CHAPTER-7

SAMPLING

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLING MEAN, SAMPLE VARIANCE ,SAMPLE

PROPORTION

1. Consider population consisting of 4 children: A,B,C and D. Their ages are as follows:

A: 2 years B: 4 years C: 6 years and D: 8 years

(a) Calculate the population mean age of μ, and population standard deviation,𝜎.[Ans
5,√𝟓]
(b) List all the possible samples of size n = 2 drawn with replacement from this
population of size N = 4.
(c) Compute the mean of each of the samples.
(d) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means found in part (c). Verify that μ𝑥̅ = μ.
(e) Compute 𝜎𝑥̅ , the standard deviation of all sample means found in part (c). Verify
𝜎
that 𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝑛.
√
(f) Find out the Sampling a sampling Distribution of 𝑆 2 .Show that E(𝑆 2 )=𝜎 2

2. A population consists of three Chartered Accountants (Sanchit, Sahil and Saurabh)

working for KPMG. The time each has worked for the company is as as follows:

Sanchit: 1 years Sahil: 3 years and Saurabh: 5 years

(a) Determine μ, the mean number of years at the company for this population.[Ans.3]
√2
(b) Determine the standard deviation for this population.[Ans :2 √3 ]
(c) List all the possible sample of size n=2 drawn without replacement from this
population of size N=3, and the corresponding values for the number of years
employed.
(d) Compute the mean of each of the samples.
(e) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means found in Part (d). Verify that the
relation μ𝑥̅ = μ holds.
(f) Compute 𝜎X, the standard deviation of all samples means found in part (d). Verify
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
that 𝜎𝑥̅ = √𝑁−1 .
√𝑛
(g) Find out the Sampling a sampling Distribution of 𝑆 2 .Check E(𝑆 2 )=𝜎 2 ? [Ans:No]

3. The following information gives the number of days absent from work for a population
of 5 workers in a small factory.
Workers : A B C D E

No. Of days absent : 5 7 1 4 8

(a) Compute the population mean and population standard deviation.[Ans :5 ,2.449]
(b) List all the possible sample of size 2 that can be extracted from this population.
Choose the sample without replacement.
(c) Compute μ𝑥̅ , the mean of the sample means . Verify that the relation μ𝑥̅ = μ holds.
(d) Compute 𝜎𝑥̅ , the standard deviation of all samples means. Verify that 𝜎𝑥̅ =
𝜎 𝑁−𝑛
√ 𝑁−1 .
√𝑛

4. A particular brand of dishwasher soap is sold in three sizes: 25 oz, 40 oz and 65 oz.
20% of all purchasers select a 25–oz box, 50% select a 40–oz box, and the
remaining 30% choose a 65–oz box. Let X1 and X2 denote the package sizes
selected by two independently selected purchasers.

a) Determine the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅, calculate E(𝑋̅) and compare to 𝜇.

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

25 0.04

32.5 0.20

40 0.25

45 0.12

52.5 0.30

65 0.09

b) Determine the sampling distribution of the sample variances 𝑆 2 , calculate E(𝑆 2 ),

and compare to 𝜎 2
𝑆2 P(𝑆 2 )

0 0.38

112.5 0.20

312.5 0.30

800 0.12
 5. The probability distribution of the number of boxes of chocolates sold(X) on a
given day by a seller is given as follows:

X: 0 1

P(X): 0.2. 0.8

Let (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 ) be a random sample of the number of boxes sold on any two randomly
chosen days. Write the sampling distribution of 𝑆 2 (sample variance). what is the
relationship between E(𝑆 2 ) and 𝜎 2 ?[ Ans: E(𝑺𝟐 )≠ 𝝈𝟐 ]

𝑆2 P(𝑆 2 )

0 0.38

1 0.20

6. The number of courses taken up by a student at a university has the following

probability distribution:

Number of courses Probability

(X)
1 0.2
2 0.6
3 0.2
Let 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 be the number of courses opted by two students and each have the
same distribution as the population:
i) Determine the sampling distribution of 𝑋̅
ii) Determine the expected value and variance of 𝑋̅. [Ans: 2 ,.2]

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

1 0.04

1.5 0.24

2 0.44

2.5 0.24

3 0.04

7. Let X denotes the storage capacity of a new pen-drive that is launched in three
models that differ in storage space. Market survey shows that 20% customers buy
the drive with 20GB storage space , while 30% buy the drive with 40GB space. The
 rest prefer the model with 30GB space. Drive the sampling distribution of average
storage space in a pen drive using a sample size of 2 , with random sampling.

𝑋̅ P(𝑋̅)

20 0.04

25 0.20

30 0.37

35 0.30

40 0.09

8. A company manufacture six bulbs numbers A , B , C ,D ,E , F where B, C, E, F are

defective .
i) Find the proportion of defective bulbs . [Ans :2/3 ]
ii) How many sample of size 5 can be drawn using without replacement .List
them [ Ans :6 ]
iii) Find the probability distribution of sample proportion(p)
𝑃(1−𝑃) 𝑁−𝑛
iv) Show that E (p)= P , 𝜎𝑝 =√ √ 𝑁−1
𝑛

FINITE POPOULATION CORRECTION FACTOR

1. Find the value of the finite population correction factor when
a) n = 2 and N = 5;[Ans : .866]
(b) n = 10 and N = 1000;[Ans : .995]
(c) n = 40 and N = 10,000;[Ans : .998]

MEAN AND STANDARD ERROR OF SAMPLE MEAN & SAMPLE

PROPRTION
1. If a random sample of size 400 is selected from an infinite population having a
standard deviation of 100, find 𝜎𝑥̅ . [Ans : 5]

