Wireless communication is a type of data communication that is performed and delivered wirelessly.

This
is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two
or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and device.

Advantages of Wireless Communication

• Wireless networks are cheaper to install and maintain.

• Data is transmitted faster and at a high speed.
• Reduced maintenance and installation cost compared to other form of networks.
• Wireless network can be accessed from anywhere, anytime.
• Working professionals these days can access Internet anywhere and anytime without carrying
cables or wires. This also permits professionals complete their work from remote locations.
• Medical professionals working in remote areas can be in touch with medical center located
elsewhere through wireless communication.
• Through wireless communication, emergency situations get immediate help and support.

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

Wireless communication has its own disadvantages as its advantages. It leads to security threats and data
exploitation if not secured appropriately. An unauthorized person can easily capture wireless signals that
spreads through the air and misuse information that is transmitted over the wireless network.
To secure wireless signals like WPA and WPA2, one must use strong security protocols. Alternatively, you
can also use wireless intrusion prevention system to secure the wireless network.

Wireless communication has various forms, technology and delivery methods including:

• Satellite communication
• Radio Communication
• Microwave Radio Communication
• Mobile communication
• Wireless network communication
• Infrared communication
• Bluetooth communication

Application of Wireless Communication

• TV Remote
• Wireless Fidelity
• Security System
• Smart Device
• Arduino Based Automation
Transmission media

Transmission media is a communication channel that transmits information from the source/transmitter to
the receiver. It is a physical path for data transfer through electromagnetic signals. Information is carried
over in the form of bits through LAN. There are two basic types of transmitting media guided and unguided.

Guided media means that the signal inside the cable.

Unguided media means that the signal travels outside the bounds of any media

There are three common types of cable media that can be used to connect devices to a network:
• Twisted pair cables
• Coaxial Cable
• Fiber Optic Cable

Twisted pair cables

A pair of cables twisted around each other forms a twisted pair cable. Twisted pair consists of two
conductors "normally copper" each with its own plastic insulation.

Twisted pair cables come in two kinds :

The UTP (UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR) has two pairs of wires or more. Each wire is only protected with
a thin plastic insulation and all inside plastic insulation.

The STP (SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR) is more common in high-speed networks.

The biggest difference you will see in the UTP and STP is that the STP use's metallic shield wrapping to
protect the wire from interference.

Application of Twisted pair Cable:

• Telephone Line

• DSL Line

• Local Area Network

How to Create a Straight Through Cable

1. Strip your cable.
2. Untwist the twisted pair wires all the way back to the jacket.
3. Align the untwisted wires in the order (STRAIGHT THROUGH)
A B
WHITE GREEN WHITE GREEN
GREEN GREEN
WHITE ORANGE WHITE ORANGE
BLUE BLUE
WHITE BLUE WHITE BLUE
ORANGE ORANGE
 WHITE BROWN WHITE BROWN
BROWN BROWN

4. Cut the extra wire. Push the remaining wires into the RJ45 head.
5. Double-check that the wires are all the way up into the gold pins and made it up in the proper
order.
6. Lock the RJ45 using crimping tool.Repeat the crimping process on the other side of the cable
7. Test the cable with the cable tester.

How to Create a Crossover Cable

1. Strip your cable.
2. Untwist the twisted pair wires all the way back to the jacket.
3. Align the untwisted wires in the order (CROSS OVER)
A B

WHITE ORANGE WHITE GREEN

ORANGE GREEN

WHITE GREEN WHITE ORANGE

BLUE BLUE

WHITE BLUE WHITE BLUE

GREEN ORANGE

WHITE BROWN WHITE BROWN

BROWN BROWN

4. Cut the extra wire. Push the remaining wires into the RJ45 head.
5. Double-check that the wires are all the way up into the gold pins and made it up in the proper
order.
6. Lock the RJ45 using crimping tool. Repeat the crimping process on the other side of the cable
7. Test the cable with the cable tester.
Coaxial cable or coax, has inner conductor
surrounded by an insulating layer and all
enclosed by a shield layer, typically a woven
metallic, the cable is often protected by an outer
insulating jacket.
Normally, the shield is kept at ground potential
and a voltage is applied to the center conductor
to carry electrical signals. The term coaxial
comes from the inner conductor and the outer
shield sharing the same geometric axis.

The advantage of coaxial design:

1. The shield provides shielding from interference
2. The coaxial cable is thicker than twisted pair cables, the signal does not attenuate as
much.
Fiber Optic Cable
Fiber Optic cables transmit a digital signal via
pulses of light through a very thin strand of
glass. Fiber strands (the core of the fiber optic
cable) are extremely thin, no thicker than a
human hair.

