Mitigating the Impact of Distributed Generation
on Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination
by Adaptive Protection Scheme
Meng Yen Shih and Arturo Conde Enríquez
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León
San Nicolás de los Garza, México
sonofafriend@gmail.com, con_de@yahoo.com
Abstract— Distributed Generation (DG) brought new
challenges for protection engineers since standard relay settings of
traditional system may no longer function correctly under the new
conditions of DG. The extreme case is coordination loss between
primary and backup relays. The directional overcurrent relay
(DOCR) which is the most implemented protection device in the
electrical network also suffers performance degradation in
presence of DG. Therefore, the paper proposes the mitigation of
DG impact on DOCR coordination employing adaptive protection
scheme (APS) using differential evolution algorithm (DE). The
impacts of DG prior and after the application of APS are
presented and a new mitigation scheme is proposed.
Keywords— adaptive protection scheme, directional overcurrent
relay coordination; distributed generation; differential evolution
algorithm
I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed Generation (DG) in the form of renewable
energy has become one of the hottest topics nowadays. The
scope to depart from traditional generation plants for long term
economic and environmental benefits has made a massive
increase of interests in DG technologies. Moreover, DGs can
contribute to important aspects such as: network reliability, line
congestion relief, overall loss reduction, and generation cost
reduction in modern electrical networks.
Despite of the numerous advantages of having DGs installed
in the network, there are also negative impacts on the protective
overcurrent relays (OCRs). Those are mainly increase of short-
circuit current during fault condition and the bi-directional load
flow in radial lines which the elements of the network are not
designed to operate under these new conditions. Consequences
to the protection system are false tripping, under/over reach of
relays, and coordination loss between primary and backup
relays [1-6].
Several solutions have been proposed to mitigate the impact
of DG penetration on sub-transmission and distribution
978-1-5090-2320-2/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
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Zbigniew M. Leonowicz, Senior Member IEEE
Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
Wroclaw, Poland
leonowicz@ieee.org
Luigi Martirano, Senior Member IEEE
Sapienza Università di Roma
Roma, Italy
luigi.martirano@uniroma1.it
networks, like: disconnection of DGs immediately after fault
detection [7], limitation of the installed DGs capacity [8-10],
modification of the protection system by installing more
breakers for sectionalization, reconfiguration of networks or the
use of distance relays and/or directional overcurrent relays [11-
14], installation of fault current limiters (FCLs) to
preserve/restore the original relay settings [4, 15-20], fault ride
through control strategy of inverter based DGs [21], fault
current control by solid-state-switch-based field discharge
circuit for synchronous DGs [22], and adaptive protection
schemes (APS) [4, 23-27].
The APS consists of online re-adjustment of relay settings
to restore the network operating condition due to dispatch or
natural condition. Such changes are variations of inputs and
outputs of generators and lines which affect the load flow and
fault current distribution. The APS may require a central host
with powerful computer that is linked by channels to
send/receive data to/from relays prior or after disturbance.
Integration of substation control and data acquisition (SCADA)
and energy management system (EMS) will be needed to
effectively implement this scheme. The actual directional
overcurrent relays (DOCRs) have memory capacity and can be
remotely re-adjusted through communication channels. Hence
the DOCRs, SCADA system along with an appropriate online
optimization algorithm for coordination of DOCRs, can
potentially improve the degraded performance of relays caused
by DGs.
Differential evolution algorithm (DE) was selected for the
coordination study. DE had been reported to be very efficient
in different areas [28], and had outperformed in comparison
with the genetic algorithm (GA), ant colony optimization
(ACO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), harmony search
algorithm (HS) and seeker optimization algorithm (SOA) in the
coordination study [29-30].
 II. PROTECTION COORDINATION SCHEME
Detailed description of the adaptive protection scheme and
the formulation of coordination problem are presented in the
following sections.
A. Description of Adpative Protection Scheme
The adaptive protection scheme for coordination of DOCRs
including DGs are presented in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Adaptive protection scheme for DOCRs including DGs.
The proposed idea for mitigating the impacts of DGs on
DOCR coordination is based on a centralized adaptive scheme.
This protection scheme consists of a centralized processing
server which analyzes and optimizes the data obtained through
SCADA system of the network that implements overcurrent
protection principle. The SCADA system monitors the network
condition and identifies the operational and topological changes
of the network. As soon as a change on the network is identified,
the latest breaker and network configuration and/or the status of
DGs are input into the centralized processing server. Based on
the network status data, the server performs load flow, fault,
contingency and sensitivity analysis. Recalculates the pickup
current of relays and optimizes the DOCR coordination. The
new settings are updated to the DOCRs via communication
network so that the DOCRs become best tuned to the present
network operating condition. A single cycle is then completed.
For every change of new operating condition, the cycle will be
executed again. The frequency will also be in function of the
wind and solar forecasting since DGs are intermittent sources.
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B. Formulation of Coordination Problem
1) Objective Function:
The purpose of formulating the coordination of DOCRs as
an optimization problem is to minimize the principal and
backup operation time of relays while maintaining selectivity.
It is of great importance to establish a good objective function
that evaluates the fitness of the settings because this is the key
to encounter optimum solutions using optimization algorithms.
The fitness is given in (1):
ே௏ σొిౌ
౗సభ ୲౦౗
σొిౌ
ౘసభ ୲ౘ ౘ
ˆ‹–‡•• ൌ ቀ ቁ൅൬ ൰ ‫Š כ‬ଵ ൅ ቆ ቇ ‫Š כ‬ଶ ൅
ே஼௉ ୒େ୔ ୒େ୔
൫σ୒େ୔
୐ୀଵ େ୘୍ై ൯ ‫Š כ‬ଷ (1)
