Metal Oxide Surge Arresters Iec 60099 4 1708405677

Metal Oxide
Surge Arresters
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Volker Hinrichsen
Darmstadt University of Technology
High Voltage Laboratories
hinrichsen@hst.tu-darmstadt.de
Fachgebiet
Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b -1-
Contents
• Arrester application in general

• considerations on protective characteristics
• Arrester design (station arresters)
• porcelain housed
• polymer housed
• Configuring arresters
• electrical data
• mechanical data
Fachgebiet
Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years
Internally gapped SiC arresters with porcelain housings

1980
MO arresters without gaps with porcelain housings
Æ "state of the art" latest by 1990
MO arresters without gaps with polymeric housings (mv; distribution class)

1990 MO arresters without gaps with polymeric housings (hv; station class)
Technology
2000
Fachgebiet
Development of Surge Arresters over the past 25 years
Failure
Failure rates
rates of
of MO
MO arresters:
arresters:
Distribution:
Distribution: 0.1
0.1 %/a
%/a ...
... 11 %/a
%/a (with
(with geographical
geographical variations)
variations)
1980 High-voltage:
High-voltage: virtually
virtually zero
zero
Expected
Expected life
life time
time of
of MO
MO arresters:
arresters:
>> 30
30 years?
years?
(no
(no indication
indication for
for any
any severe
severe degradation
degradation of
of MO
MO material
material so
so far)
far)
1990 Market
Market share
share of of polymer
polymer housed
housed MO
MO arresters:
arresters:
Today's situation …
Distribution:
Distribution: 80
80 % %… … >> 90
90 %%
Reasons:
Reasons: -- partly
partly poor
poor performance
performance of
of porcelain
porcelain housed
housed types
types
-- benefits
benefits of
of polymeric
polymeric designs:
designs: sealing,
sealing, handling,
handling,
overload
overload performance
performance
2000 -- cost/price!
cost/price!
High-voltage: ≈ 30 %, with increasing tendency
2003 Reasons: - hv users more conservative
- higher requirements
- cost/price!
Fachgebiet
Typical Arrester Application: Transformer Protection
Us = 420 kV
Siemens / VEAG
Fachgebiet
Special Arrester Application: Protection of an SC Capacitor Bank
Us = 550 kV
Siemens / Hydro Québec
Fachgebiet
Special Arrester Application: Line Arresters
Us = 245 kV Us = 800 kV
ABB / AEP
Siemens / REN
Fachgebiet
Special Arrester Application: HVDC Valve Protection Arresters
UDC = 600 kV
UDC = 600 kV
Fachgebiet
Arrester
Application
Fachgebiet
Fundamentals of Insulation Coordination
5
Possible voltages without arresters
Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.
4
Withstand voltage of equipment
1
Voltages limited by arresters
0
Lightning overvoltages Switching overvoltages Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment
(Microseconds) (Milliseconds) (Seconds) (Continuously)
Time duration of (over-)voltage
Fachgebiet
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 b - 10 -
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)
α≤5 I = k·Uα with α values up to 50 α≤5
1200
1100
1000
10-kA residual voltage = lightning impulse protection level = 823 kV
Peak value of voltage / kV
900
800
700 Peak value of rated voltage: √2·Ur = √2·336 kV = 475 kV
Factor 2.4
600
500
400 Peak value of continuous operating voltage: √2·Uc = √2·268 kV = 379 kV
300
Peak value of line-to-earth voltage: √2·Us /√3 = √2·242 kV = 343 kV
200
100 Leakage current îres ≈ 100 µA Nominal discharge current In = 10 kA
0
-4 -2 4
10 10 1 10 2 10
Peak value of current / A
8 decades of magnitude
Fachgebiet
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester (Us = 420 kV)
400 1,00
300 0,75
Voltage
200 0,50
Voltage / kV .
at
at U U == U
Ucc:
100 0,25
Current / mA
0 0,00
Itotal ≈ 1 mA
total ≈ 1 mA
Simplified circuit diagram -100
Current
-0,25
-200 -0,50
-300 -0,75
-400 -1,00
0 5 10 15 20
Time / ms
900 18
R = f(u) C 800 Voltage 16
700 14
600 12
Current
at î = Inn:
Current / kA
Voltage / kV
500 10
400
300
8
6
ûû ≈≈ 825 kV
200 4
100 2
0 0
-100 -2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Time / µs
Fachgebiet
Voltage-Current Characteristic of an MO Arrester
Voltage
“Resistive
Voltage, Current
Simplified circuit diagram component“
R = f(u) C Total
leakage current
Time
at U = Ucc:
Itotal
total
≈ 1 mA
Icapacitive
capacitive
≈ 1 mA
