UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

BALZAIN CAMPUS, TUGUEGARAO CITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL “Kasama mo sa Iyong mga Pangarap.” ”

Name of Student: GHIMAR CUNTAPAY Year/Section:GRADE11 HUMSS11 B-1

Subject: STATISTICS AND PROBABLYTY Teacher: Jackelyn A. Peralta

MODULE No. 1
TITLE: Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

OVERVIEW/ You have learned in your previous lessons how to construct frequency
INTRODUCTIO distribution and probability distribution. In this module, you will learn
N how to construct sampling distribution of sample means.

LEARNING At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:
OBJECTIVES 1. distinguish between parameter and statistic
2. construct sampling distribution of sample means.

LEARNING
OUTCOMES a. identify if the given is a parameter or a statistic.
b. Answer the given by following the steps in constructing the
sampling distribution of the sample means.

Part 1. Discussion/Situational analysis/Content Etc:

Researchers use sampling if taking a census of the entire population is impractical. Data
from the sample are used to calculate statistics, which are estimates of the corresponding
population parameters. For instance, a sample might be drawn from the population, its mean
is calculated, and this value is used as a statistic or an estimate for the population mean. For
example, you randomly poll voters in an election. You find that 55% of the population plans
to vote for candidate A. That is a statistic. Why? You only asked a small sample-a sample
percentage- of the population who they are voting for. You calculated what te population
was likely to do based on a sample. The difference between a statistic and a parameter is that
statistic describes a sample. A parameter describes an entire population. We say that the
sample mean is an estimate of the population mean µ.

To construct the sampling distribution of the sample means, follow the following steps:

1. Determine the number of possible samples that can be drawn from the population
using the formula
N!
NCn =
( N −n ! )( n ) !
where N= size of the population
n= size of the sample
 2. List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.
3. Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in step 2.

Example 1
A population consists of the numbers 2, 4, 9, 10, and 5. Let us list all the possible
samples of size 3 from this population and compute the mean of each sample.

Step 1: How many samples can be drawn?

There are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can be drawn from the given
population. This can be determined by using the formula NCn where N=5 and n=3.

5! 5∗4∗3∗2∗1
5C3= = =10
( 5−3 ) ! 3 ! ( 2∗1 ) (3∗2∗1)

Step 2: We shall list all the possible samples and compute the mean of each
sample.
Sample Mean
2, 4, 9 5.00
2, 4, 10 5.33
2, 4, 5 3.67
2, 9, 10 7.00
2, 9, 5 5.33
2, 10, 5 5.67
4, 9, 10 7.67
4, 9, 5 6.00
4, 10, 5 6.33
9, 10, 5 8.00

Step 3: This time, let us make a frequency distribution of the sample means. We
shall call this frequency distribution the sampling distribution of the sample
means.
Sample Mean Frequency
3.67 1
5.00 1
5.33 2
5.67 1
6.00 1
6.33 1
7.00 1
7.67 1
8.00 1
Total n=10
 A sampling distribution of sample means is a frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population.
Observe that the means vary from sample to sample. For example, the mean of sample
having 2,4, and 9 is 5.00 while the mean of sample having 2, 4, 10 is 5.33. Thus, any mean based
on the sample drawn from a population is expected to assume different values for the samples.
So, this leads us to a conclusion that sample mean is a random variable, which depends on a
particular sample. Being a random variable, it has a probability distribution. The probability
distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means

Sample Mean X́ Frequency Probability P(X)
3.67 1 1/10= 0.10
5.00 1 1/10= 0.10
5.33 2 2/10= 0.20
5.67 1 1/10= 0.10
6.00 1 1/10= 0.10
6.33 1 1/10= 0.10
7.00 1 1/10= 0.10
7.67 1 1/10= 0.10
8.00 1 1/10= 0.10
Total n=10 1.00

Example 2
Samples of two cards are drawn at random from a population of 4 cards numbered from 1
to 4.

Step 1: How many possible numbers can be drawn? Using the formula NCn where
N= 4 and n= 2,
4! 4∗3∗2∗1
8C3= = =6
( 4−2 ) !(2 !) ( 2∗1 ) (2∗1)
Step 2: List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.

