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Physics For Engineers
Physics For Engineers
MISSION
Laguna University is committed to produce academically
prepared and technically skilled individuals who are socially
and morally upright citizens.
Module 2: Dynamics
Introduction 15
Learning Objective 15
Lesson 1.Branches of Mechanics 16
Lesson 2.Scalar and Vector Quantities 17
Lesson 3.Kinematics 18
Lesson 4. Rectilinear Motion 22
Lesson 5. Free Falling Bodies 26
Assessment Task 2 29
Summary 29
References 30
Module 3: Projectile
Introduction 31
Learning Objectives 31
Lesson 1.Projectile 32
Lesson 2.Maximum Height and Range 36
Assessment Task 3 38
Summary 38
References 39
Course Code: Eng’g 306
Course Description:
Physics for engineers includes vectors, kinematics, dynamics, work,
energy and power, impulse and momentum, rotation, dynamics of rotation,
elasticity, and oscillation. Fluids; thermal expansion, thermal stress; heat
transfer; calorimetry; waves; electrostatics; electricity; magnetism; optics;
image formation by plane and curved mirrors; and image formation by thin
lenses.
Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
Course Requirements:
Decorum - 5%
Quizzes - 20%
Introduction
Engineering physics is the study of the combined disciplines of engineering, physics,
and math in an effort to more readily understand concepts such as the dynamics of
electricity, magnetism, statics, material durability, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics. In
addition, engineering physics also builds on the principle fundamentals of subjects such as
space science, superconductivity, optical materials, and nuclear engineering ( My Career
Tool, n.d).
Learning Outcomes
What is Physics?
Physics is the most fundamental branch of physical science which deals with the
study of matter and energy, and their relationship with each other. Simple physics definition
is, Physics is basically the study of how objects behave. Physics is an important and basic
part of physical science. It is an experimental science. Classical Physics and Modern
Physics are two Major Types of Physics (Physics About, 2020).
1
Main Branches of Physics
Classical Physics
Classical Physics believes in a single nature, only the particle nature of matter. It
provides the macroscopic vision of matter. It is based upon Newton’s laws of
mechanics and Maxwell’s laws of electromagnetism (Physics About, 2020)
2
Nuclear Physics
Nuclear physics is the study of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom and
the interactions that holds them together in a space just a few femtometers (10-15 meters)
across. Example nuclear reactions include radioactive decay, fission, the break of a nucleus
and the fission, and immerging nuclei (Lorenz, 2020).
Table1.1 Famous Physicist and Their Contributions from Physics About (2020)
3
electric circuit analysis, also contributed to optics
Heinrich Hertz Worked on electromagnetic phenomena; also discovered radio
waves and the Photoelectric effect
Nikola Tesla Created alternating current
Lord Rayleigh Discovered argon, explained how light scattering is
responsible for the red color of sunset and blue color of the sky
Antoine Henry Becquerel Discovered natural radioactivity
Sir Joseph John Thomson Demonstrated existence of the electron
Max Planck Formulated the quantum theory, explain the wavelength
distribution of blackbody radiation
Pierre Cuire Studied Radioactivity with wife, Marie Curie; discovered
piezoelectricity
Wilhelm Wien Discovered laws governing the radiation of heat
Marie Curie Discovered radioactivity of thorium; co-discovered radium and
polonium
Charles Wilson Invented the cloud chamber
Albert Einstein Explained Brownian motion and photoelectric effect; theory of
atomic spectra, Formulated Theories of special and general
relativity
Otto Hahn Discovered the fission of heavy nuclei
Clinton Joseph Davison Co discovered electron diffraction
Niels Bohr Contributed to Quantum theory and theory of nuclear reactions
and nuclear fission
Arthur Compton Discovered the increase in wavelength of x rays when
scattered by an electron
Werner Heisenberg Contributed to the creation of quantum mechanics; introduced
the Uncertainty principle and concept of exchange forces
Wilhelm Rontgen Discovered and studied x rays
The Famous Physicists that contributes in study of physics is presented at the table
above. According to Merriam Webster (2021) “ Physicist”is a term used for a person skilled
in natural science or specialized in physics.
System of Units
According to More (2020) system of units is a collection of units in which certain units
chosen as fundamental and all others are derived from them. This system is also called an
absolute system of units. In the most of the system, the mass, the length, and the time are
considered to be fundamental quantities, and their units are called as fundamental units.
