Revise delimitation

V. IMP properly (laxmikant +

web)
1/3 reservation to women
in LS, State Assemblies
and NCT delhi.

106th Constituional
Amendment Act

Articles Amended 239AA NCT of Delhi - 1/3

Prelims 1/3 reservation in LS

330A
Also includes SC/ ST seats

1/3 in Leg. Assembly of

every state
332A
Also includes SC/ ST seats
New Articles
Act will come into force
after delimitation after
the first census after the
Nari Shakti Vandan Act, act
2023
Sunset clause of 15 years extendable by parl
334A
periodic rotation after
each delimitation

no effect of assembly, LS
till dissolution
14% in LS, 8% in states
Under representation of
less than neighbors
women
127/146 in WEF GGG
report

Patriarchal nature of pol

parties
Need
Gender Sensitisation

Local Reservation leads

to better women oxfam india
empowerment

Mains women led development

Against idea of merit

voter choices
Polity (September)
women as non
think
Concerns homogenous group

larger issues of electoral

reform

no reservation in RS / Leg Geeta mkherjee

councils committee

Committee under Shri

Ramnath Kovind
can happen in phase
LS / Assembly / wise manner
Municipality and
Panchayat on single day not single day across the
country
30 years, election every
EC report
year

MCC : impact on
ex : teachers missing
governance

Competitive populism visibility over

and race to the bottom foundational goals

Arguments Cost implications

Simultaneous Elections
CAPF burden

Social issues such as

caste, communalism are
perpetuated

International example :
sweden : rare event
phenomenon

amend articles 83, 85,

172, 174, 356

synchronise the cycle :

implementation difficult
curtail terms

Mains logisitical issues : VVPAT /

EVM

Voter behaviour :
Issues regional and national
issues

Lack of familiarity

Continuous to episodic
accountability

Voter - politician link

Law commission 170th hold election and withold

report result

PSC on Personnel and 2 phase synchronised

Recommendations Public grievance elections

2 phases

constructive vote of no
NITI
confidence

fix window of 1.5 months

for bye elections
 Predictive modelling

Social Media analysis

Role of AI in elections Personalised adverts

Real time data analysis

Enhance participation
Deepfakes,
Manipulation
misinformation

Erodes trust in
AI and Elections
Concerns democracy

Regulatory vaccum

Cyber security
vulnerability
Regulatory framework

Way forward Capacity building of ECI

Innovation and Detection Adaptive response

Anil Kapoor Case in Delhi

HC
name / voice / signatures
/ images / features which
Polity (sept) are identifiers of person

privacy of individuals /
economic benefits /
consumer protection
(misleading ads)

Prelims Fair use doctrine

Right to publicity TM act, copyright act

Indian framework
Right to privacy

Emblems and Names act Dignitaries

Posthumous IPC

TM law

Personality Rights Not intrude upon private

Titan industries v.s
space, misrepresent
Rajkumar Jewelers
image

Deepa Jayakumar vs AL
post death, non existant
vijay
Judicial Interpretation
using image without
Sakshi malik case
consent illegal

Delhi HC 2022 Amitabh Bachchan

Madras HC 2015 Rajnikanth

Constitutional conflict -
article 19

legislative framework
Challenges
missing

dark patterns - AI
Rome convention
International
TRIPS
Conventions
WPPT
 Each house to have own
secretarial staff

Parliament by law will

98
regulate

posts common to both

Constitutional Provisions
permitted

similar provisions for

187
state legislatures

Coniditons of service : LS all appointments by

secretariat rules by prez speaker
in consultation with can be delegated to secy
LS speaker general

Speaker : Ultimate control

Structure of Secretariats
Admin Head : Secy.
Polity (sept) Secretariat of Parliament General

RS similar to LS
10 services on functional
basis

Speaker / chairman can If class1 / class 2 : consult

Other Information
create new posts with MoFinance

Equivalent to Cab secy,

Secy general of both but not same in order of
precedence
No legislative framework