The core is surrounded by a cladding which

reflects the light back into the core and
eliminates light from escaping the cable
Advantages :
Fiber optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. This means that they can carry more
data.
Disadvantages :
The major disadvantages of fiber optic cables are cost. Fiber cables are more expensive than copper
cables and installation and maintenance.
Wireless Medium
Transmitter and receiver are used to send and receive signal involving electromagnetic waves such us

• Infrared
• Radio waves
• Microwaves

Wireless medium is useful in connecting large geographical areas. Unguided media travel in several ways

Infrared wave with frequencies from 300 Ghz to 400 Ghz wavelengths from 1mm to 770 nm can be used for
short range communication. Infrared waves having high frequencies cannot penetrate walls this
advantageous. We cannot use infrared wave outside abuilding because the sun’s rays contain infrared wave
that can interfere with the communication. Infrared is very common with remote control devices

Radio waves for the most parts are omnidirectional, when an antenna transmits radio waves they are
propagated in all directions. It sends signals using the same frequency between 3 khz 1ghz. Radio wave use
for multicast communication such as radio and television. Sky propagation makes radio wave a good
candidate for long distance broadcasting such as am radio.
Microwave uses high frequency wave that is used for point-to-point communication
1.Terrestrial – Relay towers are used to transmit radio signals between earth stations
2.Satellite – Radio signals are transmitted between different base stations using satellites .

A network topology describes the arrangement of systems on a computer network.

It defines how the computers, or nodes, within the network are arranged and connected to each other.

Physical topology is he mapping of the nodes of a network and the physical connections between them – the layout
of wiring, cables, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling or wiring
system

Bus topology
In a Bus topology, all devices attach to
the same transmission medium. The
medium has a physical beginning and
ending. All buses are implemented
using electrical cable, usually coax, and
the ends of the cable must be
terminated with a terminating resistor
that matches the impedance of the
cable. The terminating resistor prevents
data reflections from coming across as
data corruption. The bus is considered a
multipoint system because all devices
tap into the same backbone cable.

Advantages
• Easy to use and to understand.
• Requires least amount of cables to connect the computers together. It is therefore less expensive than other
cabling arrangements.
• It is easy to extend a bus; two cables can be joined into 1 longer cable with a BNC, Barrel connector making
a longer cable and allowing more computers to join the network
Disadvantages
• Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a message at a time.
• It is difficult to troubleshoot the bus. A cable break or loose connector causes reflection and stops all the
activity.

Star Topology
The star topology is a popular method of connecting
the cabling in a computer network. In a star, each
device connects to a central point via a point-to-point
link. Depending on the logical architecture used
several names are used for the central point including
the following:
Hub
Multipoint Repeater
Concentrator
Multi-Access Unit (MAU)
Advantages
• It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the network.
• The center of the star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.
• Single computer failure does not necessarily bring down the whole star network.
Disadvantages:
• If the central device fails the whole network fails to operate.
• Star networking is expensive because all network cables must be pulled to one central point, requires more
cable than other network topologies.

Ring Topology
In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the
last one connected to the first.
Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer and the
message flows around the ring in one direction. There is no termination
because there is no end to the ring.

Advantages
• Each node has equal access.
• Capable of highspeed data transfer.

Disadvantages
• Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the whole
network.
• Difficult to troubleshoot the network.

Tree Topology
Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology. Tree topology is one of
the most common network setups that is similar to a bus topology and
a star topology. A tree topology connects multiple star networks to
other star networks. Backbone is central interconnecting structure that
connects one or more network just like a trunk of a tree

Advantages
• Point-to-point wiring for individual segments
• Supported by several hardware and software venders.
• All the computers have access to the larger and their
immediate networks.
Disadvantages
• Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of
cabling used.
• If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
• More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies
Mesh Topology
A network setup where each of the computers and network devices
are interconnected with one another, allowing for most
transmissions to be distributed, even if one of the connections go
down.
this topology is commonly used for wireless networks
Advantages
• No traffic problem as there are dedicated links.
• Robust as failure of one link does not affect the entire
system.
• Security as data travels along a dedicated line.
• Points to point links make fault identification easy.
Disadvantages
• The hardware is expansive as there is dedicated link for
any two nodes and each device should have (n-1) I/O
ports.
• There is mesh of wiring which can be difficult to manage.
• Installation is complex as each node is connected to every node.