where h1,h2 and h3 are factors that increase or decrease the
influence of each sub-objective function, NV is the number of
violation of coordination constraints, NCP is the number of
coordination pairs, tpa is the primary operation time of relay a
for near end fault, tbb is the backup operation time of relay b for
far end fault, and ECTIL is the CTI error of L-th coordination pair.
The ‫ݐ‬௕್ minimizes the backup operation time of relays, the
‫ܧ‬஼்ூಽ minimizes the CTI to as close to 0.3s as possible, the NV
minimizes the number of violations to zero (avoid converging
at local minimum) and the ‫ݐ‬௣ೌ , ‫ݐ‬௕್ , and NV are all scaled and
divided by NCP to be able to sum together. These different
values were included in the objective function because it was
observed that the use of only ‫ݐ‬௣ೌ in the objective function for
coordination in larger meshed systems may converge at a result
where there may be higher backup time, higher CTI and may
have violation of constraints. Therefore, the ‫ݐ‬௕್ , ‫ܧ‬஼்ூಽ and NV
are included in the objective function to further improve the
results while maintaining selectivity.
2) Primary and Backup Relay Constraints:
To coordinate the relays, there must be a time difference
between the primary and backup relay. This time difference is
called coordination time interval (CTI). In this way, whenever
the primary relay fails to extinct a fault, the backup relay enters
and tries to extinct the fault after a pre-specified delay. It is
normally between 0.2 and 0.5 seconds, but 0.3 seconds is used
in this paper. The coordination constraint for every coordination
pair is given in (2):
‫ ܫܶܥ‬൑ ‫ݐ‬௕ െ ‫ݐ‬௣ (2)
where ‫ܫܶܥ‬is the pre-specified CTI, ‫ݐ‬௣ is the primary operation
time for near end fault, and ‫ݐ‬௕ is the backup operation time for
far end fault.
There is also a range for each relay setting, from which
feasible solutions are encountered. This is given in (3) and (4):
݈݀݅ܽ௠௜௡ ൑ ݈݀݅ܽ ൑ ݈݀݅ܽ௠௔௫ (3)
‫ܫ‬௣௜௖௞௨௣೘೔೙ ൑ ‫ܫ‬௣௜௖௞௨௣ ൑ ‫ܫ‬௣௜௖௞௨௣೘ೌೣ (4)
where ݈݀݅ܽ is the relay dial setting and ‫ܫ‬௣௜௖௞௨௣ is the relay
pickup current found.
 3) Relay Characteristic Curve:
The time overcurrent relay functions according to the relay
characteristic curve (inverse time curve). IEEE standard norm
C37.112-1996 [31] is used in this paper and is given in (5):
‫ݐ‬ൌ൦
஺
൅ ‫ܤ‬൪ ‫݈ܽ݅݀ כ‬
಺ య‫׎‬
ೞ೎ ೘ೌೣ
೛ (5)
ቆ ಺ ቇ ିଵ
೛೔೎ೖೠ೛
where ‫ ݐ‬is the relay operation time, ‫ܫ‬௦௖ య‫ ׎‬೘ೌೣ is the maximum 3-
ph short circuit current and ‫ܣ‬ǡ ‫ܤ‬ǡ ‫ ݌‬are constants of the IEEE
standard.
The standard curves are: moderate inverse (MI), very
inverse (VI) and extremely inverse (EI). The IEEE VI curve is
used in this paper, but other curves such as the IEC standard can
be used as well.
C. Sensitivity Analysis
The sensitivity analysis is the examination of whether the
backup relay is sensitive enough to operate for minimum fault
located at the far end of its primary relay protection zone. This
is computed for every coordination pair and is given in (6):
‫ܫ‬௦௖ మ‫ೌ್ ׎‬೎ೖೠ೛
‫ ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݊݁ݏ‬ൌ
݇ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௔ௗ೘ೌೣ
where ‫ܫ‬௦௖ మ‫ೌ್ ׎‬೎ೖೠ೛ is the current that the backup relay senses for
the minimum fault simulated at the far end of its primary relay
protection zone, ݇ is the temporal overload factor of the backup
relay and ‫ܫ‬௟௢௔ௗ೘ೌೣ is the maximum load current of the backup
relay.
The sensitivity analysis is a very important matter in the
coordination study. For coordination pairs whose backup relays
do not fulfill the requirement of sensitivity will lead to very high
operation time.
Hence the sensitivity is established to be used as a
comparative reference for the sensitivity analysis. The
sensitivity constraint is given in (7):
‫ ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐ݅ݏ݊݁ݏ‬൒ ͳǤͷ
III. TEST SYSTEM
A small interconnected 6 bus system was chosen to study
the impacts of DGs on relay coordination. The impacts of DGs
on the relays are the same in radial and interconnected systems.
But as the system under study becomes bigger, the impacts of
DGs may not be clearly seen since the fault contribution of the
system is several times greater than the contributions of DGs.
The fault currents are calculated with the remote bus breaker
opened. The system consists of 10 active phase relays and 16
coordination pairs.
A DG farm of 10 MW and 20 MW will be connected on bus
6.
The three cases before employing APS are presented: the
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base case (DOCRs are coordinated in this case including
contingency analysis), the DG10 case (10MW DG inserted on
bus 6 with Xd' 0.5 used for comparison purpose only, no
coordination was carried out) and DG20 case (20MW DG
inserted on bus 6 with Xd' 0.3 used for comparison purpose
only, no coordination was carried out). The DG10 and DG20
cases run power flow and fault analysis including the
penetration of DG on bus 6 without contingency analysis and
without performing coordination. Then, the relay settings of
base case are used to determine the new operation time of the
relays (influenced by DG penetration) in order to evaluate the
performance of the relays.
The same three cases are presented after employing APS.
All three cases are then coordinated including contingency
analysis.
The DE is simulated with 100 individuals. The sensitive
parameters of DE ‫ݎܥ‬ǡ ˆƒ†‫ ܨ‬were selected to be 0.5, 0.5 and
0.8 respectively in this paper. Formulation of DE can be found
in [29].
(6)
Fig. 2. The 6 bus interconnected system.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Impacts of DGs on Directional Overcurrent Relay
Coordination
(7) The CTI results and short circuit currents for the cases
before and after the insertion of DGs are presented in Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4.
The threshold line is a visual representation of the pre-
established CTI of 0.3sec. It is observed from Fig. 3 (a) and Fig.
4 (a) that the CTI of all 16 coordination pairs of the base case
satisfy the constraint presented in Eq. 2. The coordination of
different pairs of relays for the base case fulfills the expectation
of good selectivity since the majority of CTI values are found
between 0.3-0.5 sec. But this is not true for the cases DG10 and
DG20. From Fig. 3 (a) and Fig. 4 (a) it is observed that several
coordination pairs for the cases DG10 and DG20 are found
below the threshold value which means that there are violations
of constraints when DGs are inserted to the system.
 (a) Tendencies of CTI which can be seen from Fig. 4 (a) for the pairs that have CTI
0.6 CTI base values below the threshold. For the cases DG10 and DG20 the
CTI DG10 pairs: number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13 and 16 suffered coordination
CTI DG20
loss. The cause of coordination loss effect due to the over reach
Time (s)