Limitations lack of autonomy

no independent cadre,
nominated from AIS
 annual summit with
rotating presidency

Troika - Indonesia, India,

Brazil

Finance track and Sherpa

Basics of G20
Track

GURU JI SITA AB SSC ME

Members
FCI

No permanent secretariat
Background and current
relevance
Sherpa track working groups

finance track working groups

working of G20
engagement groups

presidency rotation 5 groups

New Delhi Leader's Joint
Declaration

Global Biofuel Alliance

Mou for India middle

east economic corridor
Key outcomes of G20
G20 AU as permanent
Summit
member

G20 satellite mission for

env and climate

regulatory framework
others
for crypto and AI

GDIPR
global financial stability

development challenges
Significance
25x 25 goal

bilaterals on sidelines
Divergent interests and
priorities

Not legally binding

geopolitical challenges
and tensions
Challenges
inadequate global
response

limited accountability
IR (Sept) and transparency

protectionsim

Challenges through
collective action

Scalable tech

Digital Public Goods

India's experience as
insights

interests of the global

south

sustainable lifestyles and

green developmen
India's Prioritites Important
deploticise global food,
fuel, fodder supplies

Honest conversation
with developing world

Accelerated and inclusive

growth

India and G20 Progress on SDGs

Women lead development

Reform Multilateral
Institutions
Leadership

Voice of Global South

Significance for India Economic Opportunities

Indian footprint and DPG

Reshaping world order

 Jt communique : all
leaders must agree,
New Delhi Declaration
skilled diplomacy by
India on Ukraine war

IR (september)

Key outcomes (1)

Key Outcomes (2)

 MoU signed by India, US,
Saudi, EU, UAE, France,
Germany and Italy

railroad, ship to rail and

road

East India to arabian gulf

2 corridors
North Arabian gulf to Europe

Cost effective movement

of goods between India,
UAE, Saudi, Jordan, Israel
Prelims and Europe

Path

Part of PGII : G7 summit

Trans African Corridor
in 2021, counter to BRI
Shift of global order
towards eurasia

trade facilitation

regional connectivity

Significance economic unity

India Middle East
IR (september) Economic Corridor
diplomatic collaboration

regional supply chains

sustainable development

Trade speed up by 40%

India specific Reduce logistics cost

Act west policy

Complex geopolitics :
Saudi / israel

China
Strategic Rivalries
Egypt
Challenges Logistical challenges of
multimodal transport

Security concerns

Lack of financial
Mains committments

Comparison to BRI

need of unified vision

harmonize regulatory
frameworks
Way forward
regional cooperation

robust financial
framework

Robust diplomatic
relations

strategic interest in
midlle east
Why is India Interested?
energy security

indian diaspora

defense
 Second regional
organisation to join G20

AU basics 55 member states

HQ : Addis Ababa,
Eithopia
africa's potential in
mitigating climate change

boost credibility of
G20
decisions

reinvent image

voice of the global south

india's aspirations for

AU : permanent member multipolar world
Significance India
of G20
permanent UNSC seat

Resource diversification

Inclusivity at the global

stage

Africa Correcting Imbalance

Signals growth of Africa

PANEP : fiber optic
connectivity

India Africa forum

summit
Indian Efforts with Africa Indian Technical and
Economic Cooperation
Programme : MEA and AU

Asia Africa Growth

Corridor : With Japan

IR (sept)

Member countries
central repository of
knowledge and expert
hub

Global Biofuel Alliance

Opportunities for India

Market for biofuels

robust standards

climate efforts : tripling

Significance needed by 2030 as per
IEA

Decarbonise transport

Awareness
Mains
Lack of consensus on
sustainablitiy

tech transfer

Challenges geopolitics and OPEC

Slow growth

Production related
challenges
 Hitopdehsa by narayan
Maha Upanishad
pandit

divinity of every living

Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
being

one universal family

Environment
LiFE
Conservation

DPI

Energy Transition ISA, GBA

Voice of Global South

Summit
Inclusive Multilaterlalism
How India acts as Global
AU in G20
Unifier?
ITEC
Capacity Building
Data 4 development
initiative
India as Global Unifier
Yoga and soft power

Culture : unique and

diverse cultures
Balancing national
interest

Different power centers

Challenges Enforcement of norms

Hard power

Identiti Politics
Spirit of coexistence

Reinvigorated
Multilateralism
WF
Promote cultural
elements

Inclusive development

IR (september)

Brandt report

tech advancement, GDP,

standard of living

What is the global south?

