey) 43 fey: GOP +4000) weg BH Bung m= o.czz2es KOM 0 sew kgair Pan thus, rtct A kgair aa" of 2S F = im 74499 jg fuel1 05 — Gas Turbine % v-8 : Chapte! Ab cel 4. Past ME Board Problem Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 300 K with a volume flow rate of 5.81 m/s. The compressor ressure ratio is 10 and its isentropic efficiency is 85%. ‘At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 950 turbine has an isentropic efficiency kPa and the temperature is 1400 K. The C of 88% and the exit pressure ig 100 kPa. On the basis of A air-standard analysis, what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle in percent ? A. 42.06 ¢C. 31.19 : B. 60.20 D. 25.15 Slate Let; e, = thermal efficiency = Mh Qa Solving for the actual net turbine work, Wo: Pv = mRT I fuel 100(5) = m(0.287)(300) my, 250 KPa m = 5.81 kg/s Generator Outpt ket T re} 1400 _ (=) % 100 Ty = 736K W, = m Cp(T2-T) = 5.81 (1.0) ( 579 - 300) = 1621 kWplant Engineering Reviewer v-9 1621 Wa * 965 Ww =mC(ts-t) = 5,81(1)( 1400 - 736 ) = 3858 kW Wa = 3858 ( 0.88 ) = 3395 kW Wns = 3395-1907 = 1488 kW Q = mC, (ts -t,) = 5.81 (1.0) ( 1400 - 579) = 4770 KW = 1907 kw thus; 1488 = a7 0.3119 * @ = 31.19% % 5. Past ME Board Problem What is the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Brayton cycle if the ire ratio is 10. preeas C. 45.36 % A. 48.21% B. 50.16% D. 42.44 % Slotinn (10) ¥ 0.4821 thus - 7 & = 48.21%10 08 ~ Gas Turbing * res the ideal constant pressure In 2 simple gas turbine plant working on ar ts taken eo the compressor at 1 Dar, 16°C and defvered at 5.4 bay the temperature at turbine inlet is 700°C. Catculate the ideal therm, fcency ? Take k = 1.4. A B3% C. 45.66 % B 4261% 0. 35.38 % ee = 0.3823 thus; we = 38.23% oo ©) * (64) 14 © e@ = 0.3823 oF 38.23%v-ll Engineering Reviewer eee ee ae poard Problem pressure cycle at 1 La ee jnto a gas turbine worki + Airis oan ing on the constant fe Bsc and co pressed to 5.7 bar. The temperature at the end of heat spel "Taking expansion and compression to be adiabatic where qQ M5718 ka/kg-K, Cp = 1.055 Kl/kg-K, calculate the heat energy supplied per stant pressure. at ar alka c. 501 Ki/kg & 399 10/kg D. 489 K/kg Glem Heat Energy Supplied: GQ = mG(t-b) Solving for tz : ka he (2) e Th A 14-4 at fare 214273 1 T, = 483.41K Ty = 680 + 273 = 953K thus; Q = 1.005 ( 953 - 483.41 ) @ Q& = 471.94 K/ko Or Oe © Past ME Board Problem What is the thermal efficiency of. an air-standard Brayton cylce if the air enters and leaves the turbine at 1000 K and 550 K respectively ? C. 50.38% ° A 40.74 % 8 44.99 % D. 54.86 %napter 05 = Gas Turbine % C) v-12 Solving for fp p 3 Tt = " =) T% (tp) 144 o 1000 (tp) #4 pies aa ae aa 550 rp = 8.10 then; 7 @ Ts = 1000 K e=1- Tj = 550K 14 (8.10) e ° = 0.4499 thus; ALO PRT as 7 e = 44,99% % 9. Past ME Board Problem There are required 2200 kW net from a gas turbine unit for pumping of crude oil. Air enters the compressor section at 100 kPa, 280 K, the pressure ratio rp = 10. The turbine section receives the hot gases at 1,100 K. Assume the closed Brayton cycle and determine the required air flow. A. 7.91 kg/s C. 8.11 kg/s B. 7.16 kg/s D. 8.91 kg/s SLoiiane Pret = M Wret Solving, for Wret : ka Bs (h)* tq A ae 1.4-1 30 7 We Tz = 540.60 Kvia sat 40h ( ne ) 14 joo ~~ «(10 T. = 569.74 K Qe = mG(T-T) = (1)(1.0062) ( 1100 ~ 540.6 ) = 562.87 ki/kg Qa = MCp>(Ts- Ts) (1)( 1.0062 )( 569.74 - 280 ) 291.54 kI/kg Woe = 562.87 ~ 291.54 = 271.33 10/kg thus; 2200 = m( 271.33) = m = B11 kg/s ee whe 10, Past ME Board Problem: Inan air-standard Bryton cycle, the compressor receives air at 101.325 kPa, 21°C and it leaves at 600 kPa at the rate of 4 kg/s. Determine the turbine work ifthe temperature of the air entering the turbine is 1000°C. c. A. 3000 kW 8. 