Sample Mean
1, 2 1.5
1, 3 2.0
1, 4 2.5
2, 3 2.5
2, 4 3.0
3, 4 3.5

Step 3: Construct the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means. For the
frequency distribution of the sample means, we have:
 Sample Mean Frequency
1.5 1
2.0 1
2.5 2
3.0 1
3.5 1
Total 6

Probability Distribution of the Sample Means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability P(X)
1.5 1 1/6
2.0 1 1/6
2.5 2 2/6
3.0 1 1/6
3.5 1 1/6
Total 6 1.00

Exercises
1. Identify the following if it is a parameter or statistic. (2 points each)
a. 10% of US senators voted for a particular measure. There are only
100 senators.
b. 60% of US residents agree with the latest health care proposal. It’s
not possible to Actually ask hundreds of millions of people
whether they agree.
c. 30% of dog owners poop scoop after their dog. Its impossible to
survey all dog-owners-no one keeps an accurate track of exactly
how many people own dogs.
d. 33% of 120 workers at a particular bike factory were paid less than
P60, 000.00 per year. You have the payroll data for all the workers.
e. 50% of 500 students interviewed love to drink coffee in the
morning.
2. A population consists of the five numbers 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11. Consider
samples of size 2 that can be drawn from this population. Follow the steps
in constructing sampling distribution of the sample means.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
BALZAIN CAMPUS, TUGUEGARAO CITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL “Kasama mo sa Iyong mga Pangarap.” ”

Name of Student: Ghilmar Cuntapay Year/Section: GRADE 11 HUMMS 11 B-1

Subject: STATISTICS AND PROBABLITY Teacher: Jackelyn A. Peralta

MODULE No. 2
TITLE: Finding the Mean and Variance of the Sampling Distribution of
Means

OVERVIEW/ We have learned how to find the mean and variance of a frequency
INTRODUCTIO distribution and probability distribution. In this module, we will learn how
N to find the mean and variance of a sampling distribution of the sample
means.
LEARNING At the end of this module, the learner should be able to find the mean and
OBJECTIVES variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
LEARNING Compute the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the
OUTCOMES sample means and compare this to the mean and variance of the
 population.

Part 1. Discussion/Situational analysis/Content Etc:

In this module, you will learn how to describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its mean and variance. You will also make a general conclusion regarding
the mean, variance, and shape of the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Recall:
A sampling distribution of a sample means is a frequency distribution using the means
computed from all possible random samples of a specific size taken from a population
The probability distribution of the sample means is also called the sampling distribution
of the sample means, with the sample means as the random variable
Steps in constructing the sampling distribution of the sample means

Because the sampling distribution P( of sample means is essentially a discrete

probability distribution , the computation of the mean and variance of P( is the same as
for any discrete probability distribution.

For the sampling distribution P( of the sample means:

Mean: =Σ
Variance:
Standard Deviation : =

Mean and Variance of Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

Example 1
Consider a population consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppose samples of size 3 are drawn
from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample means,.
What is the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means?
How are the actual mean and variance of the population related to the mean and variance
of the sampling distribution?
Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the population mean.
Steps Solution
Compute the mean of the population =3

So, the mean of the population is 3.00.

Compute the variance of the population

( X X-
1 -2 4
2 -1 1
 3 0 0
4 1 1
5 2 4
= 10

=
So, the variance of the population is 2.00.
The standard deviation is =1.41
Determine the number of possible Use the formula NCn. Here N= 5 and n= 3.
samples of size n= 3. 5C3= 10
So, there are 10 possible samples of size 3 that can
be drawn.

List all possible samples and their Samples Mean

corresponding means. 1, 2 1.50
1, 3 2.00
1, 4 2.50
1, 5 3.00
2, 3 2.50
2, 4 3.00
2, 5 3.50
3, 4 3.50
3, 5 4.00
4, 5 4.50
Construct the sampling distribution of Sample Frequency Probability
the sample means. Mean ( P(
1.50 1 1/10
2.00 1 1/10
2.50 2 1/5
3.00 2 1/5
3.50 2 1/5
4.00 1 1/10
4.50 1 1/ 10
Total 10 1.00
Compute the mean of the sampling
distribution of the sample means .
Follow these steps:
Multiply the sample mean
by the corresponding
probability. Sample Probability * P(
Add the results. Mean ( P(
1.50 1/10 0.15
2.00 1/10 0.20
2.50 1/5 0.50
3.00 1/5 0.60
 3.50 1/5 0.70
4.00 1/10 0.40
4.50 1/ 10 0.45
Total 1.00 3.00

So the sampling distribution of the sample means is

3.00.