AU in G20
south south cooperation
What has india done? reform MDB G77
G77 + china summit in
G20 theme Cuba
Underrepresentation

Conflicts in global north

affect decision making
Challenges of global south
diverging approach on
normative issues

dispropotionate impact
India : Voice of Global
South Goodwill by diplomacy :
crises / vaccine maitri

Climate governance
approach

reforms in multilateral National interests

institutions
India as leader Challenges for India Limited resources
alternative approach on
normative issues Chinese Challenge
India un capacity
building initiative

Voice of global south

summit
Samman, Samvad,
5 S approach
Sahyog, Shanti, Samridhi

Synergies with global

south
WF
reform global trade and
WTO reforms
finance

Respond, Recognise,
Global agenda of 4 R
Respect, Reform
 Basics of ASEAN
Recently, 20th ASEAN
India summit and 18th
EAS on Jkarta, Indonesia

12 point proposal by
India

SE asia - India - West Asia

- Europe Corridor

Sharing DPI stack with

ASEAN
ASEAN India Summit
ASEAN India fund for
digital future

Invite to join Global

center for TM and CDRI

free trade agreement

AITIGA complete review 76% goods - duties
eliminated; 90% -
liberalised tariff

ASEAN outlook on Indo-

Pacific
IR (sept) India ASEAN
centrality of ASEAN
EAS POA - adoption of Cross sectoral
India EAS
new 2024-2028 plan collaborations and 2030
agenda

Free, open, rules based

indo pacific
India's Act East policy
and Indo Pacific Vision

Regional Integration

Economic Cooperation -
11.3% with asean

NE development IMT, Kaladan

Significance
Security - ASEAN plan of
action in combating
transnational crime

Countering China - false

claims in SCS

Soft power - temples,

epics, yoga

Great Power Competition

Widening Trade Deficit -

$43 billion in 2022-23

Competing regional
Mains Concerns
agreements - RCEP, CPTPP

Lack of Connectivity

Delayed projects - IMT

Lack of Alternative to
China

Comprehensive Strategic
Partnership - IPOI of
India and AOIP of ASEAN

Maritime Cooperation

WF Value Chain Integration

Enhanced Connectivity

Cultural and Educational

Exchanges
 US brokered in 2020 :
Israel and UAE

Egypt 1979, Jordan 1994

Sudan, Bahrain, Morocco

2020

Countries Involved
Normalisation of Ties
Embassies, ambassadors,
with the erstwhile
cooperation.
'zionist regime'
Name : 3 major
monotheistic religions
Stability
Abrahams Accords Israel palestine de-
escalation I2U2
Regional Cooperation
Significance Economic Significance WETFHS
Significance for India
Religious Significance Economic opportunities
Tech Cooperation

Education
Geopolitical alliances in
west asia

Palestine issue

Challenges Antipathy towards iran

China's Saudi - Iran

Diplomacy

Internal Opposition
IR (sept)
First summit level
meeting of India- Saudi
Strategic Partnership
Council
$50 billion west coast
refinery project in
maharashtra - India,
Saudi, Abu Dhabi

4.53% of trade

Look west policy

India Middle East Europe

Economic Corridor

Significance of Saudi Defense

Multilateral Reforms
India Saudi Arabia
Stalled India GCC FTA

Diaspora

Cultural Linkages
4th country with which
Regional Conflicts such council
Diaspora issues Political, security and
cultural
Challenges Pakistan factor India Saudi SPC 2 committeess
Economy and
Energy dependency and
Investments
asia premium
Balanced Approach with Al mohed al hindi
adversaries