2701 KW D. 3500 kW Slatin We= mC (T3-Ts) Solving for Ta: kal Te (ye Ty Ps 14-1 T, TK - (101.325) 14 +273 (6004 Chapter 05 — Gas Turbine T, = 765.83 K ty = 492.83°C ‘thus; We = 4 (1) (1000 - 492.83 ) = We= 2028 KW oe Sg ee ae % 11. Past ME Board Problem ‘ The net power output of an air-standard Brayton cycle is 200 KW. Air enters the compressor at 32°C and leaves the high-temperature heat exchanger at 800°C. What is the mass flow rate of air if it leaves the turbine at 350°C ? A. 0.57 kg/s C. 0.77 kg/s B. 0.67 kg/s D. 0.87 kg/s Soren: Wr = Wr~> We Solving for W, and We: Ty = 324273 = 305K T; = 800+ 273 = 1073K Ts = 350+ 273 = 623K heb ™ % . 103 305 623 T, = 525.30 K We =m (T2-T1) = m (1) (525.30 - 305 ) = 220.3m Wy = mC, (T3- Ta) = m (1) ( 1073 - 623 ) = 450m GeneratorPlant Engineering Reviewer - US then; ‘ 200 = 450m~-220.3 m thus; awm 0.87 kg/s % 42. Past ME Board Problem The compressor inlet air temperature in a gas turbine plant is 99°C. Calculate the compressor air exit temperature if it requires 400 kJ/kg of work. A. 499°C C. 500°C B. 400°C D. 599°C Slain We= mC,(T2-T) 400 = 1(1)[T.-(99 +273)] thus; wT = 499°C % 13, Past ME Board Problem In an air-standard Brayton cycle air enters the compressor at 101.325 kPa and 27°C. Determine the network if the maximum temperature is 1000°C and the pressure ratio is 9. A. 456.88 ki/kg C. 331.47 ki/kg B. 421.56 Ki/kg D. 301.74 kKi/kg Sliven Wy = We- We Solving for W; and We : - a ee Ty = 100°C o v Tz = 562.03 K05 — Gas Turbine x 1% 14-1 e 1000 +273. ott 4 Ts = 679.50 K . 5 We= mG (T3-Ts) = (1) ( 1273 - 679.50 ) = 593.05 Ki/kg We =mG(T2-T1) = (1)( 562.03 - 300 ) = 262.03 Ki/kg thus; W, = 593.5 ~ 262.03 = Wp, = 331.47 W/kg * 14. Past ME Board Problem What is the efficiency of the compressor in a gas turbine plant if the compressor power Is 300 kW. Power input is 400 kW. A. 75% C. 85% B. 80% 0.70% Sloane _ 300 & = 400 thus; we = 0.75 or75% Bee MR 15. Past ME Beard Problem The intake of the compressor of a fe/min at 14 psia and 95°F, The a air- standard Brayton cycle is 35,00 at the turbine inlet Is 1500°F. The exit won [ato is 4 and the "3 Determine the mean effective Pressure Pressure of the turbine is 14 . 24.57 psi B. 28.05 C 35.06 e D. 38.05 psivV-17 Solving for Wy and V, : ali ip ae PM, ms RT, = -14(144)(35000) v (3.3495 +460) = 2363.49 min ? 1, = 95°F T= Tt Ty = 1500F = (95 + 460)(4)!4-1 = 966.31 R V, = 33000 f3/min . +” 2383.49 Ib/min : = 14,68 fE/Ib aM V2 fe 14.68 4 = 3.67 f/Ib Py = Pi (rid = 14(4)!4 = 97.501 psi T; V3 = 3 ae (#) ws. (sam = 7.44 fe/Ib wo (ayv-18 Chapter 08 Gas Turbine y “i =7.44 (zery" 4 = 29.80 ft'/Ib k-1 neo(t la = (1500 + 460) = 1125.72 °R We = mG, (Ts-Ts) = (1) (0.24) ( 1960 - 1125.72) = 200.23 Btu/Ib ‘ We = mC, (T2-Ti) = (1)(0.24)(966.31 - 555) = 98.71 Btu/lb 200.23 - 98.71 = 101.52 Btu/lb _ _101.52( 778) (29.80-7.44)144 = 24.57 