îresistive ≈ 10 µA … 100 µA
resistive ≈ 10 µA … 100 µA
Fachgebiet
MO Resistors
Ø 70 mm
Ø 100 mm
Ø 58 mm
Ø 48 mm
Ø 41 mm Ø 78 mm
Ø 32 mm
Example: EPCOS
Fachgebiet
U-I- vs. E-J-Characteristics
U-I-characteristics
U-I-characteristics for
for different
different MO
MO resistors
resistors
common
common E-J-characteristics
E-J-characteristics
Fachgebiet
LI Protection Characteristics
2 Tra
veling wav e effects
4
m
!!!!!
1 Doubling of voltage •• Voltage
Voltageat
atarrester
arresterterminal
terminal
due to full reflection
Currents at "open" end of line might
mightbe
behigher
higherthanthanthe
theLI
LI
exceeding In protection
3 protectionlevel
level
Inductivity of
3.5 m •• Voltage
Voltageat
atterminals
terminalsof of
current path
≈1 µH/m equipment
equipmentto tobebeprotected
protectedare
are
(here: L = 10 µH) higher
higherthan
thanvoltage
voltageatatthe
the
arrester
arresterterminal
terminal
2.5 m
Fachgebiet
Protective Distance – Model Calculation 1 (Um = 420 kV)
Overvoltage surge
of s = 800 kV/ µ s
Arrester Transformer
u pl = 800 kV = const. LIW = 1425 kV
ℓ?=
= 300 m
x=0 x=ℓ
Fachgebiet
1600
2000 tt == 00 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 1200
1200
800
800
400 400
0
0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
-800 1600
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = 0 kV
Arr = 0 kV 800
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = 0 kV
Tr = 0 kV
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 5 - 18 -
1600
2000 tt == 0,5
0,5 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 1200
1200
800
800
400 400
u1v
0
0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
-800 1600
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = u 1v == 400
Arr = u1v 400 kV
kV 800
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = u 1v == 00 kV
Tr = u1v kV
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
1600
2000 tt == 11 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 1200
1200
800
800
u1v
400 400
0
0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
-800 1600
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = u 1v == 800
Arr = u1v 800 kV
kV 800
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = u 1v == 00 kV
Tr = u1v kV
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
1600
2000 tt == 1,5
1,5 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 1200
1200
u1v 800
800
400 400
u1r
0
u2v 0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
-800 1600
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
Increase at
double steepness!
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = u 1v ++ uu2v
Arr = u1v
=
2v = 800
(1200
(1200 –– 400)
400) kV
kV == 800
800 kV
kV
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = u 1v ++ uu1r1r ==
Tr = u1v
(400
(400 ++ 400)
400) kV
kV == 800
800 kV
kV 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
1600
2000 tt == 22 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 1200
1200 u1v
800
800
u1r
400 400
0
0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
u2v
-800 1600
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = u 1v ++ uu2v
Arr = u1v
=
2v = 800
(1600
(1600 –– 800)
800) kV
kV == 800
800 kV
kV
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = u 1v ++ uu1r1r ==
Tr = u1v
(800
(800 ++ 800)
800) kV
kV == 1600
1600 kV
kV 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
1600
2000 tt == 2,5
2,5 µs
µs kV uArr (x = 0)
1600 u1v 1200
1200
u1r 800
800
400 400
0
u3v u2r 0
-400 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
-800 1600
u2v
-1200
kV uTr (x = ℓ)
x=0 x=ℓ 1200
0: u
xx == 0: uArr = u 1v ++ uu1r1r ++ uu2v
Arr = u1v
+ u 3v ==
2v + u3v 800
(2000
(2000 ++ 400
400 –– 1200
1200 –– 400)
400) kV
kV == 800
800 kV
kV
400
ℓ: u
xx == ℓ: uTr = u 1v ++ uu1r1r ++ uu2v
Tr = u1v
+ u 2r ==
2v + u2r
(1200
(1200 ++ 1200
1200 –– 400
400 –– 400)
400) kV
kV == 1600
1600 kV
kV 0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 µs 2,5
Fachgebiet
Assumptions:
• overvoltage surge as a voltage ramp 1 000 kV/µs (1 kV/ns)
• arrester limits voltage to 80 kV at its terminals
100 100
90 Voltage at transformer 90 Voltage at transformer
80 80
70 70
60 60
u [kV]
u [kV]
50 Voltage at arrester 50 Voltage at arrester
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
t [ns] t [ns]
a) Distance arrester - transformer: b) Distance arrester - transformer:

1.5 m (propagation time 5 ns) 3 m (propagation time 10 ns)
Fachgebiet
Protective Distance – Estimation (Rule of Thumb)
Due to traveling wave effects on the line the protection of the equipment by an arrester
can be guaranteed only for short distances between arrester and equipment.
Simplified estimation of the protective distance *):

xs protective distance [m]
LIWV standard rated lightning impulse withstand voltage [kV]
Upl LI protection level of the arrester [kV]
(LIWV / 1.15) - Upl
xs = · vtw s front steepness of the overvoltage [kV/µs]
2·s (in the range of 1000 kV/µs)
vtw propagation speed of traveling wave:
- 300 m/µs (overhead line) (equals "c0")
- (150 ... 200) m/µs (cable)
*) For more detailed information see IEC 60099-5, IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2
Example 1: Distribution network, Um = 24 kV, insulated neutral, arrester of Ur = 30 kV:
(125 / 1.15) - 80
xs =
2·1000
· 300 = 4.3 m !!!
Example 2: Transmission network, Um = 420 kV, effectively earthed, arrester of Ur = 336 kV:
(1425 / 1.15) - 823

xs =
2·1000
· 300 = 62.4 m !!!
Fachgebiet
Representative Overvoltage (acc. to IEC 60071-2)
adopted return rate 1/a

A L Lt =
U rp = U pl + shielding failure rate + back flashover rate 1/a ⋅ m
n ( Lsp + Lt ) Lsp ... span length in m
L ... distances a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 in m
n ... number of connected lines
A ... factor describing the lightning performance

of the OHL in kV (see next slide)
Note:
Note: nn should
should reasonably
reasonably be be set
set to
to nn == 11 (if
(if only
only one
one line
line is
is connected)
connected) oror nn == 22 (if
(if two
two
or
or more
more lines
lines are
are connected).
connected). Assuming
Assuming nn >> 22 couldcould yield
yield too
too optimistic
optimistic results
results that
that are
are
not
not valid
valid in
in aa real
real failure
failure scenario
scenario (e.g.
(e.g. possible
possible loss
loss of
of lines).
lines).
Fachgebiet
Factor A describing the lightning performance of an OHL
[IEC 60071-2]
Fachgebiet
Example: Us = 420 kV
• Upl = 825 kV;
• A = 11000 kV (four conductor bundle)
• L = 30 m
• Lsp = 400 m
• ≥ 2 lines connected;
• Shielding failure rate (typ. for Germany; one OHGW): 2.5 per 100 km and year = 2.5·10-5 (a·m)-1
• Adopted return rate: 1·10-3 a-1
1 ⋅ 10−3
Lt = = 40 m
2.5 ⋅ 10−5
A L 11000 kV 30 m
U rp = U pl + = 825 kV + ⋅ = 1200 kV
n Lsp + Lt 2 (400+40) m
Note
Note 1:
1: Note
Note 2:
2:
These
These equations
equations yield
yield representative
representative overvoltages,
overvoltages, No
No effect
effect of
of the
the lightning
lightning
which
which are
are not
not implicitly
implicitly the
the real
real overvoltages!
overvoltages! overvoltage
overvoltage amplitude!
amplitude!
Fachgebiet
Increase of Protection Voltage by Inductive Voltage Drops
Example: outdoor arrester Us = 420 kV
4
m Ur = 336 kV
u10kA, 8/20 µs = 823 kV (= Upl)
u10kA, 1/2 µs = 872 kV