0.4 threshold
of backup relay is that the DG is located behind both relays,
0.2 hence both relays sense an increase of short circuit current, but
since the primary relay is situated near the horizontal
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 asymptotic region of the operation characteristic curve; the
Coordination pairs
(b) Tendencies of Primary Short Circuit Currents
operation time of the primary relay is barely affected. On the
Isc base
contrary, the backup relay is situated further from the horizontal
12000 Isc DG10 asymptotic region; the operation time of the backup relay is
Isc DG20 significantly affected. For the pairs: number 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13
Isc (A)

10000
and 16 it can be seen from Fig. 4 (b) and Fig. 3 (b) that there is
8000 a significant increase on both the backup and primary short
6000
circuit currents; hence the (CTI) coordination is lost for those
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
pairs.
Coordination pairs The numbers of violations and percentage of violations for
Fig. 3. Tendencies of CTI and primary short circuit currents of the three cases the three cases are presented in Table 1. From Table 1 it is
for all 16 coordination pairs. clearly seen that as the capacity of the DG penetration increases,
the percentage of number of violations increases as well.
(a) Tendencies of CTI

0.6 CTI base TABLE 1

CTI DG10 NUMBER OF VIOLATIONS:
CTI DG20 COMPARISON AMONG BASE CASE, DG10 CASE AND DG20 CASE
Time (s)

0.4
threshold Cases NV %NV
0.2 Base 0 0
DG10 7 43.7
0 DG20 8 50.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Coordination pairs
(b) Tendencies of Backup Short Circuit Currents
A graphical visualization of coordination loss based on relay
Isc base
Isc DG10
characteristic curve is presented on Fig. 5 to illustrate the idea
4000
Isc DG20 of violation of coordination constraint from Fig. 3(a) and Fig. 4
Isc (A)

3000 (a).