B/L engagements beyond

WF
trade and commerce

labor welfare

counterterrorism
 Revise GDP from static
Income Method by GoI

MoSPI calculates
quarterly GVA @
Present Method constant and current
prices

GDP deflator : static

GDP Estimation in India
Base Year : 2011-12
Why GDP is not a method
of Development

Accuracy of data

Challenges in the method unorganised sector

exclusion of certain
Mains
activities

Upgrade base year

Robust Data

Mesaurement of
WF
Productive activity

Double Deflation -
outputs and inputs are
deflated separately

RBI and BIS Innovation

G20 tech sprint
Economy (sept) hub
Cross border bill
payments in UK through
BBPS (proposed)

Types of cross border payments

Simple : international
banks hold accounts with
each other
Mechanism of cross
border payment Correspondent bank :
banks which dont have a
relationship can transact
this way
financial inclusion

access to global markets

Cross Border Payments
tourism
Significance of cross
think remittances
border payments
diversification of
customer base

globalisation
govt regulations

standardised financial
data
RBI payments vision 2025
Challenges legacy tech platforms
NIPL acceptance of BHIM
cyber security risks UPI QR at singapore,
UAE, Mauritius, Nepal,
high costs and
Steps by India Bhutal
commissions
improve infrastructure UPI avaialble to foreign
nationals and NRIs
harmonised ISO 20022
version messaging India UAE MoU for using
CBDC for cross border
WF fintech collaboration payments

exploring new ideas like

CBDC

compliance with
regualtions and risk
assessments
 Static topic for GS4, read
Corporate Governance guidelines after studying
topic in ethics

KYC, reporting suspicious

PMLA 2002 activities, maintain client
details for 5 years

RBI warnings and 2018

Regulation in India Overturned by SC in 2020
ban

30% income tax on

Budget 2022 - 'virtual
digital assets'
IMF FSB synthesis paper
(spearheaded by india)
transfer of crypto assets
1% TDS
Dont ban, reporting and
licensing by 2025

Markets in Crypto Assets

by EU
Global Regulation

Approaches
Blanket Ban - difficult to
Regulation of Crypto enforce
Assets lack of harmonised
taxonomies

Challenges fragmentation

balance innovation and

risk
Economy (sept) cross border enforcement

WF
implication policy linkage

as mentioned above

G20 endorsed Crypto

clear taxation policy Asset Reporting
Framework

Emerging tech : new and

upcoming
Components of digital Acceptance , literacy,
inclusion accesibility
More opportunities

Inclusive Workspace Udyam portal for

Empolyment Market
(disbaled) registration

indiidual potential Sampark - job seeker

contact
Importance Think Health - accessible esanjeevni portal
MSMEs Champions - enhancing
Digital Inclusion in Education - efficiency productivity
Emerging Tech
MSMEs Global mart - B2B access
High cost - access ONDC
Supporting infra USOF and bharat net
Challenges Think
digital literacy Digital connectivity National Broadband
Initiatives taken mission, Digital india
cyber threats
mission
Policy interventions -
address gaps DLI scheme
Affordability
invest in infra National policy on
WF electronics
tax rebates
PM gramin digital
multistakeholder saksharta abhiyan
collaboration Literacy
Digital Skilling
Programme
 Inflation - static topic,
revise from economics
export restrictions

stock limits

buffer stocks and OMSS

Government measures to Food security - PMGKAY -

manage food inflation free grains to 80 crores

direct support to farmers

as MSP
Managing Food Inflation supply side measures
in India
Loss of farmer income

policy bias to consumer

Concerns
dumping effect

global ramifications
caliberated trade policy

buffer stocks for volatile

(TOP)
Eco (sept) income support -
Way Forward
PMKISAN

Food processing

R&D - 0.48% in GDP

Irrigation

Cutting edge technologies

into farm production
system
Digitisation of Agriculture
Significance : Across the
value chain
use of AI
Trading e-NAM
E tech in aid of farmer
Warehousing NWR