The following are some systems of units which are in common use.
c.g.s system of units: The Unit of length centimeter (cm).The unit of mass gram
(g).The unit of time second (s)
m.k.s system of units: The unit of length meter (m). The unit of mass (kg).The unit of
time second (s).
4
f.p.s system of units: The unit of length is a foot (ft).The unit of mass is pound (lb).
The unit of time is second (s)
In the metric system, each basic type of measurement (length, weight, capacity) has
one basic unit of measure (meter, gram, and liter). Conversions are quickly made by
multiplying or dividing by factors of 10. It is as simple as moving the decimal point to the
right (for smaller prefixes) or to the left (for larger prefixes).
According to MathBits (n.d) while the metric system was lawfully accepted for use in
the United States in 1866, the US has not adopted the metric system as its "official" system
of measurement. The US English System of measurement grew out of the manner in which
people secured measurements using body parts and familiar objects. For example, shorter
ground distances were measured with the human foot and longer distances were measured
by paces, with one mile being 1,000 paces. Capacities were measured with household items
such as cups, pails (formerly called gallons) and baskets.
5
Conversion Ratio
According to MathBits (n.d) a conversion ratio (or unit factor) is a ratio equal to one.
This ratio carries the names of the units to be used in the conversion. It can be used for
conversions within the English and Metric Systems, as well as for conversions between the
systems. The conversion ratio is based upon the concept of equivalent values.
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeter (cm)= 3.28 ft
1 centimeter (cm) = 10-2m 1 millimeter (mm) = 10-3m
1 micron (μ) = 10-6m 1 millimicron (mμ) = 10-9m
1 angstrom (A) = 10-10m 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm
1 foot (ft) = 30.48 cm = 12in 1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km
1 mil = 10-3 in. 1 centimeter = 0.3937 in.
1 meter = 39.37 in. 1 kilometer = 0.6214 mile
1 yard = 3 feet 1 mile = 5280 ft
Area
1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 ft2 1 square mile (mi2) = 640 acres
1 square foot (ft2) = 929 cm2 1 acre = 43,560 ft2
Volume
1 liter (L) = 1000cm3 = 1.057 quart (qt) = 61.02 in3 = 0.03532 ft3
1 cubic meter (m3) = 1000 L = 35.32 ft3
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.481 U.S.gal = 0.02832 m3 = 28.32 L
1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 231 in3 = 3.785 L
1 British gallon = 1.201 U.S.gallon = 277.4 in3
Mass
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.205 pounds (lb) = 0.06852 slug;
1 lb = 453.6 gm = 0.03108 slug
1 slug = 32.174 lb = 14.59 kg
1 ton = 907.18 kgm = 2000lbm
Speed
1 km/h = 0.2778 m/sec = 0.6214 mi/h = 0.9113 ft/sec
1mi/h = 1.467 ft/sec = 1.609 km/h = 0.4470 m/sec
6
Density
Force
1 Newton (N) = 105 dynes = 0.1020 kgf = 0.2248 lbf
1 pound weight (lbwt) = 4.448 N = 0.4536 kgf = 32.17 poundals
1 kilogram force (kgf) = 2.205 lbf = 9.807 N
1 U.S.short ton = 2000 lbf
1 long ton = 2240 lbf
1 metric ton = 1000 kg = 2200 lbf
1 Kip = 1000 lbf
Energy
1British Thermal Unit (Btu) = 1.055 Kilojoules (KJ) = 251.89 Calories (Cal) = 778 ft-lb
= 0.293 watt-h
1 KJ = 1 Newton – meter (N.m) = 101.92 kg – m
1 Joule (J) = 1 Watt-second (W.s) =107 Erg.
1 Kcal = 4.187 KJ
1 kilowatt hour (kw hr) = 3.60 × 106 joules = 860 kcal = 3413 Btu
1 electron volt (ev) = 1.602 × 10-19 joule
Power
1 Horse Power (Hp) = 42.4 Btu/min = 550 ft-lb/s = 33000 ft-lb/min = 2545 btu/hr
1 Kilowatts (KW) = 1 KJ/s = 56.87 Btu/min = 3600KJ/hr = 737.562 ft-lb/s = 3412.2
Btu/hr
1 watt = 1 joule/sec = 107 ergs/sec = 0.2389 cal/sec= 860 Cal/hr
Pressure
1 Atmospheric Pressure (atm) =1.01325 Bar = 1.0332 kg/cm2 = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in
hg (0⁰) = 33.934 dt H2O (60⁰F) = 101.325 KPa =406.79 in H2O (39.2⁰F) =760mm Hg
(0⁰) = 760 Torre = 2116.8 psf.