2. If a random sample of size n = 100 is selected from a population of size N = 5000

having a mean of 75 and a variance of 900, find the expected value of the sample
mean and the variance of the sample mean.[Ans: 75 ,9]

3. The weight of metal carried by rail board freight cars varies about a mean of 45
tons with a standard deviation of 3 tons. What is the mean, variance, and standard
 error of the distribution of the sample weight mean based upon a sample size of 10
freight cars? [Ans :45, .9, .95]

4. A certain type of threads is manufactured with a mean tensile strength of 78.3 kg

and a standard deviation of 5.6 kg. Assuming that the population is infinite, how is
the standard error of the mean changed when the sample size is
(a) Increased from 64 to 196? (b) Decreased from 784 to 49?

[Ans : a)reduced from .7 to .4 b) Increased from 0.2 to 0.8]

5. A random sample of 800 units from a large consignment showed that 200 were
damaged. Find the standard error of proportion. [Ans : .015]

6. A factory is producing 50000 pairs of shoes daily . From a sample of 500 pairs ,
2% were found to be defective . Estimate the standard error of defective pairs.
[Ans: .00626]

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN

1. A random sample of size 9 is drawn from a normal population with mean equal to
20 and standard deviation equal to 15. Find the probability that the sample mean
lies between10 and 25. [Ans : .8185]

2. From a lot of 800 units of an item, random sample 100 units is selected. The 800
units are known to have a mean weight equal to 1.030 kg and a standard deviation
equal to 150 gm. Find the probability that the sample will have a mean value not less
than 1 kg. [Ans : .9834]

3. Birth rate in a country is believed to be 1.57 per woman. Assume the population
standard deviation is 0.4. if a random sample of 200 women is selected, what is the
probability that the sample mean will fall between 1.52 and 1.62?[Ans; .9266]

4. Assume that for a population of 500 wage earners, the mean annual salary is ₹
13,200 and the standard deviation is ₹2,000. If a random sample of 100 wage
earners is drawn from this population, determine:
(a) The probability that the sample mean is less than ₹ 13,000.
(b) The probability that the sample mean is within ₹ 150 of the population.
(c) The probability that the sample mean deviates from the population mean by more
than ₹ 200.[Ans: .1314 , .599 , .2628]

7. The standard deviation of the amount of time a college student takes to complete
a project is 40 minutes. A random sample of 64 students is taken. Find the
 probability that the sample mean differs from the population mean by more than
8 minutes. [Ans : .1096]

8. How large a sample should be taken from a normally distributed population with
a mean of 78 and standard deviation of 30 in order to have a probability of 0.0072
that the sample mean will be greater than 90? [Ans: 38]

9. A continuous manufacturing process produces items whose weight are normally

distributed with a mean weight of 8 kg and a standard deviation of 3 kg. A random
sample of 16 items is selected from the process. Find the probability that the mean
of the sample exceeds 9 kg.[Ans :0.0198]

10. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is normally
distributed, with mean equal to 800 hours and a standard deviation of 40 hours.
Find the probability that a random sample of 16 bulbs will have an average life of
less than 775 hours.[Ans:.0062]

9. In a certain construction job, wages are assumed to follow a normal distribution,

with mean ₹ 45 per hour and standard deviation ₹ 5. What is the probability that a
random sample of 4 workers will have the average wage greater than ₹ 50?
[Ans ; .0228]

10. In a large retirement community, the age of residents is normally distributed with
mean 73 years and standard deviation 13 years. A random sample of 75 residents is
selected.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
(b) What is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
(c) What is the probability that the sample mean fails between 70 and 76 years?[Ans
:73, 1.5, .9544]

11. Diameters of a component produced on a semi automatic machine are known to be

distributed normally with a mean of 10 mm and a standard deviation of 0.1 mm. If a
random sample of 5 is picked up, what is the probability that the sample mean will
be between 9.95 mm and 10.05 mm ? [Ans :.7330]

12. The life of a certain electronic component is normally distributed with the mean to
220 hours and a standard deviation of 25 hours. Do you agree that the probability
that the mean life of a random sample of 20 components will be greater than 225
hours shall be higher than the probability that the mean life of a sample of 40
components will be greater than 225 hours? Show by calculation.[ Ans : yes .1867
,.1038]
13. The time taken by a randomly selected applicant for a mortgage to fill out certain
form has a normal distribution with mean value 10 min and standard deviation 2 min.
If 5 individuals fill out a form on one day and six on another, what is the probability
that the sample average amount of time taken on each day is at most 11 min?
[Ans 0.7720]

14. Rockwell hardness of pins of a certain type is known to have a mean value of 50 and
a standard deviation of 1.2.
a) If the distribution is normal, what is the probability that the sample mean
hardness for a random sample of 9 pins is at least 51? [Ans:0.0062]
b) Without assuming population normality, what is the probability that the sample
mean hardness for a random sample of 40 pins is at least 51? [Ans:0]

15. The annual wages (or salaries) of all employees of the Sphoorti Automobile
Company, a large small-car manufacturer, have a mean of ₹ 20,400 per year with a
standard deviation of ₹ 3200. The personal manager is going to take a random
sample of 36 employees and calculate the sample mean wages. What is the
probability that the sample mean will exceed ₹ 21,000?[Ans :.1303]

16. The distribution of annual earnings of all banks teller with two year’s experience is
skewed negatively. This distribution has a mean of ₹ 20,000 and a standard
deviation of ₹ 2000. If we draw a random sample of 40 tellers, what is the probability
that earnings will average more than ₹ 20, 500 annually?[Ans :.0571]

17. The life expectancy in the United States is 75 with a standard deviation of 7 years. A
random sample of 49 individuals is selected.
(a) What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than 77 years?
(b) What is the probability that the sample mean will be less than 72.7 years?
(c) What is the probability that the sample mean will lie between 73.5 and 76 years?
(d) What is the probability that the sample mean will lie between 72 and 74 years?
(e) What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than 73.46 years?