psi 4 x” 3 q % 16, Past ME Board Problem Coleulate the work done per kg of gas expanding from 6.33 kg abs tO 1.05 kg/cm? abs. in a gas turbine of 82% internal efficiency. Initial ‘temperature, 750°C ; k = 1.34, M = 29. A. 349 o/kg C. 249 ki/kg B. 425 Wi/kg . D. 525 ki/kg Lilie Let; Wee = actual turbine work Wu = ideal turbine work Wa, = eWesa roes Pant Enginostna Reviews: v-19 ing for, Wa : Gp =kG if = 134 e e G-G=R 8.314 GG = 39° °, GG 0.288 > ® sol from eqns. ©&® : + G = 1,135 e solving for the temperature after expansion : Zs a ket 2 /P)* Py 1341 750+273 _ ($32) 134 ts 1.05, T, = 648.50 K then; Wy = mG (T3-Ta) 1 (1.135) ( 1023 — 648.50 ) = 425.06 ki/kg thus; We = 0,82 (425.06 ) = We = 348.55 kJ/kg % 1) Past ME Reard Problem Kerosene is the fuel of a gas turbine plant : fuel — air fatio, m, = 0.012, T; = 972K, pressure ratio, rp = 4.5, exhaust to atmosphere. Find the available energy in K) per kg air flow. Assume k = 1.34 and C, = 1.13. A. 352.64 ki/kg C. 252.64 ki/kg B. 452.64 kiy/kg D. 552.64 kI/kgns ter 05 - Gas Turbine eT eee Sleitom The available Energy, Q: Q = (14m) G(T- TH) Solving for Ta : ka a f Toh 134-1 972. (45)i3 Ty = 663.63 K then; Q = (140.012) ( 1.13) ( 972 - 663.63 ) thus; = Q = 352.64 ki/kg * 18, Past ME Board Problem An ideal gas turbine operates with a pressure ratio of 10 and the input in the high temperature heat exchanger is 300 kW. Calculate the air flow rate for a temperature limits of 30°C and 1200°C. A. 0.25 kg/s C. 0.41 ka/s B. 0.34 kg/s D. 0.51 kg/s Sarton : Q& = mG(T3-T) r= 2005 Solving for T2 kal (ee 1 (3) 144 h -(2)" 30+273 Tz = 585K then; 300 = m (1) ( 1473 - 585 ) thus; = m =0.34kg/sponer Plant Engineering Reviewe; = 1 (rast ME ‘Beard Problem . s jucts of combustion with k of prod 1,35, 556 K, molecular weight M = 29, are moving within an exhaust. pj paps h vessure. Find the total Pressure and teria 112 kg/cm? abs. static Pp 2 1.61 kg/cm? , 580 K e 1.61 kg/m? | 570 K C. 1.13 kg/em?, 570K : D. 1.13 kg/cm? , 580 k Bilton » Let ; Protar = total pressure Trot = total temperature k-1 Proat = P [1+(4S ne | Solving for the Mach number, M : kJ 53H kgmol-K kg kg-mol kj = 0.287 Tord kg-m 29.26 ikaki Vv ~ eget then ; 1, ay 1.35 i, (2}o297] Pro) = 1.12 FS. [1+ ‘ota = 1.12 aut 2 = 1.13 kg/cm?Chapter 05 = Gas Turbine x 22 Solving for the total temperature: | ra = [15 = 556 [HEF] (0.375) | ‘thus; ‘ © Twa = 569.68 K % 20. Past ME Board Problem In an air-standard Brayton cycle the inlet temperature and pressure are 20°C and 101.325 kPa. The turbine inlet conditions are 1200 kPa and 900°C. Determine the air flow rate if the turbine produces 12 MW. A. 21.41 kg/s C. 19.25 kg/s B. 20.20 ka/s | D. 18.10 kg/s Lletan We = mC, (T3-T4) Solving for T4: ka fe) F % 900+273 -( 1200 \4 1, i015) Ts = 578,89 k then; 12.000 = m (1) 1173 - 578.89 ) thus; m= 20.20 kg/spower Plant Engineering Reviewer gas turbine power pant cherating ©n the Brayton cycle delivers 15 MW to flow rate of air if the minimum atthe ‘Mass flow rate and the volume 500 kPa respectively, and temperatures faan Pressures are 100 kPa and A. 31.97 kg/s , 26.88 ms Ca Ten 1000". B, 36.98 kg/s, 28,99 mis D. 46.98 ee Ped mis Sitar Ts = 803.75 K Wr = MG (T3-Ts) 15 000 = m (1) ( 1273 - 803.75 ) m = 31.97 kg/s then; : 100 V = 31.97 (0.287) ( 20 + 273) thus; = V = 26.88 m/s