7
1 Torr = 133.3 N/m2
Time
Example of Conversions:
1. Covert 84 inches to feet
To be able to cancel the unit, put
From Conversion Table 1 ft = 12 inches the desired unit above and the
same unit below. Follow rules in
1 Foot
84 inches × 12 inches = 7 ft Algebra.
3. Convert 3ft2 to m2
From Conversion Table (Area): In Conversion of Area you can
1 square meter (m2) = 10.76 ft2 directly use conversion ratio for
Area or use conversion ratio for
1m2 length, since Area unit is (m 2),
3ft 2 × 10.76ft2 = 0.28m2, or you just have to square the value
and the unit
Same for Conversion of volumes, 8
you just have to cube the value
and the unit.
Use Length Conversion
1m = 3.28ft
(1)2 m2
3ft2 × = 0.28m2
(3.28)2 ft 2
Assessment Task 1
Summary
Physics is the most fundamental branch of physical science which deals with the
study of matter and energy, and their relationship with each other. Simple physics
definition is, Physics is basically the study of how objects behave.
Physics is an important and basic part of physical science. It is an experimental
science. Classical Physics and Modern Physics are two Major Types of Physics.
According to More (2020) system of units is a collection of units in which certain units
chosen as fundamental and all others are derived from them. This system is also
called an absolute system of units. In the most of the system, the mass, the length,
9
and the time are considered to be fundamental quantities, and their units are called
as fundamental units.
References
Physics About (2020) “What is Physics?” and Famous Physicist and their Contributions
https://physicsabout.com/
10
MODULE 2
DYNAMICS
Introduction
Mechanics, science concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces,
including the special case in which a body remains at rest. Of first concern in the problem of
motion are the forces that bodies exert on one another. This leads to the study of such
topics as gravity, electricity, and magnetism, according to the nature of the forces involved.
Given the forces, one can seek the manner in which bodies move under the action of forces;
this is the subject matter of mechanics proper, branches of mechanics are statics, and
dynamics (Goodstein, 2020).
Learning Outcomes
11
Figure 2.1 Branches of Engineering Mechanics from Mishra (2016)
Statics
Statics studies objects that are either at rest, or in constant motion, that is a motion with
constant velocity as to its magnitude and direction (Introduction to Mechanics, n.d).
Dynamics
Dynamics studies objects with acceleration. Dynamics is divided into kinematics and kinetics
(Introduction to Mechanics, n.d).
Kinematics
Kinematics describes the motion of objects, while kinetics studies forces that cause changes
of motion (Introduction to Mechanics, n.d).
Kinetics
The study of forces acting on the bodies in motion and their effect in acceleration ( Capote
& Mandawe, 2007).
Vector Quantities
12
Scalar Quantities
Scalar Quantities are those quantities which have only magnitudes. The following are
examples of scalar quantities: Speed, mass, volume, energy, length, temperature, pressure,
voltage, and time (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Classification of Vectors
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) the classification of vectors are:
1. Free Vector – is the one whose action is not confined to or associated with a unique
line in space.
2. Sliding Vector – is one for which a unique line in space must be maintained along
which the quantity acts.
3. Fixed Vector – is one for which unique point of application is specified and therefore
the vector occupies a particular position in space.
Lesson.3 Kinematics
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) speed is defined as the distance per unit time.
Speed is a scalar quantity.
Velocity
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) velocity is defined as the displacement per unit
time. Velocity is vector quantity (with direction).
13
Average Velocity
Average velocity is defined to be the change in position divided by the time of travel (Khan
Academy, n.d)
Change in displacement meter (m)
Average Velocity = = Second (s)
Change in Time
Average speed is defined as the total distance travelled by the time taken whereas
average velocity is defined as the displacement by the time taken.