[Ans:.0228 , .0107 ,.7745, .1574 , .9382]

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE PROPRTION

1. A departmental store has determined that 25% of their sales are credit sales. A
random sample of 75 sales is selected.
(b) What is the probability that the samples proportion will be greater than 0.34?
(c) What is the probability that the sample proportion will lie between 0.196 and
0.354?
(d) What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.25?
(e) What is the probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.10?[Ans
:.0359 ,.08411, .5 , .0013]

2. There are 12 members of a board of trustees. We wish to estimate the true

percentage of board members who will vote ‘yes’ on the proposed budget, and a
sample of 5 members is polled. If we assume that the true population percentage
is 60 percent.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of proportions?
(b) Is the finite population correction factor needed to calculate 𝜎p. If so, what is the
value of the finite correction factors?
(c) What is the value of 𝜎p? [Ans ; .6 , .798 ,.175]

3. A manufacturer of watches has determined from experienced that 3 percent of the

watches he produces are defective. If a random sample of 300 watches is examined,
what is the probability that the proportion of defective is between 0.02 and
0.035?[Ans ; .5411]
4. Sixty percentage of the adult population of a large city is registered republican. A
candidate for mayor hires a consulting firm to survey the adult population to
determine the voters’ views. The firm selects a random sample of 300 adults. What
is the probability that the sample proportion of registered republicans is at least
0.65? [Ans :0.0384]
5. There are 20 high school students in a special program that offers after-school
tutoring. A guidance counselor takes a random sample of 5 of them to estimate the
percent who intend to enter college. Suppose the true percentage for this
population is 60 percent.
(a) What is the mean of the sampling distribution of proportions?
(b) Is the finite population correction factor needed to calculate 𝜎p? If so, what’s the
value of the finite population correction factor?
(c) Calculate 𝜎p. [Ans : .60 , Yes , .888 , 0.194]
6. The proportion of female students in a large co-educational institution is 0.38. If a
random sample of 30 students is selected from this institution, what is the
probability that the sample proportion will be less than 0.36? [Ans: .4129]

7. A large multinational company employs 4800 people of which 1920 are females.
(a) Specify the sampling distribution of proportion of female employees for samples
of size 50 drawn without replacement.
(b) Obtain the probability of selecting a sample that contains no more than 35
percentage of female employees.
(c) Obtain the probability of selecting a sample containing at least 0.50 proportion of
female employees. [Ans : a) .4 , .0693 b).2358 c) .194]
 LINEAR COMBINATION

1. Suppose the mean value and the standard deviations of R.V 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are as follows.

𝑢1 = 200 𝑢2 = 250 𝑢3 = 100

𝜎1 =10 𝜎2 =12 𝜎3 =8

a) Assuming 𝑋1 𝑋2 𝑋3 are independent events , calculate the expected value and variance
of 27𝑋1 +125𝑋2 +512𝑋3 [Ans:87850, 19100116]

b) Would your calculation necessarily be correct if the X’s are not independent?[Variance
should be incorrect]

2. Suppose the mean value and the standard deviations of R.V 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 are as follows
and 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 follows normal distribution.

a) 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 = 𝑢3 = 60 and 𝜎1 = = 𝜎2 = 𝜎3 =√15 . Calculate P(𝑇0 < 200), P(150 < 𝑇0 <

200).[Ans: 0.9986]

b) If 𝑢1 = 40 𝑢2 = 50 𝑢3 = 60 , 𝜎1 =√10, 𝜎2 =√12 , 𝜎3 =√14. Calculate

P(𝑋1 +𝑋2 +𝑋3 < 160) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 P(𝑋1 +𝑋2 > 2𝑋3 ) [Ans .9925 , .0003]

3. Five automobiles of the same type are to be driven on a 300 miles trip. The first two
will use an economy brand of gasoline ,and other three will use a name brand.Let X1, X2 ,
X3, X4and X5 be the observed fuel efficiencies (mpg) for the five cars. Suppose these
variables are independent and normally distributed with μ1 =μ2 =20, μ3 = μ4= μ5 =21,
and σ2 = 4 for the economy brand and 3.5 for the name brand. Define an rv Y by
𝑋1 +𝑋2 𝑋3 +𝑋4 +𝑋5
Y= −
2 3
so that Y is a measure of the difference in efficiency between economy gas and name –
brand gas. Compute P(0 ≤ Y) and P(−1 ≤ Y ≤ 1).[Ans 0.2877 ,0.3686]

4. There are two traffic lights on a commuter’s route to and from work. Let X 1 be the
number of lights at which the commuter must stop on his way to work, and X 2 be the
number of lights at which he must stop when returning from work. Suppose these two
variables are independent, each with pmf given in the accompanying table: (𝜇 = 1.1,
𝜎 2 = 0.49)

xi P(xi)

0 0.2

1 0.5

2 0.3
 a) Determine the pmf of T0 = X1 + X2

T0 P(T0)