ComputeP(the variance ( of the sampling

P(
distribution
1.50 1/10 of the sample
-1.50 2.25 means.
0.225 ( =0.75
Follow these
2.00 1/10 steps:
-1.00 1.00 0.100
2.50 Subtract
1/5 the population
-0.50 0.25 mean from
0.050 So, the variance of the sampling distribution
each sample mean. Label this as . is 0.75
3.00 1/5 0.00 0.00 0.000
Square the difference. Label this as To compute for the standard deviation,
3.50 1/5 0.50 0.25 0.050
Multiply the results by the = ==
4.00 1/10 1.00 1.00 0.100
corresponding probability. Label
4.50 this 1/ 10 1.50 2.25 0.225
as P(
TotalAdd1.00
the results. 0.750
Construct the histogram for the
sampling distribution of the sample
means.

We can also find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution by using the
alternative formula. Let us try this example:

Example 2.
Consider a group of N= 4 people with the following ages: 18, 20, 22, and 24. Suppose
samples of size 2 are drawn from this population without replacement. If X is the age of one
person in the group and is the average age of the two people in a sample find the mean and
variance of the sampling distribution of X.

Solution: Sampling without replacement

Compute the mean of the population
=

Compute the variance of the population (

X X-
18 -3 9
20 -1 1
22 1 1
24 3 9
= 20

So, the variance of the population is 5.00.

The standard deviation is =2.236

Determine the number of possible samples of size n= 2. Use the formula NCn. Here N= 4
and n= 2.
4C2= 6
So, there are 6 possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn.

List all the possible samples and compute the mean of each sample.

Sample Mean (X)

18, 20 19
18, 22 20
18, 24 21
20, 22 21
20, 24 22
22, 24 23

Construct a frequency distribution of the sample means obtained in step 2.

Sample Mean Frequency

19 1
20 1
21 2
22 1
23 1
Total 6

Construct a probability distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability P()
19 1 1/6
 20 1 1/6
21 2 1/3
22 1 1/6
23 1 1/6
Total 6 1

Computing the mean and variance:

P P
19 1/6 3.17 60.17
20 1/6 3.33 66.67
21 1/3 7.00 147.00
22 1/6 3.67 80.67
23 1/6 3.83 88.17
Total 1 = 21.00 442.67

Variance: = 442.67-212 = 1.67

Standard Deviation: =
Let us summarize what we have done from the preceding activities by comparing the means and
variances of the population and the sampling distribution of the means.

Example 1 Example 2
Population (N=5) Sampling Population (N=4) Sampling
Distribution of Distribution of
the sample the sample Means
Means (n=2) (n=2)
Mean
Variance 0.75
Standard 1.292
deviation

Observe that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is always equal
to the mean of the population. The variance of the sampling distribution is obtained by using the
formula . This formula holds when the population is finite.
A finite population is one that consists of a finite or fixed number of elements,
measurements, or observations while an infinite population contains hypothetically, at least,
infinite elements.
The expression In general, when the population is large and the sample size is small, the
correction factor is not used since it will be very closed to 1.

Properties of the Sampling Distribution of Sample Mean

If all possible samples of size n are drawn from a population of size N, with mean and
variance then the sampling distribution of the sample means has the following properties:
 The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means is equal to the population
mean that is, =
The variance of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
for finite population; and
for infinite population.
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is given by:
for finite population where is the finite population factor

The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means is also known as
the standard error of the mean. It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample mean (
A good estimate of the mean is obtained if the standard error of the mean ( is small or
close to zero, while a poor estimate if the standard error of the mean (is large. Observe that the
value of depends on the size of the sample n.
Thus, if we want to get a good estimate of the population mean, we have to make n
sufficiently large.

The Central Limit Theorem

If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the shape of
the population distribution.