3,5 m
Specific inductance of surge current path ≈ 1 µH/m
Length of surge current path ≈ 10 m
⇒ Inductance of surge current path ≈ 10 µH
Steepness of surge current impulse ≈ 10 kA/µs

2,5 m
⇒ Additional inductive voltage drop ≈ 100 kV
Fachgebiet
Arrester
Design
Fachgebiet
Examples of High-Voltage Arresters
Fachgebiet
Grading Rings – Corona Rings
• Beginning with a height of about 1.5 m

Corona rings
to 2 m arresters need grading rings
for control of voltage distribution along
the arrester axis.
• Corona rings serve to reduce RIV,

usually applied in system voltages of
550 kV and higher.
Grading rings
Fachgebiet
Examples of Medium-Voltage Arresters
Fachgebiet
Design of a Porcelain Housed High-Voltage Arrester
O-ring
Pressure relief vent
Sulfur cement bonding
Pressure relief diaphragm

MO column
Compression spring
Supporting rod (FRP)
Fixing plate (FRP)
Porcelain housing
Aluminum flange
Example: Siemens
Fachgebiet
Basic Designs of Polymer Housed High-Voltage Arresters
Porcelain/Type A Type B1a Type B1b Type B2
MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

Solid/semi-solid material Outer housing Metal end fittings
Fachgebiet
Type A "Tube Design"
Type
Type A AÆÆ "tube design"
•• "conventional"
"conventional" approach
approach (like
(like porcelain
porcelain type)
type)
•• gas
gas volume
volume included
included
•• separate
separate sealing
sealing system
system
•• pressure
pressure relief
relief vents
vents
•• outer
outer housing:
housing: silicone
silicone rubber
rubber (SR)
(SR)
(all
(all types:
types: HTV, RTV, LR/LSR)
Porcelain/Type A

Fachgebiet
Top cover plate
Flange with venting outlet
Sealing ring
Pressure relief membrane
Compression spring
MO resistor column
Composite
hollow core insulator
(FRP tube/ rubber sheds)
Example: Siemens
Fachgebiet
Ü Nearly any desired mechanical strength and energy

absorption capability (separate housing, multi-column possible)
Ü Safest possible short-circuit performance (closed tube)

Ü Single unit arrester up to Um = 300 kV (control of radial fields)
Þ Most expensive design
Þ Internal partial discharges possible (depending on design)
Þ Separate sealing system – risk of sealing deficiencies
Æ The Type A arrester is the typical "special feature" arrester.

Fachgebiet
Basic designs of polymer housed high-voltage arresters
Type B
• no (intentional) gas volume included
Type B1 Æ "wrapped design"
Type B1a Æ "wrapped design"

• FRP material directly wrapped onto MO stack
• outer housing slipped over or molded on
(SR, EPDM, EPDM/SR blends …)
Type B1a

Fachgebiet
Type B1a "Wrapped Design"
Implementation example 1:
• Fiber glass rovings soaked in uncured
epoxy resin or pre-impregnated
ribbons are wound crosswise around
the MO stack.
• They do not fully overlap and form
rhombic "windows".
• Best compromise between mechanical
strength and short-circuit performance
must be found.
MO column FRP wrap

main orientation of glass fibers
Example: Ohio Brass
Fachgebiet
• Full overlapping of the ribbons or
pre-impregnated FRP mats with appropriate
(crosswise) orientation of the glass fibers
• Forms a closed tube (good for mechanical
strength, bad for short-circuit performance)
• Slots as pre-determined weakened
breaking areas
MO column FRP wrap

main orientation of glass fibers Example: Ohio Brass
Fachgebiet
• Pre-impregnated FRP mats with
axial orientation of the glass fibers
• Forms a closed tube, which however easily tears
open by the arc in case of short-circuit
MO column FRP wrap

main orientation of glass fibers
Fachgebiet
Type B
Type B1 Æ "wrapped design"
Type
Type B1b Æ "wrapped design"
B1b Æ
•• FRP
FRP material
material with distance to to MO
MO stack
stack
•• gap
gap filled
filled by
by other
other material
material (solid/semi-solid)
(solid/semi-solid)
•• outer
outer housing
housing slipped
slipped over
over or
or molded
molded on
on
(SR,
(SR, EPDM,
EPDM, EPDM/SR
EPDM/SR blends
blends …)
Type B1b

