THEORIES OF DEVELPOMENT

Theory of Erikson concerning emotional development.

Emotional or Personality development wrote Erikean(1963)
1. Birth to 1 year(Infant)-
Sense of trust- infant lean to trust the adults. Usually the parents who care for
them and are sensitive to their needs. A negative out comes of the period of
infancy is a sense of mistrust.
2. 1 year to 3 years (Toddler )-
Sense of autonomy- infant develop from clinging creatures into human begins
with minds and will of their own. If children succeed in the development task of
their stage in their maturing process, they will have a degree of self control caused
by fear but by feeling of self esteem. If do not succeed they will doubt thries own
worth and will have sense of shynee doubt and shame.
3. 3 to 6 years (Pre school)
Sense of initiative- children of this age want to learn what they can do for
themselves. They have ative imaginations imitating adults behaviour and wanting
to share in adult activities. The negative out come is a personality overwhelmed
by guilt.
4. 6-12 (School age)
Sense of industry-Children in this age group have a strong sense of duty. They
want to engage in tasks in their social work that they can carry out successfully.
The danger of this period is the development of a sense of inferiority if the parents
and the school expect a sense of achievement that children are unable to attain.
5. 12 years (Beginning of adolescence)
Sense of identity- Adolescents want to clarify who they are what their role in
society are to be. The danger is identify diffusion.
DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUALITY
Theory of Freud-
Freud theory phases of psychosexual development centre almost exclusively on
the early years of life and include the following.
1. Oral stage period of Infancy-
During this period the oral region or the sensory area of the mouth provides the
greatest sensual satisfaction for the infant.
2. Anal stage period of toddler-
The greatest amount of sensual pleasure for the toddler is obtained from the
anal and urethral areas.
3. Phallic stage period of preschool –
The site of greatest sensual pleasure of genital region. The oedipal stage occurs
in the later past of the phallic period. Child loves parents opposite sex as the
provides of sensual satisfaction.
4. Latency stage period of school age-
At the beginning of the latency stage the child has resolved or the resolving the
oedipal conflict during the latency period children from close relationship with
others of their own age and sex.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
The theories of Piaget- According to Piaget. Moral development parallels
mental development and consist of 2 stage: respect for rules and a sense of
justice.
1. The 1st stage from 3 to 11 years- Piaget terms of “mortality of restraint” . rules
are considered sacred because they are laid down by the parents and other adult in
authority. Punishment for infraction of the rules is either compensatory or
vengeful.
2. The 2nd stage from 12 on- it is called the morality of reciprocity orcooperaton .
because the adolescent can think abstractly and is becoming increasingly sensitive
to other person rules can be c hanged if this action is advantageous to all.
Lawrence Kohlberg theory-
Kohlberg postulates six stages of potential moral development organized within 3
levels pre conventional morality, conventional morality post conventional
morality.
Level I pre conventional morality:-
Ego centricity children make moral judgement only on the basis of what will
bring them a reward or punishment. This revel is divided into 3 stages-
1. Stage 0- the goal is what i like want (0 to 3 years ) infants toddler are
egocentric liking or loving that which helps them and disliking or hating that
which hurts them.
2. Stage I- punishment obedience orientation 2 to 3 years children believe that if
they are not punished then acts are right. If they are punished then acts are wrong.
3. Stage II- instrumental hedonism and concrete reciprocity 4 to 7 years. It focus
on pleasures motive they consider those action right that meet their own needs or
others.
Level II conventional morality:-
Correct behaviour is that which those in authority will approve and accept. It
behaviour is not acceptable feel children feel guilt there are two stages.
1. Stage III- orientation to inter personal relationship of mutuality (8 to 9 years)
children becoming socially sensitive and want to gain the approval of other.
2. Stage IV- Maintenance of social order fixed rules and authority (10 to 12 years )
children assumes a metaphysical or perhaps a religious tone. Children want to do
what is right and what they consider to be their duty.
Level III post conventional morality:-
Adolescent make choice on the basis of principle that have been thought about
accepted and internalized what ever action confirm to these principle are
considered right in spite of the praise or blame of other level of two stages.
1. Stage V A- social contract, utilitarian law making perspective.
2. Stage V B- higher low and conscience orientation.
3. Stage V I- universal ethical principle orientation. The level of highest moral
value is the period in which individual can motivate and evaluate them selves.
 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT
BIODATA
Name - Usha Sahu
Age - 8months
Date of admission -2/12/2010
Date of birth - 11/5/2010
Address - Supela Bhilai
HISTORY:
Past history:- She was not having any disease in the past some times she was having
slight fever &cough.
Present history:- She was admitted in hospital due to complain of passes of stool
more than 4 to 5 times per day,& abdominal distension, intermitted vomiting.
Family history:- My patient lives in a nuclear family. She lives with his parents and
elder sister.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Weight - 8kg
Height/length - 68cm.
Head circumference -43cm.
Chest circumference -40cm
Mid arm circumference -13cm
Vitals signs- Temperature -100`F
Pulse -80/min
Respiration -28/min
Blood pressure -90/60mm of hg
SENSORY CHANGES
Yes No comment
A. Vision
 Able to follow in range of 9 degree. Yes
 Has binocular vision No
 Looks at hand while lifting or lying on
back. Yes
 Has developed colour preference.
 Able to fixate on very small objects. No
 Follows rapidly moving objects. Yes
B. Hearing No.
Yes
 Turns head to side where sound made.
 Imitate sound.
Yes
 Responds to own name.
Yes
 Localize sound. Yes
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT:-
Yes No Comment
A. Fine motor development
 Desires to grasp Yes.
 Look from hand to hand object &back Yes
 Transfer object from one hand to another. Yes
 Explores movable parts of toy. No.
 Able to pit object in container. Yes
B. Gross motor development
1. Head control
 Able to lift the head and front position of the Yes
chest about 90 degree above the table.
Yes
 Able to raise the chest and upper part of the
abdomen.
 Can bear weight on one head while exploring
No.
with the other.
2. Rolling over.
 Rolls from back to side Yes
 Roll from abdomen to back Yes
 Rolls from back to abdomen
3. Sitting
 Sits with good head control with support. Yes
 Sits alone leaving on hands for support Yes
 Sits alone without support. Yes
4. locomotion
 moves from sitting to kneeling and standing Yes
position.
 Crawls with abdomen on floor Yes
 Stands holding on to furniture. Yes
 Creeps on hands and knees. Yes
 Walks with support of our hands Yes