Since speed is a scalar quantity, the average speed is also considered as a scalar
quantity while velocity is a vector quantity. Therefore, the average velocity is a vector
quantity.
Distance
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) distance is a length from one point to another
usually measured in a straight line. It is a Scalar quantity. Distance unit can be meter, feet,
inches, etc.
Displacement
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) is the change in position, specified by a length
and a direction .Displacement is a vector quantity. Displacement unit can be meter, feet,
inches, etc.
Acceleration
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) acceleration is the change of velocity per unit time.
𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐦/𝐬 𝐦
𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 = = = 𝟐
𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐬 𝐬
Instantaneous Acceleration
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity.
14
Uniformly Accelerated
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) uniformly accelerated motion is defined as the motion in
a straight line in which the direction is always the same and the speed changes at constant
rate.
Example:
2. You need to get into class , 200 m away and you can only walk halfway 1.5 m/s ( If
you run faster you’ll be caught for running).How much time will it take to get on to the
class?
𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐦
T𝐢𝐦𝐞 = = = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐬
𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝟏. 𝟓𝐦/𝐬
3. If you shout out into the Grand Canyon, your voice travels 340m/s to the bottom of the
canyon and back, and you hear an echo. How deep is the Grand Canyon at a spot
where you can hear your echo 5.2s after you shout?
𝟑𝟒𝟎𝐦
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 = 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 (𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞) = [𝟓. 𝟐𝐬] = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟖𝐦
𝐬
4. John drove south 120 km at 60km/hr and then 150km at 50km/h. See figure 2.1
below.
Determine:
a) The average speed of the whole journey
b) The magnitude of the average velocity for the whole journey
15
Figure 2.2 John drove south 120 km at 60km/hr and then 150km at 50km/h.
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐦
𝐭𝟐 = = 𝟑 𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐬
𝟓𝟎𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫
Average Speed,
b.) The magnitude of the displacement is the distance AC between the final point and the
starting point and is calculated using Pythagorean theorem as follows:
𝐀𝐂𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝐀𝐂 = √𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟐 + 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟐
𝐀𝐂 = 𝟑𝟎√𝟒𝟏𝐤𝐦
Lesson4. Rectilinear Motion
Rectilinear motion is another name for straight-line motion. This type of motion describes the
movement of a particle or a body (Real World Physics, n.d).
16
Figure 3.1 Rectilinear Motion
Uniform Motion
S = Vt
Uniform Accelerated Motion
1
Vf 2 = Vo2 ± 2aS S = Vo(t) ± at 2
2
1
Vf = Vo ± at S = 2 ( Vf + Vo)(t)
Where:
Vf – the final velocity (m/s, mi/hr, ft/s, km/hr.)
Vo – Original Velocity or initial velocity (m/s, mi/hr, ft/s, km/hr.)
S – Distance traversed ( displacement) ( mi, ft,m, km,cm)
t – Time ( hr, min, s)
a – Acceleration (ft/s2, m/s2, cm/s2)
Vf − Vo m/s
a= =
tf − ti s
17
at = Vf − Vo
−Vf = −Vo − at
−1 ( −Vf = −Vo − at)
𝐕𝐟 = 𝐕𝐨 + 𝐚𝐭 eq1
Velocity
displacement(S)
Velocity =
Time (t)
S = Vt
Average Velocity
Change in displacement meter (m)
Average Velocity = =
Change in Time Second (s)
Sf − So
Vave =
tf − to
Also because velocity increases at a uniform rate, average velocity can be midway of initial
and final displacement so another formula for average velocity is:
𝐕𝐟 +𝐕𝐨
𝐕𝐚𝐯𝐞 = eq. 3
𝟐
18
Then substitute the value of final velocity (Vf) from equation 1.
(Vo + at) + Vo
Sf = S o + [ ] [t]
2
(Vo + Vo + at)
Sf = S o + [ ] [t]
2
2Vo t at2
Sf = S o + +
2 2
1
Sf = So + Vo t + (at2 )
2
Say the body is not moving in its initial position (So = 0)
So,
𝟏
𝐒 = 𝐕𝐨 𝐭 + (𝐚𝐭 𝟐 )
𝟐
Example Problem:
1. An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for 32.8 s until is finally lifts off
the ground. Determine the distance traveled before takeoff.