Describing the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Means from an Infinite Population

Example 3
A population has a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 5. A random sample of 16
measurements is drawn from this population. Describe the sampling distribution of the sample
means by computing its mean and standard deviation.

Steps Solution
Identify the given information Here
Find the mean of the sampling distribution. =
Use the property that =. =60
Find the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution. Use the property that =
=
=1.25

Exercises
Module Number: 2

Name: Ghilmar CUNTAPAY Strand/Block: Humss 11 block 1

A population consists of the five measurements 2, 6, 8, 0, and 1.

What is the mean and standard deviation ( of the population?
 How many different samples of size n=2 can be drawn from the population? List them
with their corresponding means.
Sample Mean

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability P()

What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means? Compare this
to the mean of the population (.
What is the standard deviation () of the sampling distribution of the sample
means? Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.

List the ages of your 5 friends.

List all possible samples of size 3 and their corresponding means.
Sample Mean

Construct the sampling distribution of the sample means.

Sample Mean Frequency Probability P()
Draw the histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Calculate the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means. Compare this to
the mean of the population.
Calculate the standard deviation () of the sampling distribution of the sample means.
Compare this to the standard deviation of the population.
Solve the following problems. Assume that the population is infinite in each case.
A random sample of n=60 measurements is obtained from a population with =192 and =
43. Describe the sampling distribution for the sample means by computing the and .
A random sample of n=100 measurements is obtained from a population with = 55 and =
20. Describe the sampling distribution for the sample means by computing the and .
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
BALZAIN CAMPUS, TUGUEGARAO CITY

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL “Kasama mo sa Iyong mga Pangarap.” ”

Name of Student: Ghimar Cuntapay Year/Section: GRADE 11 HUMMS 11 B-1

Subject: STATISTICS AND PROBABLYTY Teacher: Jackelyn A. Peralta

MODULE No. 3
TITLE: Solving Problems Involving Sampling Distribution of Sample Means

OVERVIEW/ The Central Limit Theorem assures us that the sampling distribution
INTRODUCTIO regardless of the shape of the population. In view of this, we can use the
N normal distribution as our mathematical model in solving problems
involving sampling distribution of the sample means. In this module, we
shall apply the Central Limit Theorem in solving practical problems
involving sampling distribution of the sample means.

LEARNING At the end of this module, the learner should be able to:
OBJECTIVES illustrate the Central Limit Theorem
solve problems involving sampling distribution of the sample
means

Part 1. Discussion/Situational analysis/Content Etc:

The Central Limit Theorem

If random samples of size n are drawn from a population, then as n becomes larger, the
sampling distribution of the mean approaches the normal distribution, regardless of the
shape of the distribution.

This means that if the sample size n drawn from a finite population of any shape is large
enough, then it is safe to assume that the distribution is approximately normal, and thus, the
following can be used:
= and;
=

According to some statistics books, the sample size n is large enough when

Two things to remember in using the Central Limit Theorem:

When the original variable is normally distributed, the distribution of the sample means
will be normally distributed for any sample size n;
When the distribution of the original variable might not be normal, a sample size of 30 or
more is needed to use a normal distribution to approximate the distribution of the sample
means. The larger the sample, the better the approximation will be.
 For a normally (or approximately normally) distributed population with mean and
standard deviation, the equivalent z-score of a sample mean from the sampling distribution of
means is given by the formula
or
where = sample mean
=population mean
= population standard deviation
n= sample size

Example 1.
The average time it takes a group of college students to complete a certain examination is
46.2 minutes. The standard deviation is 8 minutes. Assume that the variable is normally
distributed.

What is the probability that a randomly selected college student will complete the
examination in less than 43 minutes?
Steps Solution

Identify the given information.

X=43

Identify what is asked for? P(X< 43)

Identify the formula to be Here we are dealing with an

used. individual data obtained from the
population. So, we will use the
formula to standardize 43.

Solve the problem.

 =
= -0.40

We shall find P(X< 43) by getting

the area under the normal curve.

P(X < 43) = P(z < -0.40)

= 0.5000-0.1554
= 0.3446

State the final answer. So, the probability that a randomly

selected college student will
complete the examination in less
than 43 minutes is 0.3446 or
34.46%.