0 0.04

1 0.20

2 0.37

3 0.30

4 0.09

b) Calculate 𝜇 𝑇0 . How does it relate to 𝜇, the population mean? (2.2 = 2. 𝜇)

c) Calculate 𝜎𝑇20 . How does it relate to 𝜎 2 , the population variance?
(0.98 = 2. 𝜎 2 )
33. Suppose that when the pH of a certain chemical compound is 5.00, the pH
measured by a randomly selected beginning chemistry student is a random
variable with mean 5.00 and standard deviation 0.2. A large batch of the
compound is subdivided and a sample given to each student in a morning lab and
each student in a afternoon lab. Let 𝑋̅= the average pH as determined by the
morning students and𝑌̅= the average pH as determined by the afternoon
students.

a) If pH is a normal variable and there are three students in each lab, compute
P(−.1 ≤ 𝑋̅ − 𝑌̅ ≤ .1) [Ans:0.9232]
b) If there are 36 students in each lab, but pH determinations are not assumed
normal, calculate P(−.1 ≤ 𝑋̅ − 𝑌̅ ≤ .1). [Ans:0.9660]

EXAM STYLE QUESTION

1. Random samples of size 2 are drawn from the finite population which consists of
the number – 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

(a) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the population.[Ans:5.83 ,5.01]
(b) List all possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn without replacement.
(c) Construct the sampling distribution of the mean for these samples.
 (d) Calculate the mean and standard deviation of the probability distribution
obtained above and illustrate their relation with the corresponding population
values.
2. Consider the following population of 10 numbers:

20, 25, 13, 19, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30

(i) Rich selected one sample of 9 members from this population. The sample
included the numbers:

20, 25, 13, 9, 15, 11, 7, 17, 30

Calculate the sample mean and sampling error for this sample.[Ans:error
0.27]

(ii) When rich calculated the sample mean he mistakenly used the numbers

20, 25, 13, 9, 15, 11, 17, 30

What is the additional error (non-sampling error) in this case?[Ans : .84]

3. The mean of a random sample of size 50 is used to estimate the mean of a very
large population consisting o attention spans of persons over 65 which has a
standard deviation of 2.4 minutes. What can we assert about the probability that
the error (the difference between the sample mean and the population mean) will
be less than 1.2 minutes if we use the ‘Central Limit Theorem’?[Ans :0.9996]
4. ABC Packaging found that packing any gift involves three stages: I,II, III. The time
taken at each stage is normally distribution with mean equal to 15, 30 and 20
seconds respectively and standard deviations 1,2 and 1,5 seconds respectively.
Assume time taken by each stage is independent of time taken by other stages.

(i) What is the probability that it will take more than 1 minute to park a randomly
chosen gift.
(ii) For a randomly chosen gift what is the probability that taken in stage 1 exceeds
17 seconds?

5. Let X be a normally distributed random variable with mean 10 and variance 4. A

random sample of size n is chosen from this distribution. Let X be the sample
mean. The standard deviation of X is found to be 0.4. what is the sample size n?

6. If E(XY) = 3, E(X)=E(Y)=2
 (i). What is the Covariance between X and Y?
5
(ii). What is the covariance between U and V where U=3X+1 and V=3 - 3 Y?
(iii).How is Correlation between X and Y related to Correlation between U and V?

7. The life of Type A bulbs is normally distributed with average 105 days and standard
deviation 8 days. The life of Type B bulbs is normally distributed with average 100 days
and standard deviation of 6 days. A sample of size 40 is chosen from Type A bulbs and 𝐴
is the sample mean. A sample of size 35 chosen from Type B bulbs and 𝐵 is the sample
mean.
(i) Describe the distribution of (𝐴 − 𝐵)
(ii) Find P( -1 ≤ (𝐴 − 𝐵) ≤ 1)

8. Let X denotes the storage capacity of a new pen-drive that is launched in three models
that differ in storage space. Market survey shows that 20% customers buy the drive with
20GB storage space, while 30% buy the drive with 40GB space. The rest prefer the model
with 30GB space. Drive sampling distribution of average storage apace in a pen-drive
using a sample size of 2, with random sampling.

CHAPTER-8

ESTIMATION

UNBIASEDNESS , EFFICIENCY,CONSISTENCY

1. Show that Sample Mean and Sample Variance is the unbiased estimator of
population mean and variance.
 2. Suppose𝑋 ~ N(μ,𝜎ₓ² ) and we draw sample of size n from an infinite population.
The following are two estimators of μₓ :
𝑋ᵢ 𝑋ᵢ
(i) 𝑋 = ∑ and (ii) 𝑋 * =∑ . Check if the above estimators are
𝑛 𝑛+1
unbiased.

3. If X has the binomial distribution with the parameters n and P, show that the sample
𝑋
proportion p = 𝑛 is an unbiased estimator of P.

4. If 𝑋₁, 𝑋₂ , 𝑋₃ and constitute a random sample of size 3 from normal population with
𝑋₁+2𝑋₂+𝑋₃
the mean μ and the variance 𝜎₂, find the efficiency of relative to
4
𝑋₁+2𝑋₂+𝑋₃
.
3

5. Suppose X₁ and X₂ is a random sample from a population with mean μ. Let the
estimator is a weighted average of X₁ and X₂ i.e. Y =λ₁X₁+ λ₂X₂. What values of
λ₁ and λ₂ will give us efficiency of μ.

6. Show that sample mean of X is the best linear unbiased estimator?

7. Given two estimators t₁ and t₂ of the population mean (μ=10) E(t₁) = 10, E(t₂) =
11, V (t₁)= 4 and V(t₂) = 1, which estimator is better and way?