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Yes No comment
A. Sensory Motor phase
1. Use of reflex Yes
 Sucking & swallowing Yes
2. Primary circulation reactions
 Recognizes stimulus that procedure a Yes
response.
  Engages in activity for the pleasure. No
 Recognizes orderly sequence of an event. Yes
3.Secondary circulation reaction
 Recognizes symbol. Yes
 Imitate sound. Yes
4.Co-ordination of secondary schemes & their
applications to new situation.
 Associate symbol with events. Yes
 Distinguishes object from related activity. No
 Has concept of object permanence.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No Comments
 Recognizes parents Yes
 Has fear of strangers No
 Holds arms out to be picked up Yes
 Imitate others Yes
 Has definition likes and dislikes No
 Scratches for dropped objects Yes.
No
 Has frequent mood swings.

LANGUAGE
Yes No Comments
 Imitate sounds. Yes
 Laugh aloud. No.
 Takes pleasure in hearing over sounds. Yes
 Comprehend meaning to simple words. No
 Obeys simple commands and responds to Yes
that name.

PLAY
Yes No Comments
 Play alone Yes
 Plays with toys. Yes

REMARKS- Growth & development of my patient is appropriate.

 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLER
BIODATA
Name - Vishal Sahu
Age -21/2
Sex - Male
Date of admission -9/12/2010
Address - Ram Nagar Bhilai.
HISTORY:
Past history:- he was not having any disease in the past some times he was having
slight fever cough and cold but not admitted and not regular treatment
Present history:- At the time of admission he is suffering from severe cough and cold
slight fever chest pain and breathing difficulty.
Family history:- :- My patient lives in a nuclear family. He lives with his parents and
elder sister.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Weight - 15 kg
Height - 73cm.
Head circumference -48cm
Chest circumference -50 cm.
Mid arm circumference. – 14cm.
Vitals signs- Temperature-102`F
Pulse -120
Respiration - 30/min
Blood pressure-100/70 mm of hg

