Section 8.1: Sampling Distributions

Chapter 8
Sampling
Distributions
Section 8.1
Sampling
Distributions
Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives
1. Describe the distribution of the sample
mean: normal population
2. Describe the distribution of the sample
mean: nonnormal population

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Statistics such as are random variables since
their value varies from sample to sample. As
such, they have probability distributions
associated with them. In this chapter we focus
on the shape, center and spread of statistics such
as .

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The sampling distribution of a statistic is a
probability distribution for all possible values of
the statistic computed from a sample of size n.
The sampling distribution of the sample mean
is the probability distribution of all possible

values of the random variable computed from
a sample of size n from a population with mean µ
and standard deviation σ.

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Illustrating Sampling Distributions
Step 1: Obtain a simple random sample of size n.

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Step 2: Compute the sample mean.

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Step 2: Compute the sample mean.
Step 3: Assuming we are sampling from a finite
population, repeat Steps 1 and 2 until all
simple random samples of size n have
been obtained.

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Parallel Example 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample
Mean-Normal Population
The weights of pennies minted after 1982 are

approximately normally distributed with mean 2.46
grams and standard deviation 0.02 grams.
Approximate the sampling distribution of the
sample mean by obtaining 200 simple random
samples of size n = 5 from this population.

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Sample Means for Samples of Size n = 5

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The data on the previous slide represent the
sample means for the 200 simple random samples
of size n = 5.
For example, the first sample of n = 5 had the
following data:
2.493 2.466 2.473 2.492 2.471
Note: = 2.479 for this sample

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The mean of the 200 sample means is 2.46, the
same as the mean of the population.
The standard deviation of the sample means is
0.0086, which is smaller than the standard
deviation of the population.

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The mean of the 200 sample means for n = 20 is still 2.46,
but the standard deviation is now 0.0045 (0.0086 for n =
5). As expected, there is less variability in the distribution
of the sample mean with n =20 than with n = 5.
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The Mean and Standard Deviation of the
Sampling Distribution of
Suppose that a simple random sample of size n is
drawn from a large population with mean µ and
standard deviation σ. The sampling distribution of
will have mean and standard deviation
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution

of is called the standard error of the mean and
is denoted .
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The Shape of the Sampling
Distribution of If X is Normal
If a random variable X is normally distributed,

the distribution of the sample mean is
normally distributed.

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Parallel Example 3: Describing the Distribution of the
Sample Mean
The weights of pennies minted after 1982 are

approximately normally distributed with mean
2.46 grams and standard deviation 0.02 grams.
What is the probability that in a simple random
sample of 10 pennies minted after 1982, we
0 mean of at least 2.465 grams?
obtain a sample
soo
i
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hE 2 ooo

NormalCdf 0.21369
Solution

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AT pm 53
2x
if

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B

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2x 480 440 40
T
jux 440

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A
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Suppose a population has a mean of 7 for some characteristic of interest and a
standard deviation of 9.6. A sample is drawn from this population of size 64.
What is the standard error of the mean?
A) 0.7 B) 3.3 C) 1.2 D) 0.15
A 7 lo2
9
Ki 9j6
off

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Suppose a population has a mean of 7 for some characteristic of interest and a
standard deviation of 9.6. A sample is drawn from this population of size 64.
What is the standard error of the mean?
A) 0.7 B) 3.3 C) 1.2 D) 0.15

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The amount of corn chips dispensed into a 18-ounce bag by the dispensing
Mum machine has been identified as possessing a normal distribution with a mean of
18.5 ounces and a standard deviation
stand
of 0.1 ounce. Suppose 100 bags of chips were randomly selected from this
dispensing machine. Find the probability that the sample mean weight of these
100 bags exceeded 18.6 ounces. n samples're
A) 0.3085 B) 0.1915 C) 0.6915 D) approximately 0
aedrightside
N Barea Yfag
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The amount of corn chips dispensed into a 18-ounce bag by the dispensing
machine has been identified as possessing a normal distribution with a mean of
18.5 ounces and a standard deviation
of 0.1 ounce. Suppose 100 bags of chips were randomly selected from this
dispensing machine. Find the probability that the sample mean weight of these
100 bags exceeded 18.6 ounces.
A) 0.3085 B) 0.1915 C) 0.6915 D) approximately 0