If randomly 50 selected college students take the examination, what is the probability that
the mean time it takes the group to complete the test will be less than 43 minutes?

Steps Solution

Identify the given information.

= 43
n=50

Identify what is asked for? P( X < 43 )

Identify the formula to be Here we are dealing with data about

used. the sample means. So, we will use
the formula to standardize 43.

Solve the problem.

 = = or -2.83

We shall find P(X<43) by getting

the area under the normal curve.

P(X<43)= P(z < -2.83)

= 0.5000- 0.4977
= 0.0023

State the final answer. So, the probability that 50

randomly selected college students
will complete the test in less than
43 minutes is 0.0023 or 0.23%.

Does it seem reasonable that a college student would finish the examination in less than
43 minutes? Yes.

Does it seem reasonable that the mean of the 50 college students could be less than 43
minutes? No, it is very unlikely.

Example 2
The heights of a group of boys are normally distributed with a mean of 54 inches and
standard deviation of 2.5 inches.
What percentage of the population would have heights between 53 inches and 56 inches?

Identify the given information.

Identify what is asked for?

 Identify the formula to be used. Here we are dealing only with the
population. The heights are normally
distributed, so we shall use the normal
distribution as our mathematical model to
solve the problem. We will use the formula
to standardize 53 and 56.

Solve the problem. If X= 53, then

= or -0.4

If X=56, then

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

State the final answer. So, the percentage or probability that the
population would have heights between 53
inches and 56 inches is 0.4435 or 44.35%.

2. If a boy is chosen at random from this population, what is the probability that he is
taller than 52 inches?

Identify the given information.

Identify what is asked for?

 Identify the formula to be used. Again, we are dealing with the population
in this problem. We need to convert the
given height to standard scores or z-scores.
We will use the formula to standardize 52.

Solve the problem.

If X=52, then

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

State the final answer. Thus, the probability that a randomly

selected boy is taller than 52 inches is
0.7881 or 78.81%.
3. If all possible samples of size 25 are drawn from this population, what percentage of
them would have means between 53 inches and 55 inches?

Identify the given information.

Identify what is asked for?

Identify the formula to be used. Here, we shall use to replace X and use to
replace in converting heights to standard
 scores because we are dealing with samples
drawn from population. So we shall use the
fact from the Central Limit theorem that.
Thus, we shall use the formula. This
formula is also equivalent to .

Solve the problem.

If = 53, n=25, then

If = 55, n=25, then

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

State the final answer. Thus, the percentage or probability that all
possible samples of size 25 drawn from this
population would have means between 53
inches and 55 inches is 0.9544 or 95.44%.

4. If a random sample of size 81 is drawn from this population, what is the probability
that the mean of this sample is larger than 53.5 inches?

Identify the given information.

 Identify what is asked for?

Identify the formula to be used. We need to convert the given height to

standard scores or z-scores. Again, we shall
use Here, we shall use because we are
dealing with sample means.

Solve the problem. If = 53.5, n=81, then

Using the Table for Areas of the Normal

Distribution, we have

State the final answer. Thus, the probability that a random sample
of size 81 drawn from this population
would have means larger than 53.5 inches
is 0.9641 or 96.41%.

Summary of Key Ideas

To solve problems involving sample distribution of the sample means, we use the Central Limit
Theorem. The following hints are useful.

Use the normal distribution as mathematical model to solve the problem.

Use the formula to convert scores or values to z-scores when dealing with population
only.
Use the formula to convert scores or values to z-scores when dealing with samples
drawn from the population. This formula is also equivalent to .

Part 2. Learning Task

Name: Ghilmar CUNTAPAY Strand/Block: HUMMS 11 B-1

Module number: 3

When do you use these formulae? Explain.

Solve the following problems.

The average public high school has 468 students with a standard deviation of 87.
If a public high school is selected, what is the probability that the number of students
enrolled is greater than 400?
If a random sample of 38 public elementary schools is selected, what is the probability
that the number of students enrolled is between 445 and 485?

A random sample of n=25 measurements is selected from a population with mean and
standard deviation What is the probability that-
The sample mean is greater than or equal to 3.1?
The sample mean is greater to 2.8, but less than or equal to3.2?