Given: Find:
a = 3.2 m/s2 S=?
t = 32.8s
Vo= 0 m/s
Solution:
1
S = Vo(t) ± at 2
2
0m 1 3.2m
S = ( ) (32.8s) + [ 2 ] (32.8s)2
s 2 s
S = 1720m
2. A race car accelerates uniformly from 18.5 m/s to 46.1 m/s in 2.47 seconds.
Determine the acceleration of the car and the distance traveled.
Vf − Vo 46.1m/s − 18.5m/s
a= = = 11.2m/s 2
tf − ti 2.47s
1
S = Vo(t) ± 2 at 2
19
1
S = Vo(t) ± 2 at 2
18.5m 1
S = ( s ) (2.47s) + 2 (11.2m/s2 )(2.47s)2
S = 79.8m
3. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over a distance of 35.4
m. Determine the acceleration of the bike.
Vf 2 = Vo2 ± 2aS
7.10m 2 0m
( ) = ( )2 + 2a(35.4m)
s s
A = 0.712m/s2
According to Kinematics (n.d.) a free falling object is an object that is falling under the
sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is
said to be in a state of free fall. There are two important motion characteristics that are true
of free-falling objects:
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) the following formulas will be used:
Vf 2 = Vo2 ± 2gh
Vf = Vo ± gt
20
1
h = Vot ± gt 2
2
Where:
Vf – the final velocity (m/s, mi/hr, ft/s, km/hr.)
Vo – Original Velocity or initial velocity (m/s, mi/hr, ft/s, km/hr.)
h – height ( displacement) ( mi, ft,m, km,cm)
t – Time ( hr, min, s)
g– gravitational acceleration (ft/s2, m/s2, cm/s2)
Use (-) When going up (against the gravity)
Use (+) When going down
Example Problem:
1. Luke Autbeloe drops a pile of roof shingles from the top of a roof located 8.52 meters
above the ground. Determine the time required for the shingles to reach the ground.
Given:
h = 8.52m (The - sign indicates that the displacement is downward)
a = 9.8 m/s2
Diagram:
Solution:
1
h = Vot ± at 2
2
1 9.81m
8.52m = (0)t ± [ 2 ] t 2
2 s
t = 1.32s
21
1. Rex Things throw his mother's crystal vase vertically upwards with an initial velocity
of 26.2 m/s. Determine the height to which the vase will rise above its initial height.
Given:
Vo = 26.2m/s
g = -9.81 m/s2
Diagram:
Vf 2 = Vo2 ± 2ah
[0m/s]2 = [26.2m/s]2 + 2[−9.81m/s2 ]h
𝑚2 𝑚2
0 𝑠2 = 686.44 − 19.62 m/s2 h
𝑠2
h = 34.986m
22
Assessment Task 2
Summary
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) speed is defined as the distance per unit time.
Speed is a scalar quantity
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) velocity is defined as the displacement per unit
time. Velocity is vector quantity (with direction).
Average speed is defined as the total distance travelled by the time taken whereas
average velocity is defined as the displacement by the time taken.
Since speed is a scalar quantity, the average speed is also considered as a scalar
quantity while velocity is a vector quantity. Therefore, the average velocity is a vector
quantity.
23
References
Capote R. & Mandawe J. (2007) Mathematics and Basic Engineering Sciences, Chapter 10
pg.17- 20, JAM Publisher , 4th floor, CMFFI Building, R.Papa St. Sampaloc, Manila
Kinematics - Lesson 6 - Describing Motion with Equations (n.d) Physics Class Room
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson- 6/Sample-Problems-and-
Solutions
MODULE 3
PROJECTILE MOTION
Introduction
Curvilinear translation (motion) is a motion along a curve path either on the vertical
plane or on horizontal plane. This type of motion includes a trajectory or projectile which is a
curve path on vertical plane and rotation on horizontal plane (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Learning Outcomes
24
Lesson1. Projectile
A Projectile is a body which after being given an initial velocity with an initial angle of
release is allowed to travel under the action of gravity only. A projectile is a trajectory
which is a graph of a parabola (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Let: Vx and Vy be the horizontal component and the vertical component, respectively of the
initial velocity, Vo.
𝐕𝐱 = 𝐕𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
𝐕𝐲 = 𝐕𝐨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
25
Values of Vx and Vy are obtained by soh cah toa or trigonometric functions in right
triangle.