Fachgebiet
Type B1 "Wrapped Design"
Ü Most economical design; lowest market prices

Ü Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain
Ü Lightweight; easy to handle
Þ Limited mechanical strength (diameter of housing, wall thickness)

Þ Big differences in performance (e.g. with regard to moisture ingress,
short-circuit performance) depending on design variants and
implementation
Þ Multi-unit arresters even for lower system voltages (radial fields)
Æ The Type B1 arrester is the typical "low cost" arrester.

Fachgebiet
Type B
Type
Type B2 Æ "cage
B2 Æ "cage design"
design"
•• FRP
FRP rods
rods or
or loops
loops form
form an
an open
open cage around
around
the
the MOMO stack
stack
•• outer
outer housing
housing directly
directly molded
molded onto
onto the
the MO
MO stack
stack
(silicone
(silicone rubber)
rubber)
Type B2

Fachgebiet
Type B2 "Cage Design"
1st sub-variant
Loops
Example: ABB Switzerland
Fachgebiet
1st sub-variant
Loops
Example: ABB Switzerland
Fachgebiet
2nd sub-variant
Loops + bondage
Example: ABB Sweden
Fachgebiet
3rd sub-variant
Rods
Example: Siemens
Fachgebiet
3rd sub-variant
Rods
Example: Siemens
Fachgebiet
Ü Economical design; low market prices

Ü Short-circuit performance better than for porcelain
Ü Mechanical strength usually higher than for B1 design
Ü Lightweight; easy to handle
Þ Limited mechanical strength (diameter; mechanical strength of MO blocks)

Þ Multi-unit arresters even for lower system voltages (radial fields)
ÆThe Type B2 arrester is a higher performance

"low cost" arrester.
Fachgebiet
Configuring
Arresters
Fachgebiet
System Arrester Environment
Highest voltage
of the system Us
Min. MCOV, Uc,min →
rated voltage Ur1
Grounding
Rated voltage Ur
MCOV, Uc
Temporary
electrical
Rated voltage Ur2

overvoltages (TOV)
Density of lightning strikes,

Lightning current stress Nominal discharge current
magnitude of lightning strikes
Energy (line
discharge, switching Line discharge class
overvoltages)
LIWV, safety margin, LI protection level,

distance (protection zone) SI protection level
Active part specified
Length of housing, number of units,

Height of erection
flashover distance (withstand voltages)
mechanical
Creepage,
Pollution
sheds
Short-circuit current
Diameter, material, length of
Seismic stress
units (number of units)
Mechanical stress
(short-circuit current,
tensile loads)
Housing
Fachgebiet
Choice of Continuous Operating and Rated Voltage
System 1 System
(phase-to-phase) 3 (phase-to-earth) Arrester
TOV (1 s)
TOV (10 s)
Highest system voltage 1-s-voltage

Nominal system voltage Rated voltage
1.25
≥+5%
Cont. operating voltage
Note: Nominal system voltage of no interest for configuring an arrester!
Fachgebiet
Choice of Continuous Operating and Rated Voltage
Ur1 = 1.25 · Uc,min = 1.25 · (1.05 · Um/√3)
UTOV 1,3
Ur2 = _______ = f(tTOV) 1,25 Power-frequency vs. time (U-t-) characteristics
kTOV 1,2
1,15
k t ov = U /U r
1,1
1,05
1
0,95
0,9
0,85
0,8
0,1 1 10 100 1000
t /s
Urr is the higher value of Ur1