8. Consider a random sample X1, …., Xn from the pdf

ƒ(x; θ) = .5(1 + θx) −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
where −1 ≤ θ ≤ 1 (this distribution arises in particle physics). Show that 𝜃̂ = 3× is an
unbiased estimator of θ.

METHOD OF MOMENTS

9. A random sample of size 8 from a Bin(n,p) distribution yields the following

values:4,2,7,4,1,4,5,4. Find method of moments estimators for n and p.

10. Using method of moments, estimate the mean and variance of the heights of 10
year old children, assuming these conform to a normal distribution, based on a
random sample of 5 such children whose heights are: 124cm, 122cm, 130cm,
125cm and 132cm.

11. Given random sample of size n from a uniform population with β = 1, use the
method of moments to obtain a formula for estimating the parameter α, where
X~U(α,β).

12. Let 𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , … … … 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a uniform population

1
f(x) = for 0< θ <1
𝜃

Find the Moment estimator of θ.

Q13. Let X1, X2, …., Xn represent a random sample from a Rayleigh distribution with pdf
𝑥 2
ƒ(x; θ) = 𝜃 𝑒 −𝑥 /(2𝜃) x > 0
a. It can be shown that E(X2) = 2θ. Use this fact to construct an unbiased estimator of θ
based on ∑𝑋 2 𝑖 (and use rules of expected value to show that it is unbiased).
b. Estimate θ from the following n = 10 observation on vibratory stress of a turbine
blade under specified conditions:
16.88 10.23 4.59 6.66 13.68
14.23 19.87 9.40 6.51 10.95 [Ans 74.505]

MAXIMUM LIKLIHOOD ESTIAMTOR

14. If x₁, x₂,....xn are the values of a random sample from exponential population with
density function f(x) = λe-λx, x > 0, find the maximum likelihood estimator of its
parameter λ.

16. Find the MLE of λ ,if λ is the parameter of poisson Distribution

17. If x₁,x₂,.......xn are the values of a random sample from a normal distribution with
mean μ and 𝜎 (i.e. X~N(μ,𝜎)). Find the maximum likelihood estimator of parameter μ
and 𝜎.

18. Find the Maximum Likelihood estimator of θ for U(0 , θ) based on a sample x₁,
x₂,....xn.

[Ans: max of xi]

19. The Number of claim , X per year arising from a low risk policy has a poisson
distribution with mean u.The number of claim Y per year arising from a high risk
policy has a poisson distribution with mean 2u.A sample of 15 low risk policies had a
total of 59 claims in a year. Find the maximum estimate of u based on these data.
[Ans :3.057]

18. If x₁,x₂,.......xn are the values of a random sample from a Polpulation with the
following pdf.
1−𝑎
𝑥 𝑎
f(x) = for 0<x<1 , a>1
𝑎

=0 otherwise…
Derive the maximum likelihood estimator of a based on a sample of size n.

19. Let X denote the proportion of allotted time that a randomly selected student spends
working on a certain aptitude test. Suppose the pdf of X is
ƒ x; θ) = {(𝜃 + 1)𝑥 𝜃 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

Where −1 < θ. A random sample of ten students yields data x1 =.92, x2 =.79, x3 =.90,
x4=.65, x5 =.86, x6 =.47, x7 =.73, x8 =.97, x9 =.94, x10 =.77.
a. Use the method of moments to obtain an estimator of θ, and then compute the
estimate for this data. [Ans 3]
b. Obtain the maximum likelihood estimator of θ, and then compute the estimate for the
given data.[Ans 3.12]

34. Let 𝑋1 , … , 𝑋𝑛 be a random sample from a uniform distributions on [0, 𝜃]. Then the
mle of 𝜃 is 𝜃̂ = 𝑌 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 (𝑋𝑖 ).
Use the fact that Y≤ 𝑦 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑋𝑖 ≤ 𝑦 to derive the cdf of Y. Then show that the pdf
𝑛𝑦 𝑛−1
of Y = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(𝑋𝑖 ) is 𝑓𝑌 (𝑦) = { , 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝜃 0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝜃𝑛
b) Use the result of part a) to show that the mle is biased but that (n + 1) (𝑋𝑖 ) /𝑛 is
unbiased.

INTERVAL ESTIMATION

Confidence Interval for population mean under normal Distribution

Q20. A population of items is assumed to be normally distributed with a standard

deviation equal to 36. Based upon a random sample of 9 items drawn from the
population, a sample mean of 62 is computed. Construct a 95% confidence interval for
the population mean. What is the correct interpretation of the intervals? [Ans:
38.48<μ<85.52]

Q21. A random sample of 25 items is selected from a normal population with a standard
deviation equal to 15. The mean of the sample equals 12. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the population mean.[Ans : 4.26<μ<19.74]

Q22. A company has received a shipment of 100 pipes. In order to estimate the average
diameter of the pipes to see if they meet minimum standards, a random sample of 16
pipes is taken. The sample produces an average diameter of 2.55 inches. In the past, the
population standard deviation has been 0.07 inch. Assuming a normally distributed
population, construct an interval estimate with a 99 percent level of confidence.[Ans :
2.509<μ<2.591]

Q23. A college admission director wishes to estimate the mean age of all students
currently enrolled. In a random sample of 20 students, the mean age id found to be 22.9
years, from past studies, standard deviation is known to be 1.5 years, and the population
is normally distributed. Construct a 90% confidence interval of the population mean
age.[Ans: 22.348<μ<23.452]

Q24. The average monthly electricity consumption for a sample of 100 families equals
1250 units. Assuming that the standard deviation of electric consumption of all families
is 150 units, construct a 95 percent confidence interval estimate of the actual mean
electric consumption.