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Furnace repair bills are normally distributed with a mean of 269 dollars and a
standard deviation of 30 dollars. If 144 of these repair bills are randomly selected,
find the probability that they have a mean cost between 269 dollars and 271
dollars.
A) 0.2119 B) 0.7881 C) 0.2881 D) 0.5517
ffgnomddtq.gg zag
mom 269
We 269 25
8K 3
3,22
8 30 putti
ns 144 cdt

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Furnace repair bills are normally distributed with a mean of 269 dollars and a
standard deviation of 30 dollars. If 144 of these repair bills are randomly selected,
find the probability that they have a mean cost between 269 dollars and 271
dollars.
A) 0.2119 B) 0.7881 C) 0.2881 D) 0.5517

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Parallel Example 4: Sampling from a Population that is Not
Normal
The following table and histogram

give the probability distribution
for rolling a fair die:
Face on Die Relative Frequency
1 0.1667
2 0.1667
3 0.1667
4 0.1667
5 0.1667
µ = 3.5, σ = 1.708
6 0.1667

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Estimate the sampling distribution of by obtaining
200 simple random samples of size n = 4 and
calculating the sample mean for each of the 200
samples. Repeat for n = 10 and 30.
Histograms of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean for each sample size are given on the next slide.

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Key Points from Example 4
1. The mean of the sampling distribution is equal to

the mean of the parent population and the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of
the sample mean is regardless of the sample
size.
2. The Central Limit Theorem: the shape of the
distribution of the sample mean becomes
approximately normal as the sample size n
increases, regardless of the shape of the
population.

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Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes. N 30 55330
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
1 Normal 4 4 14 11.4
D 3 5401
N In y
(b) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected, what
is the probability the mean oil change time is less than 11
possible
minutes?
test
question

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of 3.2 minutes.
Solution: is approximately normally distributed
with mean = 11.4 and std. dev. = .

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of 3.2 minutes.
Solution: is approximately normally distributed
with mean = 11.4 and std. dev. = .
(b) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected, what

is the probability the mean oil change time is less than 11
minutes?
Solution: , P(Z < –0.74) = 0.23.
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A farmer was interested in determining how many grasshoppers were in his
field. He knows that the distribution of grasshoppers may not be normally
distributed in his field due to growing conditions. As he drives his tractor
down each row he counts how many grasshoppers he sees flying away. After
several rows he figures the mean number of flights to be 57 with a standard
deviation of 12. What is the probability of the farmer will count 60 or more
flights on average in the next 40 rows down which he drives his tractor?
mean57
A) 0.5710 B) 0.0571 C) 0.9429 D) 0.4429 Standard 12
in

8-0
A farmer was interested in determining how many grasshoppers were in his
field. He knows that the distribution of grasshoppers may not be normally
distributed in his field due to growing conditions. As he drives his tractor
down each row he counts how many grasshoppers he sees flying away. After
several rows he figures the mean number of flights to be 57 with a standard
deviation of 12. What is the probability of the farmer will count 60 or more
flights on average in the next 40 rows down which he drives his tractor?
A) 0.5710 B) 0.0571 C) 0.9429 D) 0.4429

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The owner of a computer repair shop has determined that their daily revenue
has mean $7200 and standard deviation $1200. The daily revenue totals for the
next 30 days will be monitored. What is the probability that the mean daily
revenue for the next 30 days will exceed $7500?
A) 0.0853 B) 0.9131 C) 0.9147 D) 0.0869
mean 200
n 330
1 Yr's p
ME M 7200
if
F 219.089

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The owner of a computer repair shop has determined that their daily revenue
has mean $7200 and standard deviation $1200. The daily revenue totals for the
next 30 days will be monitored. What is the probability that the mean daily
revenue for the next 30 days will exceed $7500?
A) 0.0853 B) 0.9131 C) 0.9147 D) 0.0869