r1
and Ur2
r2
, rounded up to a multiple of three
Fachgebiet
Calculation Example 1 (Um = 550 kV)
Um = 550 kV U10sec = 1.4 · Um/√3 = 445 kV LIWV = 1550 kV LD-class = 5
Rated Voltage:
Uc, min = 1.05 · Um/√3 = 333 kV
Ur1 = 1.25 · Uc, min = 416 kV
UTOV 445
Ur2 = _______ = _______ = 414 kV
kTOV 1.075
⇒ Ur, min = 417 kV Ur, typ = 420 kV
Fachgebiet
Calculation Example 2 (Um = 24 kV; isolated neutral)
Um = 24 kV U10sec…1h = Um = 24 kV LIWV = 125 kV LD-class = ---
Rated Voltage:
Uc, min = Um = 24 kV
Ur1 = 1.25 · Uc, min = 30 kV
UTOV 19.4
Ur2 = _______ = _______ = 18.1 kV
kTOV 1.075
⇒ Ur, min = 30 kV Ur, typ = 30 kV
Fachgebiet
Highest voltage
of the system Us
rated voltage Ur1
Grounding
Rated voltage Ur
MCOV, Uc
Temporary
electrical
Rated voltage Ur2

overvoltages (TOV)

Energy (line
overvoltages)


Height of erection
mechanical
Creepage,
Pollution
sheds
Seismic stress
Mechanical stress
tensile loads)
Housing
Fachgebiet
Direct Lightning Strokes to Overhead Line Conductors
The nominal discharge current In is a coordination

current on which the protective characteristics and
thus insulation coordination are based.
Question: What is a reasonable value for In?
To answer this question: what are the highest

possible currents of a lightning stroke directly into
the overhead line conductor?
Fachgebiet
Direct Lightning Strokes to Overhead Line Conductors
CIGRÉ electro-geometrical model • rc and rg are the maximum striking
distances of a return stroke to the
stepped leader.
• The higher the stroke current, the
higher rc and rg.
• Im is the maximum current at and
above which no strokes will
terminate on the phase conductor:
1
⎡ h+ y ⎤ 0.75
⎢ 2 ⎥
Im ≈ ⎢
7.1 ⋅ (1 − sin α ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Examples:
α = shielding angle
h = 60 m, y = 45 m, α = 30 °
⇒ Im ≈ 36 kA
Strokes
Strokes between
between A
A and
and BBÆÆ phase
phase conductor
conductor
Strokes
Strokes between
between B
B and
and C Æ ground
CÆ ground wire
wire h = 30 m, y = 25 m, α = 15 °
Strokes
Strokes beyond
beyond A
AÆÆ ground
ground ⇒ Im ≈ 9 kA
Fachgebiet
Lightning Stroke and Surge Propagation on a Transmission Line
1 2
1 Lightning stroke: two traveling waves of û = ½ ·Z · î (Example: û = ½ · 350 Ω · 20 kA = 3.5 MV)

2 1st insulator: flashover
Example:
• 100 % flashover voltage (negative polarity*)): ud100 ≈ 2100 kV for Um = 420 kV
• max. current of propagating wave: î = 2100 kV / 350 Ω = 6 kA
Surge currents are limited to values below 10 kA!

*) More than 90 % of lightning flashes to ground are negative cloud-to-ground flashes!
Fachgebiet
Lightning Impulse Current Stress of Station Arresters
Usually,
Usually, no
no direct
direct lightning
lightning strokes
strokes ofof discharge
discharge currents
currents higher than ≈≈ 20
higher than 20 kA
kA
on
on shielded
shielded transmission
transmission lines
lines (all
(all other
other strokes
strokes will
will hit
hit the
the shield
shield wire
wire
or
or directly
directly the
the ground)
ground)
Currents
Currents limited
limited by
by flashover
flashover voltage
voltage of
of line
line insulators
insulators
and
and surge
surge impedance
impedance of of the
the line:
line:
î = ûflashover
flashover
/Z
Examples:
Examples:
U
Umm == 123
123 kV,
kV, ûûflashover ≈ 600 kV, Z = 450 Ω
flashover ≈ 600 kV, Z = 450 Ω
î = 1.3 kA
U
Umm == 420
420 kV,
kV, ûûflashover ≈ 2 100 kV, Z = 350 Ω
flashover ≈ 2 100 kV, Z = 350 Ω
î = 66 kA
kA
LI
LIcurrents
currentsin
inthe
thesubstation
substationusually
usuallybelow
below10
10kA
kA
Fachgebiet
Highest voltage
of the system Us
rated voltage Ur1
Grounding
Rated voltage Ur
MCOV, Uc
Temporary
electrical
Rated voltage Ur2

overvoltages (TOV)

Energy (line
overvoltages)