[ Ans:1220.6<μ<1279.4]
Q25. A simple random sample of 100 items has mean 15, the population variance being
25.

(i) Construct a 95% confidence interval for μ

(ii) Construct a 99% confidence interval for μ
(iii) If population variance is not given, then what should be done to find out the
required estimate? [Ans : 14.02<μ<15.98, 13.71<μ<16.29]

Q26. The XYZ company has received a shipment of 100 lengths of pipe, and a quality
control inspector wants to estimate the average diameter of the pipes to see if they meet
minimum standards. He takes a random sample of 40 pipes, and the sample produces an
average diameter of 3.18 inches. In the past, the population standard deviation has been
0.07 inch. Construct an interval estimate with a 9 percentage level of confidence.[Ans :
3.159<μ<3.201]

Q27. A large supermarket chain hires a market research company to estimate the
average weekly expenditures per family on food in an area, where company
management is contemplating opening a new market. The researchers take a random
sample of 225 families and find that the sample a average is ₹ 1560, with a standard
deviation of ₹ 240. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean.[Ans :
1528.64<μ<1591.36]

Q28.A random sample of size 65 was taken to estimate the mean monthly income of
1000 families. The mean of the sample was found to be ₹ 25,200, with a standard
deviation of ₹380. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population
mean.[Ans :25110.66<μ<25289.34]

DETERMINARTION OF SAMPLE SIZE UNDER NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Q29. If the population standard deviation is 78, find the sample size necessary to
estimate the true population mean within 50 points for a confidence level of 95%.[Ans:
n=10(aprox)]

Q30. With a sample size of 400, the calculated standard error of mean is 2 with a mean of
120. What sample size would be required so that we could be 95% confident that the
population mean is within ± 3.5 of the sample mean.[Ans : n=502]

Q31. A manufacturing company produces electric insulators. If the insulators break when
in use, a short circuit is likely to occur. To test the strength of the insulators, destructive
testing in high-powered labs is carried out to determine how much force in pounds is
required to break the insulators. It is desired to estimate the population mean force to
within ± 25 pounds of the true value with 90% level of confidence. On the basis of a study
taken in the previous year, the standard deviation is believed to be 120 pounds. What is
the sample size needed? What sample size is needed if the level of confidence is to be
95%? [Ans :63 ,89]

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL USING t DISTRIBUTION

Q32. A random sample of 15 patients with chronic lower back pain who participated in a
recent study reported a mean duration of back pain of 17.6 months with a standard
deviation of 5 months. Assuming the duration of back pain in the population is normally
distributed, construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean duration of back pain for
the population of such patients.

[Ans : 15.327<μ<19.873]

Q33. The contents of 7 similar containers of a refined oil are 9.8, 10.2, 10.4, 9.8, 10.0, 10.2,
and 9.6 litres. Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean oil content of all such
containers, assuming container contents in the population to be normally
distributed.[Ans : 9.603<μ< 10.397]

Q34. A random sample of 8 cigarettes of a certain brand has an average nicotine content
of 3.6 milligrams and a standard deviation of 0.9 milligrams. Construct a 99% confidence
interval for the true average nicotine content of this particular brand of cigarettes.
Assume that the population is normally distributed. [Ans : 2.488<μ<4.712]

Q35. A random sample of 9 items is taken of a certain measurement. From the data it is
found that ƩX = 108 and ƩX 2 = 1584. Find the confidence limits for the population mean
at 95% confidence level. Assume that the population is normally distributed.[Ans:
7.388<μ>16.612]

Q36. In order to estimate the average amount that families of four people spend on
groceries each week at the Big Bazaar, a sample of size 15 was taken. The sample mean
was calculated as ₹2785, while the sample standard deviation was calculated to be ₹ 200.
Construct a 95% confidence interval for μ, the average weekly amount spent on groceries
at the Big Bazaar by families of four in the population, assuming that the population is
normally distributed.

[Ans: 2674.23<μ<2895.77]

Q37. Dr. J.K Thukral teaches mathematics to a total of 150 students. To estimate the mean
time his students spend on their assignment each night, he randomly selects 20 of his
students and finds the mean and standard deviation of this sample 2.3 hours and 0.7
hours, respectively. Assuming the population study time is normally distributed,
construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the mean amount of time spent each night
for all of Dr. Thukral’s students.[Ans: 2.046<μ<2.554]

Confidence Interval for Population Proportion

Q38 A random sample of 500 houses in a city disclosed that 125 of these houses had
colour TV sets. Find a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of houses in the city
with colour TV sets.

[Ans: .206<P<.294 ]

Q39. A random sample of 400 cigarette smokers is selected and 86 are found to have a
preference for brand X. Find a 90% confidence interval for the population,P, of all
cigarette smokers who prefer brand X.[Ans : .182<P<.248]

Q40. In a random sample of 81 items taken from a large consignment, some were found
to be defective. If the standard error of proportion of defection items in the sample is
1/18, find 95% confidence limits of the percentage of defective items in the consignment.

