Evergreen Secondary School
Mathematics Department
Name: _______________________(
Learning Goals
12.1
Differentiate among mean,
median and mode.
12.2
Evaluate the range
12.3
Identify the outlier(s)
12.4 A Identify the mode or
modal class of the data set
12.4 B Evaluate the value
of the median
12.4 C Using the formula to
find mean
12.5 Comparing data using
mean, mode and median
and range
Secondary 2
) Class: 2____________ Date: ____________
Chapter 12 Measures of Central Tendency
Part 1: Interpreting Information from Ungrouped Data
Self Reflection
Success Criteria
I am able to give the definition of
 Mode
 Median
 Mean
 I am able to calculate the range of a set of data values.
Range = _________________ – _________________
 I understand that range can be used to measure the spread of data.
 I am able to identify the outlier (if any)
 An outlier is an ___________ value that deviates considerably from the other
values in the distribution.
I am able to identify the mode of any set of discrete data or continuous data
Mode = the data value that occurs the most number of times
(i.e. the data that has the highest frequency)
I am able to demonstrate the method of locating the median
 checking that the data is sorted in ascending order
 find the median position using
n 1
median position =
2
 taking the average, if the position is in the middle of 2 numbers
or writing down the class interval in which the median lies
I am able to calculate the mean using the following formula: x 
 fx
f
or using the calculator.
I am able to compare two sets of data by
- stating mathematical evidence through using
 mean
 mode
 median
 range
- and writing a logical conclusion
 12. 1 Measure of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency is a single value that reflects the average value,
i.e. the approximate centre, of a set of data.

There are 3 common measures of central tendency namely,

https://tinyurl.com/s2ch12p11
most often
value that occurs __________________.
(a) Mode of a set of data is the _______
middle
(b) Median of a set of data is the ____________ value of a set of ordered numbers.
sum
(c) Mean of a data set is the _______of all the data values ________ total number of data.
divided by the _______
Note: Frequency of a value is the ____________of
number times the values occur in the set of data.
_________

12 .2 Spread of Data
far the numbers in the data set are away from the mean or
The spread in data is the measure of how ________
median.
The simplest way to find the spread in a data set is to identify the Range.
maximum
Range is the difference between the __________________ minimum
and __________________ value of the data set.
maximum
Range = ________________ minimum
– _________________.
12 .3 Outliers of data
An ______________________
outlier is an extreme value that deviates considerably from the other values in the
distribution.

For example, consider the following timings in seconds for a 100 meter sprint
10.1, 10.2, 10.2, 10.2, 10.3, 10.3, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.

Notice that there is a gap between 10.5 seconds and 11 seconds.

extreme
The largest value / _______________ deviates considerably
value 11 seconds, ______________
outlier
from the other values in the distribution. Hence 11 seconds is an __________________.

12.2, 12.4 Calculating Range, Mean, Mode and Median

Example 1
Consider the following temperatures collected over 12 months.
23°C, 23°C, 28°C, 28°C, 29°C, 28°C, 23°C, 21°C, 15°C, 8°C, 0°C, – 3 °C

(a) Calculate the range. state the 8-3-10 291

range
range
=
29-1-37
32°C
=

(b) Write down the modal temperature. (mode)

23°C and 28cg

]
What is the mode if no data value appears more than once?

There will be no mode

Can we have more than one mode?
Yes
Calculating Median (When number of data is odd)
Example 2 The median is the “middle” value of a SORTED list of numbers.

Find the median of the following set of scores in a computer game

15, 14, 10, 8, 12, 8, 16
Steps to find the median of a set of n data values : Step 1:
Step 1: Arrange in order
818,10 14,15116
1st and 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

Step 2: Find the middle position Middle position =

 n 1 
i.e. the  
th
number D= number of
7¥ =
4th data
 2  data
Step 3: Write down the median Median = 12

Calculating Median (When number of data is even)

Example 3 The median is the “middle” value of a SORTED list of numbers.

Find the median of the following waiting time for a bus.

8, 10, 8, 12, 13, 5, 6, 15
Steps to find the median of a set of n data values : Step 1:
-

Step 1: Arrange in order 5 , 6,81 12 ,

13 ,
15

4th data
Step 2: Find the middle position Middle position =

 n 1 
th 8¥ =
4-5 { brtndatn
i.e. the   number
 2 

Step 3: Find the median.

8
Median =
If the position is in the middle of two data values  =
9
Take average of the two data values.

Practice 1
Consider the following temperatures collected over 12 months.
1 8°C, 0°C, – I3 °C
23°C, 23°C, 28°C, 28°C, 29°C, 28°C, 23°C, 21°C, 15°C,
r 1 11
(a) Find the median temperature.
-3 ,
0 ,
8
,
15
,
21 ,
23 , 28 ,
28,28129
⑨ middle position
=

12¥ =
6.5
≤ ¥h
② Median =
23¥ =

23-1
 (b) Calculate the mean temperature.
sumc -
of all data values add all the data values
Mean = up
total number of data

= 2¥
= 187=2 or 18-62 tsf )

Calculating Mean using formula

Example 4
ordered data
Consider the following data on food prices, in dollars.
↓
H
0.80 2.50 -1 2.50 -1 2.50
. .
.
2.50
.
2.50
.
2.50
-
3.50
.
3.50 3.50
•
5.70
.
7
_
7 7 7 7 7

(a) Calculate the mean price.

