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Chapter 8
Chapter 8
Sampling
Distributions
8-3 Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Statistics such as x are random variables since
their value varies from sample to sample. As
such, they have probability distributions
associated with them. In this chapter we focus
on theshape, center and spread of statistics such
as x .
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The sampling distribution of a statistic is a
probability distribution for all possible values of
the statistic computed from a sample of size n.
The sampling distribution of the sample mean
x
is the probability distributionx of all possible
values of the random variable computed from
a sample of size n from a population with mean
μ and standard deviation σ.
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• Let’s consider a population consisting of
{4, 5, 9} - ages of someone’s children
If two ages are randomly selected with
replacement from the population, identify the
sampling distribution of the sample mean.
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Sample Distribution of Mean
x
Sample Sample Mean Probability
4,4 4.0 1/9
4,5 4.5 1/9
4,9 6.5 1/9
5,4 4.5 1/9
5,5 5.0 1/9
5,9 7.0 1/9
9,4 6.5 1/9
9,5 7.0 1/9
9,9 9 1/9
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Sampling Distribution of
Mean(condensed)
x
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Illustrating Sampling Distributions
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Illustrating Sampling Distributions
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Illustrating Sampling Distributions
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Objective 1
• Describe the Distribution of the Sample Mean:
Normal Population
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Parallel Example 1: Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean-Normal
Population
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The data on the following slide represent the
sample means for the 200 simple random samples
of size n = 5.
For example, the first sample of n = 5 had the
following data:
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Sample Means for Samples of Size n = 5
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The mean of the 200 sample means is 2.46, the
same as the mean of the population.
The standard deviation of the sample means is
0.0086, which is smaller than the standard
deviation of the population.
The next slide shows the histogram of the
sample means.
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What role does n, the sample size, play in the
standard deviation of the distribution of the
sample mean?
8-19 Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
What role does n, the sample size, play in the
standard deviation of the distribution of the
sample mean?
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Parallel Example 2: The Impact of Sample Size on Sampling
Variability
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The mean of the 200 sample means for n = 20 is still 2.46,
but the standard deviation is now 0.0045 (0.0086 for n =
5). As expected, there is less variability in the distribution
of the sample mean with n =20 than with n = 5.
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The Mean and Standard Deviation of the
Sampling Distribution of x
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Parallel Example 3: Describing the Distribution of the
Sample Mean
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Solution
0.02
• x is normally distributed with x =2.46 and x 0.0063 .
10
2.465 2.46
• Z 0.79 .
0.0063
• P(Z > 0.79) = 1 –
0.7852
= 0.2148.
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Objective 2
• Describe the Distribution of the Sample Mean:
Nonnormal Population
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Parallel Example 4: Sampling from a Population that is Not
Normal
μ = 3.5, σ = 1.708
Note that the population distribution is NOT normal
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Estimate the sampling distribution of x by obtaining
200 simple random samples of size n = 4 and
calculating the sample mean for each of the 200
samples. Repeat for n = 10 and 30.
distribution of the sample
Histograms of the sampling
mean for each sample size are given on the next slide.
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Key Points from Example 4
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Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes.
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
8-34 Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes.
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Solution: x is approximately normally distributed
3.2
with mean = 11.4 and std. dev. = 0.5409 .
35
8-35 Copyright © 2014, 2013, 2010 and 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.
Parallel Example 5: Using the Central Limit Theorem
Suppose that the mean time for an oil change at a “10-minute
oil change joint” is 11.4 minutes with a standard deviation
of 3.2 minutes.
(a) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected,
describe the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Solution: x is approximately normally distributed
3.2
with mean = 11.4 and std. dev. = 0.5409 .
35
(b) If a random sample of n = 35 oil changes is selected, what
is the probability the mean oil change time is less than 11
minutes?
11 11.4
Solution: Z 0.74, P(Z < –0.74) = 0.23.
0.5409
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Designing Elevators
When designing elevators, an obviously important
consideration is the weight capacity. An Ohio college
studetn died when he tried to escape from a dormitory
elevator that was overloaded with 24 passengers. The
elevator was rated for a capacity of 16 passengers with a
total weight of 2500 lb. Weight of adults are changing over
time(table below). WE assume
a worst-case scenario in
which all of the passengers are males. If an elevator is
loaded to a capacity of 2500 lb with 16 males, the mean
weight of a passenger is 156.25 lb.
Males Females
µ 182.9 lb 165.0 lb
40.8 lb 45.6 lb
The distribution is Normal for both males and females.
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(a) Find the probablity that 1 randomly selected adult male has
a weight greater than 156.25
(b) Find the probability that a sample of 16 randomly selected
adult males has a maximum capacity of 156.25 lb
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(a) Approach used for an individual Value z 0.65
(b) Sample has a mean: 40.8
x 10.2 x 10.2
16
z 2.61
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Section 8.2
Distribution of the
Sample
Proportion
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Objective 1
• Describe the Sampling Distribution of a
Sample Proportion
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Point Estimate of a Population
Proportion
Suppose that a random sample of size n is obtained
from a population in which each individual either
does or does not have a certain characteristic. The
sample proportion, denoted pˆ (read “p-hat”) is
given by x
pˆ
n
where x is the number of individuals in the sample
with the specified characteristic. The sample
pˆ is a statistic that estimates the
proportion
population proportion, p.
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Parallel Example 1: Computing a Sample Proportion
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Parallel Example 1: Computing a Sample Proportion
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Parallel Example 2: Using Simulation to Describe the
Distribution of the Sample Proportion
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• Note: The mean of the sample proportions
equals the population proportion
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Key Points from Example 2
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Sampling Distribution of p̂
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Solution
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Parallel Example 4: Compute Probabilities of a Sample
Proportion
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Solution
• n = 90 is less than 5% of the population size
• np(1 – p) = 90(.188)(1 – .188) ≈ 13.7 ≥ 10
• pˆ is approximately normal with mean=0.188 and
standard deviation = (0.188)(1 0.188)
0.0412
90
(a) In a random sample of 90 school-aged children, aged
6-11 years, what is the probability that at least 19%
are overweight?
0.19 0.188
Z 0.0485, P(Z > 0.05)=1 – 0.5199=0.4801
0.0412
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Solution
• pˆ is approximately normal with mean = 0.188 and
standard deviation = 0.0412
(b) Suppose a random sample of 90 school-aged
children, aged 6-11 years, results in 24 overweight
children. What might you conclude?
24 0.2667 0.188
p̂ 0.2667 , Z 1.91
90 0.0412
P(Z > 1.91) = 1 – 0.9719 = 0.028.
We would only expect to see about 3 samples in 100
resulting in a sample proportion of 0.2667 or more.
This is an unusual sample if the true population
proportion is 0.188.
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