Input
Farm Value Chain Production Sales Governance
s

Agri mechanisation NEGP in Agriculture

only 1% agri startup
Chances of fraud
penetration

Farmer cannot use new

Challenges Farmer unaware lack of capital Lack of R and D
technologies

Landholding fragmented

Way Forward Solve across value chain

 What is logistics
38th rank in logistics
performance index by
India's performance 2030

13-14% of GDP
Better logistics, less cost,
Targets
better rank

Implementation :
through CLAP

ULIP integrates 34
Digitalisation
systems

Comprehensive port
National Logistics Policy Progress so far
connectivity plan

States 22 have notified

Issues and GRM ELogs portal

fragmented and
unorganised

interoperability problems

Challenges coordination lacking

digital tech is not

accepted

missing last mile

connectivity
PM gati shakti

National Infrastructure
WF
Pipeline

Eco (sept) Correct above issues

Lowest freight cost per

Environment friendly
km
National waterways Center
Indian Setup
rest States
Cheaper

Eco friendly

Advantages strategic - NE

Supplemet road and rail

Tourism
unviable projects - 23 /111

high cost and extended

timelines
Inland Waterways least available depth -
Issues 1500 tons

environment - ecology of
river

linkage to other modes

ancillary facilities
NW under NW act, 2016

Jal mark vikas project -

NW1

Roro and ropax

CAR-D portal cargo and cruise for NW

digital solutions
river and infra info on
PANI portal
Steps Taken single platform

Indo Bangladesh Protocol

on Inland Water Transit
and Trade

Maritime India Vision

2030

Regional Waterway grid

Blue economy Vision 2047
MV ganga vilas - world's
longest river cruise
 Holistic Support to
traditional artisans and
crafts people in scaling
up of their services
Recognition

incentives for digital

Objectives
transactions

brand promotion and

market linkages
Central sector

sunset - FY 27-28

Admin by MoMSME,
MoMSME - nodal ministry
MSDE, DFS

Registration at biometric
based PM vishkarma
portal, biometric based,
through CSC

Recgonition - Vishkarma
certificate and ID

Rural and Urban Areas

Family based guru

Basics
shishya parampara

Working with hands and

tools

min age 18 years

18 family based traditions

Has not availed loans of

Eligibility
similar schemes
Eco (sept) PM vishkarma Scheme Govt employees and
families not eligible

One member per family

SCB, RRB, SFB, Coop,

Lending
NBFC, MFI
NCM to provide quality
certification, branding,
ecommerce, advertising

Collateral free enterprise

development loans

concessional rate of
cheap credit
interest

credit guarantee fees by

Benefits goi

5-7 days (basic) or 15

days (advanced)
Skill upgradation
₹500 per day stipend

Digital transaction ₹1 per transaction, max

incentive 100/ month

Gender and caste justice

data outdated

caste based occupations

Concerns
silent on wages

economic viability
standards and
certification

new markets through

WF
modern techniques

root cause of poverty

 Read once when reading
border mangement in gs3
Topic of border
Security infrastructure
 in news because project
completion is less than
optimal
umbrella programme for
conservation, pollution
abatement and
rejuvination, covers
tributaries

1 : 2014 - 21
Phases
2 : 2022 - 2026
Central Sector

Implemented by NMCG

Covers 5 states :
uttarakhand to WB

Features entry level - visibility

3 levels of targets medium - 5 years

long term - 10 years

DO level in ganga
Achievements
CPCB OCEMS high
coverage
Implementation delay

Sewage treatment
inadequate

financial management
Challenges
poor

governance issues

lack of participation

Namami Gange
Programme

Important

Environment (sept) Verification

Revenue Generation

Way Forward Restore local storage

Mapping and updating

land records

Static Topic - revise from

environment in detail
Rapid reproduction and
growth

high dispersal ability

Characteristics physiologically adapt to
new conditions

survive on various food

and wide environment

IBPES
Legislation

Human activities
Reasons for Growth
trade
IPBES assesment report
in Invasive Alien Species climate change
Target 6 of Kunming
Montreal GBF