For a set of n data values, x1, x2, x3 , x4 … xn

mean , summation : sum up fx : frequency

.
data value

mean =

7¥ =

¥-5129B
(b) Find the median price.

① middle position
= =
9th

② Median price
=
$3
(c) Write down the modal price(s).

$2.50 and $7
(d) Which of these measures of central tendency is a fair gauge of the food prices? Median
Observe that there is a 0.80 in the data. Comment on this data value. How does it affects our measures of
central tendency?
outlier It will affect the mean (decrease the mean]
$0.80 is an
.

Therefore ,
Median will be a better measure .

Homework: Textbook Exercise 12.2 Qn 3

?⃝
 12.5 Comparing Data using Mean, Mode, Median and Range
Example 5
Class A have a mean score of 61 marks.
Class B has a mean score of 71.5 marks. https://tinyurl.com/s2ch12p12
Which class did better for the test? Give a reason for your answer.

B did better because higher mean score .

Example 6
Bus A has a median waiting time of 12.5 minutes.
Bus B has a median waiting time of 9 minutes.
Compare and comment on the waiting times of bus A and B.
Han
Bus A has a longerwaitme Bns B .

Therefore Bus B comes more frequently .

Example 7
Typist A has a mode of 5 typing mistakes.
Typist B has a mode of 2 typing mistakes.
Which typist is more accurate in typing? Give a reason for your answer.

it
B is more accurate in
typing as makes

less mistakes .
 Which is more useful? Mean, Mode or Median?

Situation 1: You are a boutique owner.

Here are the sizes of 10 jackets sold in the boutique. 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 12, a
16.
-

Mean = 9.5 Median = 8.5 Mode = 8

Which measure of central tendency is more meaningful for you?

mode because it indicates that there

demand for size 8 jacket
is
higher
.

Situation 2: You are the employer of a company. Hier

Here are the monthly salary of one manager and six clerical staff.
$2100, $2500, $2500, $2600, $2700, $3100, $8300
Mean = $3400 Median = $2600 Mode = $2500
-

Does the mean value reflect the average monthly salary of the seven employees accurately?
No .
$8300 is an outlier which increases the

mean
salary .

Which measure of central tendency is a fairer gauge? Explain why.

Median is a better measure .

Homework: Textbook Exercise 12.3 Qn 6 and 7

Comparing the spread of data
Example 8
The data of the test scores for two classes are shown below.
Class A : 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 7, 7, 7, 10
Class B : 6, 6, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10.

(a) Calculate the range of class A and of class B

range of class A- 10-2=8
=

range of class B =
10-6=4
(b) Which class has a greater spread?
A 8 marks
Class A since the
range of
is .

(c) Which class is more consistent in the test scores?

B is more consistent because the range of
B is smaller .
Applications of concepts of measures of central tendency
Practice 2
If the mean of x + 6, 2 x  3 , 4x + 2 and x  1 is 12.2, find the value of x.

Homework: Textbook Exercise 12.1 Qn 6, Qn 15(a), 18

Practice 3
The mean age of 5 basketball players is 24 years.
(a) If the mean age of 4 of them is 23 years, find the age of the fifth player.

24
of players age
'
SUM 5 =
✗ 5 =
120

of 92
4
players age
'
✗ 4
=
sum =
23

age of fifth player

=
120-92 =

28yea☐o→
(b) (i) Find the mean age of these players after 3 years.

Mean age
=
24+3
=
27-ye.at#d
(ii) Explain the effect on the mean age of the players if their age increases by q years.

The mean
age
will
inoreaea☐ .
Practice 4

Adil’s last0
6 test marks are listed below.

26 p 29
☐ 0
25 q r https://tinyurl.com/s2ch12p13

-7 Middle position
=
6¥
I
The median mark is 28.
The modal mark is 29. =
3-5
Ifn
The mean mark is 28.
sung

Mlan=25t2bt27t9☐_#
"

Given that p < q < r, find the values of p, q and r.

Median 28

/
-_

In

2-5-26 ☒ ; -9-22-9 ☒ 134 + ☐ =

28×6
3rd 14th

Median? 0-11=28 134-1 ☐ 168

=

32
=

☐
Homework: Textbook Exercise 12.2 Qn 13, Qn 5(a)
Practice 5
30 students sat a Mathematics test.
The mean mark was 12.8 and the median was 12.
An extra student sat the test late.
The new mean mark was 13.

(a) What mark did the extra student get?

(b) Copy and complete the sentence below with the correct phrase from the list.
The new median …

Homework: Textbook Exercise 12.2 Qn 12