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Section 8.2
Distribution of the
Sample
Proportion

Objectives
1. Describe the sampling distribution of a
sample proportion
2. Compute probabilities of a sample
proportion

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Point Estimate of a Population Proportion

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Parallel Example 1: Computing a Sample Proportion
or
In a Quinnipiac University Poll conducted in May of
2008, 1745 registered voters nationwide were asked
whether they approved of the way George W. Bush
is handling the economy. 349 responded “yes”.
Obtain a point estimate for the proportion of
registered voters who approve of the way George W.
Bush is handling the economy. x
a
349 0.2
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If
Parallel Example 1: Computing a Sample Proportion
In a Quinnipiac University Poll conducted in May of

2008, 1,745 registered voters nationwide were asked
whether they approved of the way George W. Bush
is handling the economy. 349 responded “yes”.
Obtain a point estimate for the proportion of
registered voters who approve of the way George W.
Bush is handling the economy.
Solution:

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Professor surveyed a random sample of 420 statistics students. One of the
questions was "Will you take another mathematics class?" The results showed
that 252 of the students said yes. What is the sample proportion, p of students
who say they will take another math class?
A) 0.42 B) 0.6 C) 0.252 D) 0.775
D 2,52g B

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Professor surveyed a random sample of 420 statistics students. One of the
questions was "Will you take another mathematics class?" The results showed
that 252 of the students said yes. What is the sample proportion, p of students
who say they will take another math class?
A) 0.42 B) 0.6 C) 0.252 D) 0.775

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Parallel Example 2: Using Simulation to Describe the
Distribution of the Sample Proportion
According to a Time poll conducted in June of

2008, 42% of registered voters believed that gay
and lesbian couples should be allowed to marry.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample
proportion for samples of size n = 10, 50, 100.
Note: We are using simulations to create the histograms on the

following slides.

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Key Points from Example 2
1. Shape: As the size of the sample, n,

increases, the shape of the sampling
distribution of the sample proportion becomes
approximately normal.
2. Center: The mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample proportion equals the
population proportion, p.
3. Spread: The standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sample proportion
decreases as the sample size, n, increases.
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1. The model on the previous slide requires that the

sampled values are independent. When sampling
from finite populations, this assumption is verified
by checking that the sample size n is no more than
5% of the population size N (n ≤ 0.05N).
2. Regardless of whether np(1 – p) ≥ 10 or not, the

mean of the sampling distribution of is p, and
the standard deviation is

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Parallel Example 3: Describing the Sampling Distribution of
the Sample Proportion
According to a Time poll conducted in June of 2008,

42% of registered voters believed that gay and
lesbian couples should be allowed to marry.
Suppose that we obtain a simple random sample of
50 voters and determine which voters believe that
gay and lesbian couples should be allowed to marry.
Describe the sampling distribution of the sample
proportion for registered voters who believe that gay
and lesbian couples should be allowed to marry. 50 4042
50 0.424 0
D 42 0.42 n 50 1 npfl p 710 r.is io
yes
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2 yup p O 42 o O698
3 6pm ftp.oafy.o.I
Solution
The sample of n = 50 is smaller than 5% of the

population size (all registered voters in the U.S.).
Also, np(1 – p) = 50(0.42)(0.58) = 12.18 ≥ 10.
The sampling distribution of the sample proportion
is therefore approximately normal with mean=0.42
and standard deviation =
(Note: this is very close to the standard deviation of 0.072 found

using simulation in Example 2.)