2000

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Coordination pairs

Fig. 4. Tendencies of CTI and backup short circuit currents of the three cases
for all 16 coordination pairs.

Fig. 3 (b) and Fig. 4 (b) are scaled on the vertical axis to
have a clearer view of the changes of primary and backup short
circuit currents respectively. Also they are plotted with the CTI
results of the same scale on the horizontal axis to observe the
infeed and coordination loss effects.
From Fig. 3 (a) the infeed effect of DG penetration can be
observed. Whenever there is a significant increase of primary
short circuit current, the CTI increases. This is due to the
location of DG in the system; the coordination pairs that Fig. 5: Visualization of coordination loss using relay characteristic curve.
suffered infeed effect are pairs: number 7, 8, 12, 14 and 15 as
can be observed from Fig. 3 (a). These pairs suffered infeed
effect because the DG is coincidentally located in between the B. Mitigating the Impacts of DGs on Directional Overcurrent
two relays. Hence the primary relay will sense more current Relay Coordination using Adaptive Protection Scheme
magnitude than the base case while the backup relay will sense
no change of the current magnitude. The latter idea can be The averaged dial, averaged sensitivity and sensitivity
observed from Fig. 4 (b) for the pairs: number 7, 8, 12, 14 and improvement percentage for the three cases are presented in
15 the short circuit current didn't increase. Table 2. From Table 2 it is clearly seen that as the capacity of
The infeed effect is not a critical issue since the selectivity the DG penetration increases, the average sensitivity of the
is still maintained. The worst scenario is the coordination loss coordination pairs increases as well.

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 observed that the 2-phase short circuit current increases as the
TABLE 2 capacity of DG increases. Also from Fig. 7 (b) it is observed
AVERAGED DIAL, SENSITIVITY AND SENSITIVITY IMPROVEMENT PERCENTAGE:
COMPARISON AMONG BASE CASE, DG10 CASE AND DG20 CASE
that the pickup current tend to decrease as the capacity of DG
Cases dial Sen % Sen
increases. The resulting effect of the observations drawn from
Base 0.52 2.8708 ---- Fig. 7 (a) and (b) is the improvement of overall sensitivity as
DG10 0.76 3.3561 16.91 presented in Fig. 7 (c) which coincide with Eq. 6 and 7.
DG20 0.97 3.6937 28.66 The reason why cases DG10 and DG20 have greater CTI
values compared to base case, as observed in Fig. 6, is because
The CTI results for the three cases after the insertion of DGs of the combined effect of increasing short circuit current and
using adaptive protection scheme are presented in Fig. 6. The decreasing pickup current caused by DG penetration; as shown
results of two-phase short circuit currents, pickup currents and in Fig. 5 and Eq. 5 that this will lead to faster operation time.
sensitivity are presented Fig. 7. But since the relays need to be coordinated as primary and
Tendencies of CTI backup among them, higher dial are used to maintain selectivity
0.8
CTI base
CTI DG10
which as a result leads to longer operation time and CTI as
CTI DG20
threshold
shown in Table 2.
0.7

V. CONCLUSION
0.6
Integration of DG in the network surely added numerous
Time (s)

0.5 operational benefits but at the same time degrades the existing
relay performance. Therefore, exploiting the advanced features
0.4 of relays and with the help of SCADA system, APS using DE
algorithm is proposed for mitigating DG impacts on electrical
networks. Likewise, the proposed APS adequately consider
0.3

0.2
both impacts of steady-state load current and fault-state short
2 4 6 8 10
Coordination pairs
12 14 16
circuit current contributed by DGs.
Fig. 6. Tendencies of CTI of the three cases for all 16 coordination pairs The proposal scheme offers multiple advantages such as:
employing adaptive protection scheme. automatic online coordination, fulfillment of selectivity
requirement and overall sensitivity improvement, which at the
It is observed from Fig. 6 that by employing the adaptive same time increases the probability of high impedance fault
protection scheme; mitigation of coordination loss due to detection. The scheme is robust for future system operational
penetration of DG is successfully executed since there is no and topological changes.
violation of coordination constraints for the DG10 and DG20
cases.
VI. AKNOWLEDGEMENT
(a) Tendencies of Isc-2-ph The first author was a visiting scholar at the Wroclaw
Isc base
University of Science and Technology thanks to Consejo
Isc (A)

1500 Isc DG10

1000 Isc DG20 Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) and obtained
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Ph.D scholarship.
Coordination pairs
(b) Tendencies of Pickup Current
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