WEEK 5: SAMPLING AND SAMPLING

DISTRIBUTIONS

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the week:
1. Illustrate random sampling
2. Distinguish between parameter and statistic
3. Finds the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean

DURATION:
1 Week

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Identifies sampling distributions of statistics (sample mean).
2. Defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean for normal population
when the variance is a.) known b.) unknown

AREA OF COMPETENCY:
CRITICAL THINKING

REFERENCES
_________________________________________________________________
Statistics and Probability E-Learning book

MATERIALS NEEDED/TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

_________________________________________________________________

Developer/ Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Instructor
General Mathematics
Date Developed November 2020 (Core Subject)
Page Number 1
 INFORMATION SHEET NO. 5
What is a random sample?
A random sample is a sample that is chosen randomly. It could be more
accurately called a randomly chosen sample.
Random samples are used to avoid bias and other unwanted effects. Of course,
it isn't quite as simple as it seems: choosing a random sample isn't as simple as just
picking 100 people from 10,000 people.

What is random sampling?

Random Sampling is the process of choosing a representative sample from a
target population and collecting data from that sample in order to understand something
about the population as a whole.

What are the types of random sampling?

The types of random sampling are simple, stratified and multistage.
Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a
group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population).
A simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group. It
is considered a fair way to select a sample from a larger population since every member
of the population has an equal chance of getting selected.
An example of a simple random sample would be the names of 25 employees
being chosen from a company of 250 employees.
Stratified random sampling is a factor which divides the population into sub-
populations (groups/strata) and we may expect the measurement of interest to vary
among the different sub-populations.
The word Strata is the plural form of stratum, which means a subgroup.
If there are two or more subgroup, it is called strata.
We use stratified random sampling for a population that has a distinct element
because in a stratified random sampling, we are dividing the population into a certain
group based on their classification.
Example, a farmer wishes to milk each cow type in his herd which consists of 4
breeds.
He could divide his cows into four sub-groups and collect milk.
Multistage random sample is constructed by taking a series of simple random
samples in stages.
This type of sampling is often more practical than simple random sampling for
studies requiring "on location" analysis such as door-to-door surveys

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 2
What is a parameter?
Parameters are numbers that summarizes data for an entire population.
It is any numerical quantity that characterizes a given population or some aspect
of it.
It tells something about the whole population.
What is statistics?
Statistics are numbers that summarize data from a sample.
It is a single measure of some attribute of a sample.
It is any function (attribute) of a sample.
It is a single measure of some attribute of a sample. It is any function (attribute)
of a sample.

What is the difference between a parameter and a statistics?

Parameter is a characteristic of a population.
Statistics is a characteristic of a sample.
A Population Parameter is a summary measure to describe the characteristics of
the whole population. It is usually denoted by Greek letters.
A Sample Statistic is a summary measure computed from a sample to describe
the characteristic of the whole population
MEASURE STATISTIC PARAMETER
Mean x́ μ
Variance s 2
σ 2

Standard Deviation s σ
Sampling Distribution
Sampling can be done in two ways: with or without replacement.
 For sampling with replacement, any datum chosen from the population to
form the sample is returned to the population so that it has a chance of
being chosen again. The size of the population remains the same in every
selection of a sampling unit.
 For sampling without replacement , it indicates that once a sampling unit is
chosen, it has no further chance of being chosen. In this case, the size of
the population available for sampling is reduced as each sampling unit is
chosen.
Random Sample
A random sample chosen without replacement is called a simple random sample.
If the population under investigation is large enough, then sampling without
replacement may be approximated by sampling with replacement
Sampling distribution of sample means

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 3
 A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the
means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a
population.
The means vary from sample to sample.
In a given data {2,4,9,10,5}.
Let us list all possible samples of sizes 3 from this population and compute the
mean of each sample.
Sample Mean
2,4,9 (2+4+9)/3 5.00
2,4,10 (2+4+10)/3 5.33
2,4,5 (2+4+5)/3 3.67
2,9,10 (2+9+10)/3 7.00
2,9,5 (2+9+5)/3 5.33
2,10,5 (2+40+5)/3 5.67
4,9,10 (4+9+10)/3 7.67
4,9,5 (4+9+5)/3 6.00
4,10,5 (4+10+5)/3 6.33
9,10,5 (9+10+5)/3 8.00

Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. Thus, any mean based on the
sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for the samples.
So we can say that the sample mean is a random variable which depends on a
particular sample. The sampling distribution of a sample mean is the probability that the
mean of a given sample would appear. A sampling distribution shows every possible
result a statistic can take in every possible sample from a population and how often
each result may happen.
The sampling distribution of sample means
Sample mean x́ Frequency Probability (P X́ = x́ )
3.67 1 1/10
5.00 1 1/10
5.33 2 2/10
5.67 1 1/10
6.00 1 1/10
6.33 1 1/10
7.00 1 1/10
7.67 1 1/10
8.00 1 1/10
In order to get the sample mean and variance:
Formula for mean
E ( X́ ) =∑ x́∗P( X́= x́ )

Sample mean x́ Probability (P X́ = x́ ) ∑ x́∗P ( X́ =x́)

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 4
 3.67 1/10 0.367
5.00 1/10 0.5
5.33 2/10 1.066
5.67 1/10 0.567
6.00 1/10 0.6
6.33 1/10 0.633
7.00 1/10 0.7
7.67 1/10 0.767
8.00 1/10 0.8
E ( X́ ) =0.367+0.5+ 1.066+0.567+0.6+ 0.633+0.7+ 0.767+0.8
E ( X́ ) =6

Formula for Variance

2
VAR ( X́ )=∑ ( x́−E ( X́ ) ) ∗P( X́ =x́)
x́ P( X́ = x́) x́−E ( X́ ) 2
( x́−E ( X́ ) )
2
( x́−E ( X́ ) ) ∗P ( X́= x́ )
3.67 1/10 -2.33 5.42 0.542
5.00 1/10 -1 1 0.1
5.33 2/10 -0.67 0.448 0.089
5.67 1/10 -0.33 0.108 0.0108
6.00 1/10 0 0 0
6.33 1/10 0.33 0.108 0.0108
7.00 1/10 1 1 0.1
7.67 1/10 1.67 2.78 0.278
8.00 1/10 2 4 0.4
VAR ( X́ )=0.542+0.1+0.089+ 0.010+8+0+ 0.0108+0.1+0.278+0.4
VAR ( X́ )=1.5306

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 5
 SELF CHECK NO. 5
Name:__________________________________ Date:___________
Track/Strand:____________________________ Score:_____/10

Complete the Table and Determine the E ( X́ ) =∑ x́∗P( X́= x́ )

Sample mean x́ Probability (P X́ = x́ ) ∑ x́∗P ( X́ =x́)
3.45 2/10
4.55 1/10
6.45 2/10
6.42 1/10
5.45 2/10
7.14 1/10
5.14 1/10

JOBSHEET NO. 5

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 6
Name:________________________________ Date:_____________
Track/Strand:__________________________ Score:____________
2
Complete the Table and Determine the VAR ( X́ )=∑ ( x́−E ( X́ ) ) ∗P( X́ =x́)
x́ P( X́ = x́) x́−E ( X́ ) ( x́−E ( X́ ) )
2 2
( x́−E ( X́ ) ) ∗P ( X́= x́ )
3.45 2/10
4.55 1/10
6.45 2/10
6.42 1/10
5.45 2/10
7.14 1/10
5.14 1/10

Developer Mr. Niejay A. Llagas

Date Developed November 2020 Statistics and Probability

(Core Subject)
Page Number 7