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Parallel Example 4: Compute Probabilities of a Sample
Proportion
pli.pl 10
0 0188 1 0.188 13.743To yes
According to the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, 18.8% of school-aged children, aged 6-11 years,
were overweight in 2004. D 0.188 Sample
_90
(a)In a random sample of 90 school-aged children, aged 6-
11 years, what is the probability that at least 19% are
overweight? A 0.48 put in normalcdf
(b)Suppose a random sample of 90 school-aged children,
aged 6-11 years, results in 24 overweight children. What
might you conclude?
k 5499010188116.9 A 8 919g
Jµ
Fontan
17
24 17 7 8ps 0.0412
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Solution
• n = 90 is less than 5% of the population size
• np(1 – p) = 90(.188)(1 – .188) ≈ 13.7 ≥ 10
• is approximately normal with mean=0.188 and
standard deviation =
(a) In a random sample of 90 school-aged children,

aged 6-11 years, what is the probability that at least
19% are overweight?
, P(Z > 0.05)=1 – 0.5199=0.4801

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Solution
• is approximately normal with mean = 0.188 and
standard deviation = 0.0412
(a) Suppose a random sample of 90 school-aged
children, aged 6-11 years, results in 24 overweight
children. What might you conclude?
P(Z > 1.91) = 1 – 0.9719 = 0.028.

We would only expect to see about 3 samples in 100
resulting in a sample proportion of 0.2667 or more.
This is an unusual sample if the true population
proportion is 0.188.
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Smith is a weld inspector at a shipyard. He knows from keeping track of good
and substandard welds that for the afternoon shift 5% of all welds done will be
substandard. If Smith checks 300 of the 7500 welds completed that shift, what
is the probability that he will find less than 20 substandard welds?
A) 0.4066 B) 0.5934 C) 0.9066 D) 0.0934
f 0005
A 300
NPH p 710 300 0.05 1 0.05 14.25
14.257,10
B 2
45 yes
s
4 xp p 0.05
sfJE
005 0.0126
300
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substandard. If Smith checks 300 of the 7500 welds completed that shift, what
is the probability that he will find less than 20 substandard welds?
A) 0.4066 B) 0.5934 C) 0.9066 D) 0.0934

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substandard. If Smith checks 300 of the 7500 welds completed that shift,
would it be unusual for Smith to find 30 or more substandard welds?
A) Yes B) No

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substandard. If Smith checks 300 of the 7500 welds completed that shift,
would it be unusual for Smith to find 30 or more substandard welds?
A) Yes B) No

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The National Association of Realtors estimates that 23% of all homes
purchased in 2004 were considered investment properties. If a sample of 800
homes sold in 2004 is obtained and it was noted that 248 homes were to be
used as investment property, would this be unusual? Answer Yes or No.
A) No B) Yes

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The National Association of Realtors estimates that 23% of all homes
purchased in 2004 were considered investment properties. If a sample of 800
homes sold in 2004 is obtained and it was noted that 248 homes were to be
used as investment property, would this be unusual? Answer Yes or No.
A) No B) Yes

8-0

Section 8.1: Sampling Distributions

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Section 8.1: Sampling Distributions

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Chapter 8

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The sampling distribution of the sample mean

is the probability distribution of all possible

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Step 1: Obtain a simple random sample of size n.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Step 1: Obtain a simple random sample of size n.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Step 1: Obtain a simple random sample of size n.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The weights of pennies minted after 1982 are

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

2.493 2.466 2.473 2.492 2.471

Note: = 2.479 for this sample

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution

If a random variable X is normally distributed,

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The weights of pennies minted after 1982 are

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.7 B) 3.3 C) 1.2 D) 0.15

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.7 B) 3.3 C) 1.2 D) 0.15

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.3085 B) 0.1915 C) 0.6915 D) approximately 0

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.3085 B) 0.1915 C) 0.6915 D) approximately 0

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.2119 B) 0.7881 C) 0.2881 D) 0.5517

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.2119 B) 0.7881 C) 0.2881 D) 0.5517

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

The following table and histogram

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

1. The mean of the sampling distribution is equal to

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected, what

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.5710 B) 0.0571 C) 0.9429 D) 0.4429

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.0853 B) 0.9131 C) 0.9147 D) 0.0869

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.0853 B) 0.9131 C) 0.9147 D) 0.0869

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

In a Quinnipiac University Poll conducted in May of

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.

A) 0.42 B) 0.6 C) 0.252 D) 0.775

Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.