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
1. Gross motor development 1-2 years
 Able to walk without help. Yes
 Kneels without support. Yes
 Walk sideways & backward. Yes
 Jumping attempting using both feet. No.
 Seats self in small chair. Yes
 Climbs on furniture. Yes
 Pull & pushes toys. Yes
No.
 Pushes light furniture around room.
No.
 Throws ball overhead without falling.
 Gross motor development(2-3years)
 Stand on one foot alone
 Walks on tip toe for few steps. Yes
 Jumps from steps or low chair. Yes
 Rides a walker or pedal car. Yes
 Picks up objects from floor without loosing balance. Yes
2. Fine motor development (1-2 years) No.
 Builds a tower of 2-3 cubes.
 Open boxes Yes.
Yes
 Pokes finger in hole.
Yes
 Turns pages in book
Yes
 Transfers objects in hand to hand. Yes
 Open door by turning door knob Yes
Fine motor development(2-3 years)
 Build tower of eight cubes.
 Has good hand finger co-ordination. Yes
 Holds cry on with fingers. Yes
3. Self care 2-3(1-2years) Yes
 Holds cup with both hands.
 Enjoys finger feeding Yes
 Remove simple garments. Yes
 Verbalize toilet skills. Yes
 May attain self care with help. Yes
self care 2-3 years. No.
 Gets a drink without help
 Button one large front button. Yes
 May go to toilet by self. No
Yes
 Adequate attempt to wash hands.
Yes
4. Sensory development
 Determine the distance from the high chair of floor.
Yes
 Normal hearing.
Yes
 Prefer food as the child likes. No
 Develop sensation of touch and pain. Yes

PEYCHOSOCIAL DEVELPOMENT/ EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Yes No
Sense of autonomy with doubt and share
 Tolerate separation. No.
 Less fearful of strangers. Yes
 Hugs and kisses parents. Yes
 Awareness of gender identify. Yes
  Increase autonomous behaviour. No.
 Focus on own wishes. Yes
 Decreased thumb sucking. No.

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT:-
Yes No
Anal stage
 Obtain sensuous pleasure from the feeling of distended Yes
bladder and from the masses of faces in the rectum.
 Conscious sense of self and learning to tolerate No.
frustration.

SPRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Intuitive and projective faith. No.
 Imitates religious behaviour such as bowing the head in Yes
prayer.

INTELLECTUAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Yes No
 Short attention span Yes
 Begins to think No.
 Begins sense of time and anticipation of events. No.
 Begins casual thinking
 Thinks some solutions to problem Yes
 Can differentiate self from objects. Yes
 Carry the past events in the mind. No.
 Use one word to indicate several rather similar persons
No.
or action.
No.
 Objects permanence, existing even when out off sight.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Good is what i like and want. Yes
 If I will be hurt for doing it, it must be wrong. Yes
 If I will not be hurt it must be right. Yes

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Recognizes name of various parts of body. Yes
 Responds to familiar, simple commands. Yes
 Understands more complex sentences. Yes
  Enjoys stories with pictures. Yes
 Names familiar pictures. Yes
 Uses words more than desires. Yes
 Uses 4-5 words sentences. Yes
 Talks constantly. Yes

PLAY
Yes No
 Parallel play. Yes
 Interest in musical toys and picture books. Yes
 Watching activities of others. Yes
 Interest in dramatic play. Yes
 Creative play like use of crayons, finger paints, sand. Yes
 Interest in quite play like singing simple songs and Yes
moving the arms in time to music.
 Interest in motor play like use of large cars, trucks,
trains. Yes

REMARK- Growth & development of my patient is good.

 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOL
CHILDREN ( 3 TO 5 year)
BIODATA
Name -Sudha mishra
Age - 4year
Sex - Male
Date of admission - 12/02/2011
Address - Ram nagar Bhlilai.
HISTORY:
HISTORY:
Past history:- She was not having any disease in the past some times she was having
slight fever &cough.
Present history:- My patient is admitted in paediatric ward with the complain of
cough, cold, fever in a 2 days & swelling over angle of mouth ( left side ) difficulty in
swallowing .
Family history:- My patient lives in a nuclear family. She lives with his parents and
elder sister.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Weight - 16 kg
Height/length - 42cm
Head circumference -49cm.
Chest circumference -51cm.
Mid arm circumference. -16cm
Vitals signs- Temperature - 100`F
Pulse - 80/min.
Respiration -26/min.
Blood pressure -100/60 mm of Hg.
PRESCHHOL GROWTH &DEVELOPMENT
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Yes No.
1. Gross motor development
 Rides bicycle. Yes
 Jumps from height. Yes
 Hops on preferred foot No
 Skips, alternates feet Yes
 Walks and runs on tiptoes. Yes
 Walks straight line and backward. Yes
Yes
 Balance on one foot 3-5 seconds.
No
 Catches ball with extended arm.
  Trice to dance. Yes
2. Fine motor development.
 Placed small pellets in narrow necked boltless.
 Can copy a circle, square, cross, diamond. Yes
 Able to draw picture. Yes
 Can help with simple house hold task Yes
No
3. Self care
 Manage food with little spilling of food .
Yes
 Able to tie shoe lace.
Yes
 Knows back from front of clothes.
No
 Can go to toilet alone. Yes
 Brush teeth with assistance. No
 Combs hair with help Yes