Hybrid topology
The Hybrid topology scheme combines multiple topologies into one
large topology. This network is common in large wide area networks.
Because each topology has its own strengths and weaknesses,
several different types can be combined for maximum effectiveness.
Advantages
• It provides a better result by it.
• It can be designed in many ways for various purposes.
Disadvantages
• It is costly.
• Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts
down
• Classification of network topologies

Logical topology
The logical topology describes the way in which a network transmits information from one node to the next node.

Most common logical topologies:

The Bus Logical Topology
In the Bus Logical Topology each time a node on the network has data for another node, the sending node
broadcasts the data to the entire network. The various nodes hear it and look to see if the data is for them. If so,
they keep the data. If not they ignore the data. Ethernet is the best known example of a logical bus network.
The most common logical topologies are;
The Ring Logical Topology
In the Ring Logical Topology only one node can send information across the network at any given time.
This is achieved by way of a token. The Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface are examples of a Logical
Ring Network
Centralization
A network is centralized if there exists a central node, usually a hub or router, through which messages are passed.
Both star and tree topologies contain these central nodes. From the central node, messages are redirected to the
destination node, or at least passed in the direction of the destination node in the case of a tree. Each central node is
responsible for knowing the address and routing information of each other node connected directly to it on the network.
The peripheral nodes only pass messages to the central node. Centralized networks are far easier to expand upon
than decentralized networks. When a new node, or set of nodes are added to an existing centralized network only the
central node(s) needs to be updated in terms of routing information.

Decentralization
A decentralized network does not contain a central node, messages are passed directly from node to node.
Bus, ring, and mesh topologies are all decentralized. Decentralization is particularly important in mesh networks.
The redundancy in mesh networks is due directly to the lack of central nodes, allowing up to all nodes to share a
connection with all other nodes. Decentralized networks are generally more difficult to expand upon than centralized
networks. The exception to this is the bus topology since all messages are broadcasted.

Wireless technology is tech that allows people to communicate or data to be transferred from one point to another
without using cables or wires. A lot of the communication is done with radio frequency and infrared waves.

Wireless fidelity is the generic term that refers to IEEE 802.11 standard use for wireless local area
network.
Evolution of wifi standard and comparison.

Wifi Network Elements:

Access point- An access point is a device that creates a wireless local area network or “base station”, or
WLAN, usually in an office or large building. An access point connects to a wired router, switch, or hub via
an Ethernet cable, and projects a Wi Fi signal to a designated area.

Wifi cards- is a wireless terminal device used to enable internet connection through the wireless
connection network under the coverage of a wireless local area network.
Network security- is a broad term that covers a multitude of technologies, devices and processes. In its
simplest term, it is a set of rules and configurations designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality and
accessibility of computer networks and data using both software and hardware technologies

Peer-to-peer Topology

• AP is not required
• Client devices within a cell can communicate with each other directly.
• It is useful for setting up a wireless network quickly and easily.

Infrastructured Network

If a Mobile Station (MS), like a computer, a PDA, or a phone, wants to communicate with another MS, it
needs to send the information to AP first, then AP sends it to the destination MS.

Hotpots

• A Hotspot is any location where wifi network is made publicly available

• Hotspots are equipped with Broad band Internet connection and one or more Access points that
allow users to access the internet wirelessly
• Hotspots can be setup in any public location that can support an Internet connection.

How a Wi-Fi Network Works?

• A wifi connection works through a transmitting antenna, which is usually connected to DSL or cable
internet connection. The antenna on the router will then beam radio signal through a specific range.
Another antenna which is on the laptop or personal computer will receive the signal

Wi-Fi is a simple and cost effective way to connect to internet without the need of wires.The 802.11
standards have been growing like mushrooms after the rain in order to address the needs of the
consumers .Hotspot is a geographic area setup in any public location and has a readily accessible
wireless network. Wifi networks have a several limitations that should be concerned

• http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/wireless80211/a/aa80211standard.htm
• http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/W/Wi_Fi.html
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1473553/Wi-Fi
• http://www.ntra.gov.eg/uploads/technical%20material/Wi-Fi%20report.pdf
• https://www.elprocus.com/types-of-wireless-communication-
applications/#:~:text=Applications%20of%20wireless%20communication%20involve,various%20wi
reless%20communication%2Dbased%20projects.
• https://www.javatpoint.com/what-is-tree-topology
• https://www.omnisecu.com/basic-networking/full-mesh-topology.php
• https://www.shutterstock.com/search/hybrid-topology
• https://www.networkstraining.com/compare-and-contrast-network-topologies/