[Ans : 0.39<P<0.61]

Q41. A country public health department wants to estimate the proportion of adults in
the country who smoke at least a package of cigarettes every day. The adult population
of the country is 2500. A random sample of 400 adults is selected and, of these, 100 smoke
at least a pack a day construct a 99% confidence interval for the population.[Ans :
0.199<P<0.301]

DETERMINARTION OF SAMPLE SIZE UNDER t DISTRIBUTION

Q42. A firm wishes to estimate with maximum allowable error of 0.05 and a 95% level of
confidence, the proportion of consumers who prefer its product. How large a sample will
be required to make such an estimate if the preliminary sales reports indicate that 20%
of all consumer prefer the firm’s product? [Ans : 245.86]

Q43. A study is to be made to estimate the percentage of all car drivers in Delhi who
exceed the legal speed limit on ring road. How large a sample is needed if one wishes to
be at least 99% confident that our estimate is within 4% of the true percentage?[Ans:
1041]

CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF POPULATION VARIANCE(Chi Square Distribution).

Q44. Determine the Following:

a) The 95th percentile of the chi squared distribution with d.o.f = 10

b) The 5th percentile of the chi squared distribution with d.o.f=22
c) P(x2>14.611 or x2<37.652) with d.o.f= 25.

Q45. Given a sample variance of 127 from a set of 9 observation, construct a 95 percent
confidence interval for the population variance.[Ans :(57.941 , 466.055)]

MISCELLENEOUS QUESTION OF ESTIMATION.

Q1. An electrical firm manufactures light bulbs that have a length of life that is normally
distributed, with a standard deviation of 40 hours. If a random sample of 30 bulbs has
an average life of 780 hours, construct a 99% confidence interval for the population
mean of all bulbs produced by this firm.[Ans: 765.92<μ<794.308]

Q2. A manufacturer producing ball bearings wants to estimate the average diameter of
the day’s output to see if they meet minimum standards. He takes a random a random
sample of 100 ball bearings and the sample produces an average diameter of 0.75 inch.
In the past, the population standard deviation has been 0.05. Construct an interval
estimate with a 99 percent level of confidence.[Ans: 0.7371<μ<0.7629]

Q3. The amount of fill in 600-ml soft drink bottle is normally distributed. From the past
experience, the standard deviation of the fill is known to be 2.4 ml while the mean fill can
be adjusted. A random sample of 36 bottles yields the sample mean a 598.4 ml. Construct
a 90 percent confidence interval of mean amount of fill.[Ans: 597.742<μ< 599.058]

Q4. The average monthly electricity consumption for a sample of 100 families equals
1250 units. Assuming the standard deviation of electric consumption of all families is 150
units, construct a 95 percent confidence interval estimate of the actual mean electric
consumption.

[Ans : 1220.6<μ<1279.4]

Q5. A random sample of 121 electronic components is selected to determine their life
expectancy. The sample mean life expectancy was 648 hours, and the standard deviation
was 55 hours. At the 90 percent level of confidence, estimate the mean life expectancy of
the population of such components. [Ans: 639.775<μ<656.225]

Q6. A survey of 100 retailers revealed that the mean after-tax profit was ₹ 80,000. If we
assume that the population standard deviation is ₹ 15,000, determine the 95%
confidence interval estimate of the mean after-tax profit for all retailers.[Ans: 77060<
μ<82940]

Q7 Installation of a certain hardware takes a random amount of time with a standard

deviation of 5 minutes. A computer technician installs this hardware on 64 different
computers, with the average installation time of 42 minutes. Construct a 95% confidence
interval for the mean installation time.

[Ans: 40.775<μ<43.225]

Q8. The Indian Revenue Service (IRS) sampled 200 tax returns recently and found that
sample average income tax X amounted to ₹ 42,540 with a standard deviation of ₹
10,710. Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate for the population mean. [Ans:
41051.24<μ<44028.76]

Q9. The foreman of ABC mining company has estimated the average quantity of iron ore
extracted to be 36.8 tons per shift and the sample standard deviation per shift to be 2.8
tons based upon a random selection of 4 shifts. Assuming population values are normally
distributed, construct a 90 percent confidence interval around this estimate.[Ans :
33.51<μ<40.09]

Q10. The workers at Public Works Department (PWD) took a random sample of 800
manhole cover and found that 40 of them were defective. What is the 99% confidence
interval for P, the true proportion of defective manhole covers, based on this sample?
[Ans : .031<P<.069]

Q11. In a marketing survey for the introduction of a new product in a town, a sample of
400 persons was selected. When they were approached foe sale, 80 of them purchased
the product. Find the 95% confidence limits for the percentage of persons who would buy
the product in the town.

[Ans : .1608<P<.2392]

Q12. A population has a density function given by

(k  1) x k 0  x 1

f(x) =  0 otherwise

For n observation x1, x2, ……., xn made from this population, find the ‘Maximum
−𝑛
Likelihood Estimator’ of k. [Ans: 𝑘̂ = Ʃ𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 1]
𝑖

Q13. To test the durability of a new paint for white centrelinex, a highway department
painted strips across heavily travelled roads in 8 different locations and electronic
counters showed that they deteriorated after being crossed by 142600, 136500, 167800,
108300, 126400, 133700, 162000 and 149400 cars (All values are to the nearest
hundred). Construct a 95% confidence interval for the average number of crossings this
paint can withstand before it deteriorates. [Ans:95362.16 , 186321.83]

Q14. A random sample of n = 5 specimens of a certain kind of ice-cream has a mean fat
content of 12.7% and a standard deviation of 0.38%. Construct a 95% confidence Interval
for the standard deviation of the population sampled. Assume the population to be
normally distributed.[Ans:.1364 ,3.1405]