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Establish depth perception and color vision. Yes
 Can hear normally. Yes
 Develop sensory taste smell. Yes
 Enjoy in stroking their bodies. Yes

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELPOMENT/ EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Yes No
sense of initiative with guilt
 Knows own sex. Yes
 Egocentric in thought and behaviour. No
 Less dependent on parents but needs reassurance and No
help.
 May have dreams and nightmares. No
 Physically and verbally aggressive. No
 Attempt to imitate adult behaviour. No
Yes
 Feels guilty for their errors.
Yes
 Develop imagination and creativity.
No
 Able to solve problems. Yes
 Jealousy of siblings.

PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
Phallic stage.
 More aware of their sex organs. Yes
 Attachment to the parents of the opposite sex. Yes
 Feels aggression toward parents of the genitals. No
  Ask simple questions about sex. Yes
 After temporary parents separation, either feels happy Yes
or shows anger.

SPRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
Intuitive with projective faith Yes
 Able to understand religion. Yes
 Learn about their religious also. Yes

INTELLECTUAL OR COGINITIVE DEVELOPENT

Yes No.
 Rationalize their action. Yes
 Has social awareness. No.
 Understands time. Yes
 Use time oriented expressions. Yes
 Understands space. Yes
 Understands conversation of size, shape and length. No
No
 Go from one idea to another and reach a faculty
conclusion.
No
 Has magical thinking.
 Understands other perspective. Yes
 Obeys parents set limits not because of understanding. Yes

MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Follows to rules strictly. Yes
 Accept change in the rules. Yes

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Uses complete sentences of 3-4 words. Yes
 Talks regardless of whether anyone is paying attention. Yes
 Knows simple songs. Yes
 Name colours. Yes
 Understands directives (on, under, sit, wash.) Yes
 Give sex and full names. Yes
Yes
 Names figures in a pictures.
No.
 Constantly asks questions.
PLAY
Yes No
 Likes painting. Yes
 Play telephone. Yes
 Co-operative. No
 Fond of dramatic play. Yes
 Interest in stories. Yes

REMARKS- Growth & development of my patient is good.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDEN

BIODATA
Name - Salma khan.
Age - 8years.
Sex - Female
Date of admission - 29/ 11/2010
Address - Durg.
HISTORY:
Past history:- She was not having any disease in the past some times she was having
slight fever &cough.
Present history:- She was admitted in hospital due to complain is un development lips
or septum. .
Family history:- My patient lives in a nuclear family. She lives with his parents and
elder sister.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT HISTORY
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Weight - 20 kg.
Height - 115 cm.
Head circumference - 50cm.
Chest circumference - 53cm.
Mid arm circumference. -14 cm.
Vitals signs- Temperature - 99`F
Pulse - 82/min
Respiration - 26/min

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
1. Gross motor development.
 Rides bicycles without training wheels Yes
 Runs ,jumps, climbs, hops. Yes
 Throws a ball skilfully overhand and underhand. Yes
 Performs tricks on bicycle, enjoy all physical activity. Yes
2. Fine motor development.
 Knows right from left hand. Yes
 Uses both hands independently. Yes
Yes
 Help with routine household tasks.
Yes
 Likes to draw, print and colour.
Yes
 Able to cut, fold, paste paper toys.
Yes
3. Self care.
 Often returns to finger feeding. Yes
 Improve table manners and handles eating utensile skilfully. No
 Dresses self. Yes
  Able to meet self care. Yes

SENSORY DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
 Normal visual activity. Yes
 Discriminate the application of heat and cold. Yes
 Matured sense of taste and smell. Yes

PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes No
Industry with inferiority.
 Egocentric. Yes
 Considers pear opinion more important than parents. Yes
 Has short burst of anger. Yes
 Aware of appropriate sexual role . Yes
 Love conversation. Yes
 Cheats to win games. Yes
Yes
 Likes to compete and play games.
Yes
 Likes the reward system.
No
 Talks about friends frequently.

PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
Yes No
Latency stage.
 Associate with the same sex pears. Yes
 Seeks information regarding sex role behaviour. Yes
 Participation in the kissing and giggling games. Yes

SPRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Yes. No
Accept the family preference Yes

INTELECTUAL AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Yes No
 Increased attention and memory span. Yes
 Can see differences more than similarities. Yes
 Know time, date, month, season. Yes
 Follows rules to avoid punishment. Yes
 Enjoy comics. Yes
 More mechanical in reading. No
Yes
 Interested in school work.
Yes
  Identifies certain missing parts of the picture. No
 Use problem solving method. No
 Interested in why and how. Yes
 Tasks small object from other. Yes
 Arrange things in order. Yes
 Counts backward from twenty to one. Yes
 Write occasional short letters.

MORAL DEVELOPMENT.
Yes No
 Child confirm to rule to place others. Yes
 Child learn to conforms to the group norms. Yes

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT.
Yes No
 Can repeat sentences of 1-12 words. Yes
 Develops sense of humour. Yes
 Uses parts of speech correctly. Yes
 Expands there vocabulary 20.000 to 30.000. No
 Use of grammar in sentences. No

PLAY
Yes No
 Likes group play. Yes
 Prefers active play. Yes
 Enjoy dramatic play. Yes
 Continuous hobbies begin to develop. Yes

REMARKS :- Growth & development of my patient is good.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEONATE

Date - 07/12/2010
Name of neonate -Baby of Suman
Date and time of delivery - 07/12/2012,10.00AM
Type of delivery - Normal vaginal delivery
Apgar score -9
ADMISSION DATA
Time of admission - 07/12/2010, 6.00 AM
Vitamin K.dose, time, location -
HEAD TO TOE ASSESSMENT
General
Vital signs:
Temperature - 98`F
Pulse - 126/min
Respiration - 36/min
Weight - 2.9 kg
Length - 50cm.
Colour - pinkish
Cry - Good
Head circumference - 35cm.
Chest circumference - 32cm.
Mid arm circumference. -11cm.
Skin
Colour - white pinkish
Lesion - Present
Lanugo - Present
Nails - Present
Turgor
Head
Circumference - 35cm.
Shape - Symmetrical
Fontenatal anterior/ posterior- Present
Caput succidema , - Present
Cephalohematoma - Absent
Birth trauma - Absent.
Ears
Position - Normal
Size - Normal
Cartilage formation - Absent
Any discharge. - Absent
Eyes
Position - Normal
Discharge - No discharge
Redness - Present
Sclera - Normal
Nose
Patency - Normal
Flaring - Absent
Discharge - Absent

Throat & mouth

Lips. - Redness or normal
Symmetrical facial movements - present
Palate - Normal
Tongue - Normal
Secretion - Absent
Neck
Webbing - Absent
Range of motion - Normal
Dryness - Absent
Chest
Respiratory rate - 36/min
Apnoea - Absent
Breath sound - Normal
Cardiovascular
Heart rate - 36/min
Cyanosis - Absent
Pulse - 126/min
Extremities and back
Upper extremities(Digits symmetry) - Normal
Lower extremities(digits symmetry)- Normal
Club foot - Absent
Genitalia
Female: labia majora
Labia minora - Normal
Clitoris. - Normal
Vagina - Normal
Urethral meatus -Normal
Anus -Normal
Neurological examination
Moro reflex
Tonic neck reflex
Stepping
Palmer grasping
Planter grasping
Rooting reflex
Sucking
Swallowing

REMARKS :- Growth and development of my patient is good.

 SANDIPANI ACEDEMY
PENDRI (MASTURI) BILASPUR C.G.

M.Sc. NURSING 1ST YEAR

SUBJECT :- CHILD HEALTH NURSING

DEVELOPMENTAL ASSESSMENT

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY:-

MRS R. S. RAMYA RUBINA RASHMI MASIH
M.Sc. NURSING 1st YEAR