Height of erection
mechanical
Creepage,
Pollution
sheds
Seismic stress
Mechanical stress
tensile loads)
Housing
Fachgebiet
Energy Requirements
Two aims:
1)
1) Mechanical
Mechanical integrity
integrity of
of the
the MO
MO blocks
blocks
2)
2) Thermal
Thermal stability
stability
Fachgebiet
Energy Requirements
Single impulse energy absorption capability

• Energetic overloading (puncture
or thermo-mechanical cracking of
one or more MO-resistors)
Fachgebiet
Energy Requirements
Thermal energy absorption capability
Electrical power losses
Limit of thermal stability

(unstable operating point)
electrical power losses
Heat dissipation,
Heat dissipation
Normal operation
(stable operating point)
Temperature
Fachgebiet
"Thermal" and "Impulse" Energy Values
"Thermal" 1) "Impulse"
2 long duration
current impulses, 1 long duration
1 minute apart current impulse
Ur for 10 seconds Uc for 30 minutes
Time Time
Preheat to
60 ºC
max. 100 ms
Energy input by two long duration current im- Energy input by one long duration current
pulses 1 minute apart (each impulse 50% of impulse t ≥ 4 ms; thermal stability not critical
the injected energy); thermal stability required
1)
Note: If no thermal stability has to be guaranteed after
energy injection (i.e. arrester de-energized
afterwards) higher energy values are allowed.
Fachgebiet
Thermally Equivalent Prorated Section for Operating Duty Test
Current supply
Gripping
Hard tissue Gripping
Cork
Test sample
Porcelain
Temperature
measurement
Current supply
Fachgebiet
Choice of Line Discharge Class acc. to IEC 60099-5
IEC 60099-5, 1996-02

Surge Arresters - Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
Table 1:
L D c la s s a p p ro x . U m a p p r o x . lin e le n g th a p p ro x . Z a p p r o x . o v e r v o lta g e
kV km Ohm fa c to r
p .u . *)
1 ≤ 245 300 450 3 ,0
2 ≤ 300 300 400 2 ,6
3 ≤ 420 360 350 2 ,6
4 ≤ 550 420 325 2 ,4
5 ≤ 800 480 300 2 ,4
*) 1 p.u. =√2 x Um/ √3
Fachgebiet
Line Discharge Class (IEC 60099-4) – Problem of Definition
Arrester Line Surge Virtual Charging

W == U
W Ures · (U – U res)) ·· 1/Z
res · (ULL – Ures 1/Z ·· TT classification discharge impedance of duration voltage UL
class the line Z of peak T
(Ω) (µs) (kV d.c.)
10 000 A 1 4,9 Ur 2 000 3,2 Ur
10 000 A 2 2,4 Ur 2 000 3,2 Ur
10 000 A 3 1,3 Ur 2 400 2,8 Ur
20 000 A 4 0,8 Ur 2 800 2,6 Ur
20 000 A 5 0,5 Ur 3 200 2,4 Ur
Example:
Example:
A
A MO
MO arrester
arrester with
with resistors
resistors of of 44 kJ/kV
kJ/kV (2·2
(2·2
kJ/kV)
kJ/kV) energy
energy absorption
absorption capability
capability maymay bebe
specified
specified as
as aa Class
Class 22 arrester
arrester ifif UUres /U = 2,
res/Urr = 2,
but
but as
as aa Class
Class 33 arrester
arrester ifif U
Ures /U = 2.4.
res/Urr = 2.4.
A
A Class
Class 33 arrester
arrester of
of U
Ures /U = 2 needs
res/Urr = 2 needs
resistors
resistors of
of 66 kJ/kV
kJ/kV (2·3
(2·3 kJ/kV).
kJ/kV).
Fachgebiet
Highest voltage
of the system Us
rated voltage Ur1
Grounding
Rated voltage Ur
MCOV, Uc
Temporary
electrical
Rated voltage Ur2

overvoltages (TOV)

Energy (line
overvoltages)