Q15. Let X a normally distributed variable with mean μ and variance α2. Consider the
problem of estimating μ from a random sample of size n of observation on X. The
proposed estimators are:
 n n

x i x
x1 i 2 i
ˆ1  i 1
ˆ 2  
(i) n 1 (ii) 2 2n

Check if the above estimators are unbiased. How would your answers in parts (i)
and (ii) be affected if sample size, n was infinitely large?[Ans: both are biased]

Q16 Let 𝑋 denote the mean of a random sample of size n from a normal population with
mean μ and variance α2 = 20. Find n such that the random interval (𝑋 – 2, 𝑋 +2)
includes μ at the 90% confidence level.[Ans:n=25]

Q17. The manufacturer of a certain brand of bulbs claims that the variance of the lifetimes
of these bulbs is 4,200 sq.hr. A consumer agency tested a random sample
of 25 of these bulbs and found the variance to be 5,200 sq.hr.Construct a 99 percent
confidence interval for the variance of the lifetimes of all such bulbs. [Ans :2739.365,
12623.91]

Q18. Professional tennis players were asked to rate a new racket on a scale of 0 to 10. A
sample of 25 players generated a mean rating of 7.3 with standard deviation
1.01.Construct a 90 percent confidence interval for the average rating of all tennis
players. Assume that ratings are normally distributed. [Ans : 6.954 , 7.646]

Q19. According to a report, the average starting monthly salary for a random sample of
700 Economics major graduates was Rs 40,906 and the corresponding average for a
random sample of 1000 Business major graduates was Rs 38,188. The” standard
deviation of starting salaries of college graduates is known to be Rs 5,600 for Economics
majors and Rs 5,900 for Business majors.

(i) What are the point estimator and point estimate of the difference in mean
salaries for the two population of Economics major graduates (μ1) and
Business major graduates (μ2)?[Ans :2718]

(ii) Construct a 97% confidence interval for μ1 - μ2 [Ans : 2709.91 , 2726.09]

Q20 The manufacturer of a certain brand of fans claims that the variance of the lifetime of
these fans is 4000 sq. hrs. A consumer agency tested a random sample of 25 of these fans
and found the variance to be 4500 sq. hrs. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the
 variance of the life times of all such fans. State the underlying assumption, if
any.[Ans:2370.605,10924.54]

Q21. Determine the confidence level for each of the following one sided confidence bounds:

(i) Upper bound 𝑋 + .74𝑠/√100

(ii) Lower Bound 𝑋 − 2.06𝑠/√150
(iii) Upper bound 𝑋 + 1.753𝑠/√16

Q22. The average signing bonus for 10 players in a local hockey team is found to be Rs.
65890 with standard deviation equal to Rs.12,300. Assume the signing bonus for all
players to be normally distributed.
(i). Find a 98% confidence interval for the true signing bonus of a player
(ii) How can the interval you found be made more reliable? is there any loss
associate with an increase in reliability? Explain.

Q23. Assume a random sample (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … … 𝑋𝑛 ) from a population with mean 𝜇 and
standard deviation 𝜎 2 .
(1∗𝑋1 +2∗𝑋2 +3∗𝑋3 +⋯………..+𝑛∗𝑋𝑛 )
(i) Show that 𝜇̂ = is unbiased
(0.5𝑛(𝑛+1)
2(2𝑛+1)𝜎 2
(ii) Show that variance of 𝜇̂ = 3𝑛(𝑛+1)

Q24. Assume that elasticity of a rubber pipe (measured in ksi units) is normally
distributed with standard deviation equals to 0.75ksi.
i. Find a 95% confidence interval for true pipe elasticity if a sample of 20
pipes yields sample average of 4.56ksi.
ii. What is the sample size needed if we want to be 99% confident that true
average elasticity is within 0.2 ksi of the sample mean?

Q25. Suppose true average runs scored by Team A and Team B are equal in a college,
equal to 𝜇. The variance in runs scored team A is 𝜎 2 , whereas it is 4𝜎 2 for team B. Let 𝐴
denotes average runs from a sample of M games played by A, while 𝐵 denotes average
runs from a sample of N games played by B. Let the estimator for 𝜇 𝑏𝑒 𝜇̂ = 𝛼𝐴 + 𝛽𝐵.
i. Under what condition is 𝜇̂ unbiased.
ii. What is the variance of this estimator?

Q26. Consider a random sample (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … … 𝑋𝑛 ) from a probability mass function

𝑃(𝑥; 𝜃) = 𝑥 𝜃 (𝜃 + 1) where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1.
i. Find an estimator for 𝜃 using method of moments.
ii. Use the above estimator to obtain a point estimate for 𝜃 when the sample
obtained is (0.1,0.3,0.5).
Q27. For each of the following confidence intervals for population mean drawn from
samples from normally distributed population, find the confidence level, width and
mention the distribution associated with the statistic used.
𝜎 𝜎
i. (𝑋 − 1.4 𝑛 , 𝑋 + 2.05 𝑛) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 49
√ √
𝑠 𝑠
ii. (𝑋 − 2.069 , 𝑋 + 2.807 𝑛) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 24
√𝑛 √
Q28. Consider a random sample (𝑋1 , 𝑋2 , 𝑋3 … … 𝑋𝑛 ) from a probability distribution
function f(x : 𝜃) = 𝑥 𝜃−1 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. Find a maximum likelihood estimator for 𝜃.

Q29. Let 𝜃̂ be an estimator for a population with mean 𝜃, and variance 𝜎 2 . if a random
3𝑋 −2𝑋 −𝑘𝑋
sample of size 3 is draw, and 𝜃̂ = 1 𝑘 2 3 . What value of k will give bias (𝜃̂ )=2𝜃.