For Vy , analyze the 𝜃 in the figure, we can form a right triangle from Vo as the
Opposite
hypotenuse and since the angle 𝜃 opposite is Vy , we can say that sinθ = Hypotenuse
So,
𝑉𝑦
sin 𝜃 = 𝑉
𝑜
Simplifying
𝐕𝐲 = 𝐕𝐨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝛉
Simplifying,
𝐕𝐱 = 𝐕𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉
Since the horizontal component of the velocity is constant throughout the projectile, then the
value of x is calculated as follows:
x = Vo cos θt
Analyze the unit
x= meters
m = (m/s) (s)
m=m
So the time of flight is:
x
t=
Vo cos θ
In the figure the value of y is obtained using the formula:
1
𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜 sin 𝜃𝑡 ± 𝑔𝑡 2
2
Where:
26
Vo - Initial Velocity (m/s, mi/hr, ft/s, km/hr.)
t – Time ( hr, min, s)
g– gravitational acceleration (ft/s2, m/s2, cm/s2)
Use (-) When going up (against the gravity)
Use (+) When going down
Substituting the value of the time of flight “t” in the above equation .
x 1 x 2
y = Vo sin [ ]± g[ ]
Vo cos θ 2 Vo cos θ
Simplifying the above equation will produce the General Equation of projectile,
gx 2
y = xtanθ −
2Vo 2 cos2 θ
Example Problem:
A plane dropped a bomb at an elevation of 1000 meters from the ground intended to
hit the target at an elevation of 200meters from the ground. If the plane was flying at
a velocity of 300km/hr., at what distance from the target must the bomb be dropped
to hit the target. Wind velocity and atmospheric pressure is to be disregarded(Tiong
& Rojas, 2008).
Given:
𝐕𝐨 = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐤𝐦/𝐡𝐫
𝐲 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐦 − 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐦 = 𝟖𝟎𝟎𝐦 (Since plane dropped a bomb at an elevation of
1000 meters from the ground intended to hit the target at an elevation of 200meters
from the ground)
Solution:
Remember that,
tan (0⁰) = 0 , to input in sci.calc, click the
button labelled with tan. 27
For cos2(0),
To input cos2(0⁰) in calcu, input
gx 2
y = xtanθ −
2Vo 2 cos2 θ
(−9.81)x 2
800 = xtan(0⁰) −
2(83.33)2 cos2 (0⁰)
11110222 (9.81)x 2
=
9.81 9.81
x 2 = 1132540.469
x = √1132540.469
x = 1064.2088m
Since the variable “x” is in second degree while the other variable “y” is in the first degree,
then the graph is a parabola (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
Note: The vertical component of the velocity decreases as it goes up and is zero at
maximum point of the projectile and increases as it goes down, while the horizontal
component is constant (Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
According to Tiong & Rojas (2008) if the initial point of the projectile is on the same elevation
as the point of impact, the following formulas may be used:
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Figure 3.3 Height and Range
Maximum Height:
Vo 2 sin2θ
R=
g
Example Problem:
A shot id fired with an angle of 45⁰ with the horizontal with a velocity of 300ft/s. Find
the maximum Height and Range that the projectile can cover, respectively (Tiong &
Rojas, 2008).
Solution
(Vo sin θ)2
Ymax = 2g
We use g = 32.2 ft/s because we
300 (sin450 )2
2
need to be constant in unit
Ymax =
2 (32.2)
Ymax = 698.7577ft
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Vo 2 sin2θ
R=
g
3002 sin2(450 )
R=
32.2
R = 2795.0311 ft
Assessment Task 3
Summary
A Projectile is a body which after being given an initial velocity with an initial angle of
release is allowed to travel under the action of gravity only. A projectile is a trajectory
which is a graph of a parabola(Tiong & Rojas, 2008).
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Curvilinear translation (motion) is a motion along a curve path either on the vertical
plane or on horizontal plane. This type of motion includes a trajectory or projectile
which is a curve path on vertical plane and rotation on horizontal plane (Tiong &
Rojas, 2008).
References
Capote R. & Mandawe J (2007) Mathematics and Basic Engineering Sciences, Chapter 10
pg.17- 20, JAM Publisher , 4th floor, CMFFI Building, R.Papa St. Sampaloc, Manila
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