Global invasive species

Article 8(h) of CBD
programme

Other Initiatives Global Register of

Introduced and Invasive
Species

Ramsar Convention

UNCLOS
Environment

Food security - soil

social impact - traditional

Impact
knowledge

health - zoonotic disease

economic burden
Effective management

Awareness
WF
Integrated governance

investment
 Already studied in June
Magazine
Convention concerning
the protection of world
cultural and natural
World Heritage heritage
Convention
195. state parties, WHC,
India is a member
Wide Horizon

Regional Planning
Programme

Unesco WHS WH fund

WHS are unique for
Reporting to WHC
biodiversity
Public participation

Policy Action

Nature culture balance

Population of
endangered species
declined

Development activites

Challenges Climate change

funding

armed conflict

cool or negative phase

conceptual
warm or positive phase
understanding
20 - 30 year cycle
Environment (sept)
Revise Static : ENSO
Negative PDO + La nina =
increased tropical
cyclones
Pacific Decadal
Cyclones 2019 - warm phase
Oscillation
revise static

PDO and ENSO relations

negative PDO - less

warming
PDO and global warming
vice versa

Long term persistent

warming and discrete
periods of extreme
regional ocean warming
temp rises 3 to 4 °C above
average temp
atleast 5 days
Marine Heat Waves el nino contributes
increased 50% over past
decade
can last for weeks to
years
ecosystem

impacts humans

precipitation
 2023 UHC monitoring
report by WB and WHO
access

UHC financial risk protection

quality of services
RMNCH

Infectious

SCI non communicable

service capacity and

2 SDG indicators access

0 - 100

OOPE
UHC progress off track
since covid

health expenditure > 10%

catastrophic health
of consumption
Findings of report spending
expenditure

OOP expenditure pushes

households below a pre
Universal Health Impoverished health
defined poverty line or
Coverage spending
further into poverty if
they are already poor

full range of health

services without
financial hardship
Importance of UHC adults

children
think
healthcare industry

society
low spend

no financial protection

Challenges high OOPE

inequitable access - rural

areas

medical manpower
primary health care focus

IHR in public health risks

WF increase public spending

Structural issues
Social Issues (Sept) centre - state
coordination

to develop digital health

infra in the country
implemented by NHA
under MoHFW
digital infra developed by
adopting India
Enterprise Architecture
Framework (IndEA)
14 digits, self registration,
ABHA number consent, health records
across multiple systems

PHR app, self uploading

ABHA app
of existing records

Records of all health

facilities, public and
Health Facility Registry
private, across all
medical systems
Components
all healthcare providers,
Health Professionals
both modern and
Registry
traditional

Open Protocol for

AB Digital Mission various digital health
services

Open network of End

Universal Health user appplications and
Interface Health service provider
applications

Services between
patients and HSPs like
appointments,
teleconsultation,
ambulance etc.

patient

doctor
Anonymise the data
Significance think insurace
R and D in health tech
govt / policymaker
Standardise medical data
researcher
WF Public Awareness
digital divide
ABDM in medical
cost of digitisation curriculum
interoperability among Incentivise private
Challenges
states providers
data privacy - aiims
ransomware attack

limited awareness
 India's first speace
observatory class solar
mission

performed trans L1
insertion manoeuvre
6 sensors, different
directions, supra thermal
energetic ions

Part of ASPEX payload

STEPS instrument starts data collected during

collection of data earth orbits - particles
surrounding the earth -
especially in magnetic
field

will continue for rest of

life
Launch - PSLV c 57
Halo orbit around Sun
through l1 point
Solar upper atmosphere -
chormosphere and
corona
Aditya L1 CME and solar flares

in situ particle and

Objectives
plasma environment

space weathers

sequence of processes
that occur in multiple
layers
5 by ISRO and 2 by
Indian Academic
Institutes

Payloads

Spatially resoved solar

disk in near UV band
Science and Tech
(Sept) Accleration regime of
CME close to solar disk

Uniqueness On board intelligence

todetece CME and solar
flares

Directional and Energy

Anisotropy of solar wind
using multi direction
observations

L1, L2, L3 - Unstable Connecting line

Apex of equilateral
Lagrangian Points L4, L5 - Stable
triange
Reduced fuel
consumption

