DC-to-AC Converter (Inverter)

Single Phase Inverter

Mengubah dari
& Switching Techniques z
tegangan DC menjadi
AC
z Aplikasi: power
supply, UPS
(uninterruptible power
Dr. Ir. Mochamad Ashari, M.Eng.
supply), electric drive,
Dept. of Electrical Engineering active filter, power
Institute of Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) factor correction dsb.
Surabaya

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

Tegangan Inverter Inverter Element

z Sumber DC: Idc io

penyearah, battery,
z Tegangan DC input: + Ldc +
panel surya dll. Switching
– DC murni (tidak ada Devices vo
z Temporary Storage Vdc -
ripple) -
Device: Battery
z Tegangan AC output: ac load
– InductorÆCurrent
– Square wave Source Inverter (CSI) io

– Pulse Width Modulation – Capacitor Æ Voltage +

(PWM) Source Inverter (VSI)
+ +
Cdc
Switching
vo
- Devices
– Sinusoidal z Switching Device
Vdc -
-

Battery
z Filter AC ac load

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

1
Switching Device Sistem Pemadaman Inverter

z Halfbridge terdiri dari: z Line Commutation:

– Dua buah sumber DC yang – Switch devices: thyristor
identik – Padam karena teg. line io
– Dua buah semikonductor z Forced Commutation:
switch – Switch devices: keluarga Q1 D1 Q3 D3
– Tegangan puncak output = Transistor (BJT, IGBT etc), Vdc +
Vdc/2 io
thyristor dengan +
Cdc vo R
commutation circuit -
z Fullbridge terdiri dari: Q1 D1 Q3 D3 -
V dc + – Padam karena dipaksa Q2 Q4
– Sebuah sumber DC + D2 D4
-
C dc vo R
z Resonant:
– Empat buah semikonductor -

switch Q2 D2 Q4 D4 – Switch devices: thyristor

– Tegangan puncak output = – Padam karena beban
Vdc berupa komponen
resonansi
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

Switching Techniques (1) Square Wave Switching

io
1. Square-wave
vo (ωt) = Vdc for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ π vo
2. Single Pulse Width Q1 D1 Q3 D3 Vdc
Modulation (PWM) Vdc + vo (ωt) = -Vdc for π ≤ ωt ≤ 2π ωt
+ π 2π 3π 4π
3. Multiple Pulse PWM Cdc vo R
- -Vdc
4. Sinusoidal PWM -
Q2
D2
Q4
D4 Fourier Series: To=1/ fo
5. Modified SPWM
4Vdc sin nωt
vo =
π
∑
n =1, 3, 5,... n
4Vdc 4Vdc 4V
vo (ωt ) = sin(ωt ) + sin(3ωt ) + dc sin(5ωt ) + ...
π 3π 5π
4Vdc
V1− rms =
π 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

2
 (1) Square Wave Switching (2) Single Pulse PWM
z The rms output is fixed π 2 2π

1
 ∫ Vdc dt + ∫ (−Vdc ) 2 dt  = Vdc vo (ωt) = Vdc
depending on the dc Vo − rms =  
2π 0 π  for (π-δ)/2 ≤ ωt ≤ (π+ δ)/2
voltage Vdc
z Controlling the rms vo (ωt) = -Vdc
4Vdc
output must be from the V1− rms = for (π-δ)/2 ≤ ωt ≤ (π+ δ)/2
dc voltage π 2
Fourier Series:
z High fundamental δ
2
component, the peak V   nδ 
THD =  o−rms  −1 4Vdc  sin 
voltage = 1.27 Vdc  V1−rms  vo = ∑ 
π n =1,3,5,...  n
2  sin nωt

z High harmonic  
π2  
distortion =48.3% = −1 = 0.483 δ
8 4Vdc sin π δ π δ
v1− rms = 2 − +
2 2 2 2
π 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(2) Single Pulse PWM (3) Multiple Pulse PWM

z The rms output can be z Vref is a dc voltage
varied depending on the  π +δ 3π δ
+ 
1  2 2 2 2  z Vtri has higher
2π  π ∫−δ
=  Vdc dt + ∫ (−Vdc ) dt 
2
pulse width (δ) Vo − rms
3π δ  frequency several times p
−
 2 2 2  than the output
SINGLE PULSE PWM
δ frequency
= Vdc
2.5
THD
1
π z p= number of pulse in
2 0.8 f
RMS (pu of Vdc)

RMS
half period, p = 2 fc
THD (pu)

1.5 0.6
αm
o

2 π δ
1 0.4
V  +
THD =  o − rms  − 1 2p
2p 2
δ
∫V
0.5 0.2
V
 1− rms  Vo − rms = 2
dωt
2π
dc
0 0
π δ
πδ −
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

2p 2
Delta (x3.14 rad) = −1
δ pδ
8 sin 2
2 = Vdc π δ π δ
π − +
2p 2 2p 2
Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

3
(3) Multiple Pulse PWM (4) Sinusoidal PWM

vo = ∑B
n =1, 3, 5,...
n sin nωt
z Reference signal:
amplitudo Ao, frequency fo
p
2Vdc nδ   δ  δ  z Carrier signal: amplitudo
Bn = ∑ sin sin nα m + 2  − sin n π + α m + 2 
m =1 nπ 2      AC, frequency fC
z Amplitudo Modulation ratio
(Modulation Index):
M = Ao / AC
z Frequency Modulation
ratio:
Mf = fC / fo

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4) Sinusoidal PWM (4a) Bipolar SPWM

Comparator

z Untuk 0≤M≤1.0, tegangan + vg1 & vg4

output fundamental: -
Not

vout(1) = Vdc M cos (2πfot)

vg2 & vg3
z Frekuensi tegangan
output = frekuensi signal
referensi, fo
z Overmodulation Æ
M>1.0, tegangan output
tidak linier terhadap M

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

4
(4b) Bipolar PWM (4c) Unipolar SPWM

Comparator

v1 vg1
+
THD = 142.6% vtri -
Not

vg2

v2 vg3
+
vtri -
Not
THD = 31.8%
vg4

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS

(4c) Unipolar SPWM

THD = 71.6%

THD=8.5%

Inverter Switching, Dr. M. Ashari-T.Elektro ITS