No eclipse

Josephy Louis Lagrange

Significance Distance is 1.5 million
km from earth, 1% of Sun
earth distance

SOHO - L1

JWST - L2
 Pragyan and Vikram
after lunar night

solar powered CY3

coincided with lunar
ISRO's wake up manouvre daylight

diurnal range on moon

high - put to sleep

Reawakening - validates
future exploration
Time moon takes to
complete one rotation

29.5 days (earth - 24

hours)

daylight for 2 weeks

Lunar Day
daytime temperature -
120°C

night temp -130°C

Tidal Locking
Due to tidal locking and
lack of atmosphere
Conceptual
understanding (next
page)

due to gravity of earth

and moon

only one side visible

from earth

illluminated in new
moon phase

far side - never visible photographed by luna 3

first seen by apollo 8

Tidal locking of satellite consequences astronauts

shape distortion

tides on earth

slow rotation

high diurnal range

all large moons are

tidally locked in solar
system

bigger moons
Also in universe
synchronise early

binary stars

Science and Tech planets beyond solar

system
(sept)
4000 MWh of projects by
2030-31

40% of capital cost as

budgetary support in
form of VGF

VGF - economically
justified but short of
VGF scheme for BESS financial vaibility
development Levelised cost of storage -
₹5.5-6.5 per KWh

85% of project capacity to

discoms for renewable
integration

transparent comeptitive
bidding to promote level
playing field in public
and private

types of ESS

BESS is electrochemical
About BESS elctrodes immersed in Lead acid, Nickel
Standard (non flow) electrolytes separated by cadmium, li-ion, Sodium
non conducting materials sulphur
types of BESS
Tanks of electrolyte and Redox flow
Flow Batteries membrane to control
flow of electrons hybrid flow

Battery Energy Storage imports

System
Economic EV

Raw materials

Domestic Manufacturing entrepreneurship and

Social
significance skill development

Panchamrit

Envrionmental pollution

RE integration
Aus(nickel, lithium) ,
Raw materials
Chile (li), Brazil (ni)

Challenges Policy uncertainty

Tech and RandD Infra

Financing
Demand creation

Phased manufacturing

WF Redesign GST rates

Recycling and
Sutainability
 GSI discovered vanadium
in Gulf of Khambat
88% of world's vanadium

drained from narmada

Titanomagnetite ore and tapi from deccan
basalt

offshore sediments
Atoimc number 23,
transition metal

22nd in earth's crust

in 30 critical minerals list

Magnetite, Vanadinite,
65 ores
Carnotite, Patronite
About Vanadium Spectroscopically found
in sun's rays

Silvery Gray metal

Ductile, malleable,
Vanadium resistant to corrosion

no reaction with water

and oxygen
Brazil - largest exporter,
f/b russia

china- largest reserves

Global reserves
and producer

in 2021, found in andhra

Vanadium Redox
Explained
batteries

Steel Manufacturing Strength

Low neutron absorbing

Applications Nuclear reactors
ability

Medicine Diabetes and pre diabetes

Catalyst
How it works
Vanadium redox flow
battery
Science and Tech
(sept)

Last chromosome to be
sequenced telomere to
telomere by long read
sequencing

Loss is associated with

cancer, alzheimer's.
cardiovascular disease

one of human sex

chromosomes
Y chromosome male determining SRY
region

Lot of junk DNA

66% repeat DNA

single Y bearing ancestor,

300,000 years ago
Y chromosome male to male passage
Condensed DNA

Chromosomes in nucleus

Static
Exact order in DNA

Genome Sequencing Short Read

Long Read
 used in mosquitos,
controlled conditions,
90% drop in population
Alters mendelian
inheritance
About the technology Gene to be spread

3 components CRISPR

CAS-9
increased likelyhood of
Science and Tech Gene Drive Tech
passage to next
(sept) generation
Outcomes
genetic material
encoding for 3
components in animal's
DNA

Exterminate insects,
Application
invasive species
ecological

legal
Concerns
security

ethical