Height of erection
mechanical
Creepage,
Pollution
sheds
Seismic stress
Mechanical stress
tensile loads)
Housing
Fachgebiet
LI protection level from U-I-Characteristics
different
different MO
MO resistors
resistors
Uplpl == (2.8
U (2.8 ...
... 3.4)·U
3.4)·Ucc
ûr
ûc
Fachgebiet
Calculation Examples 1 + 2 (Um = 550 kV and 24 kV)
1) Um = 550 kV U10sec = 1.4 · Um/√3 = 445 kV LIWV = 1550 kV LD-class = 5
Rated Voltage: Ur, typ = 420 kV
Protection Level:
1550 kV 1550 kV
U10kA = 420 kV · 2.3 *) = 966 kV < __________
1.4
( __________
1.4
= 1107 kV ) ;
*) Typical value for LD class 5, but manufacturer dependant
2) Um = 24 kV U10sec…1h = Um = 24 kV LIWV = 125 kV LD-class = ---
Rated Voltage: Ur, typ = 30 kV
Protection Level:
125 kV 125 kV
U10kA = 30 kV · 2.67 *) = 80 kV < _________
1.4
( _________
1.4
= 89 kV ) ;
*) Typical value for 5-kA distribution arrester, but manufacturer dependant
Fachgebiet
Typical Values of Protection Level
Us Neutral earthing
Standard lightning Lightning impulse Factor
impulse withstand protective level upl LIWV/upl
voltage LIWV
kV kV kV
24 Resonant earthed 125 80 1.56
123 Resonant earthed 550 370 1.49
145 Solidly earthed 650 295 2.2
As a rule of thumb, a factor LIWV/upl ≥ 1.4 LIWV

pl ≤
offers sufficient protection against lightning overvoltage: upl ________
________
1.4
The voltage at the terminals of the equipment to be
protected must not reach values above LIWV/1.15
(Ks = 1.15 = safety factor for non-self restoring insulation, acc. to IEC 60071-2)
For more detailed information see IEC 60099-5, IEC 60071-1 and IEC 60071-2
Fachgebiet
Protection Level and Stability against Power-Frequency Stress
Example: Um = 245 kV, neutral effectively earthed
600
Ur = 224 kV
500
u10kA=538 kV
400
Ur = 198 kV
u10kA= 475 kV
u [kV]
300
200
1.4 times line-to-earth-voltage

100
Line-to-earth-voltage
0
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
i [A]
Lower LI protection level Æ higher specific power-frequency stress

Protection level should be set to reasonable (not necessarily the lowest) values!
Fachgebiet
Highest voltage
of the system Us
rated voltage Ur1
Grounding
Rated voltage Ur
MCOV, Uc
Temporary
electrical
Rated voltage Ur2

overvoltages (TOV)

Energy (line
overvoltages)


Height of erection
mechanical
Creepage,
Pollution
sheds
Seismic stress
Mechanical stress
tensile loads)
Housing
Fachgebiet
Housing Requirements
• Mechanical strength
• static and dynamic loads by connected conductors
• strength against seismic events
• Dielectric strength
• Short-circuit performance
• Performance under polluted conditions
• shed profile
• creepage distance
• flashover distance
• partial heating of active parts
• internal partial discharges
• hydrophobicity (incl. dynamics of hydrophobicity)
Fachgebiet
Mechanical Strength of Housing
Minimum recommended strength if there are no further requirements
(given by conductor loads ÅÆ wind, vibration, short-circuit current forces):
System voltage Um Fmin static Fmin dynamic min. breaking value

(kV) (N / lbf) (N / lbf) (N / lbf)
≤ 420 400 / 90 1000 / 225 1200 / 270
550 600 / 135 1500 / 337 1800 / 405
800 800 / 180 2000 / 450 2400 / 540
(Table valid for porcelain housed arresters)
• Ratio Fdyn / Fstat = 2.5 for porcelain housings

• Ratio Fdyn / Fstat for polymer housings not yet definitely established
Fachgebiet
Pressure Relief of a Porcelain Housed Arrester Unit
1) Puncture and 2) Internal arc 3) Opening of pressure

flashover of individual along the full relief devices and
MO resistor(s) length of the unit venting of the unit
Fachgebiet
Pressure Relief of a Cage Design Polymer Housed Arrester Unit
1. Arrester has failed and gas begins to

be expelled through the housing.
2. The gas streams trigger an external

flashover and the internal arc is
commutated to the outside
Fachgebiet
Pressure Relief Test according to IEC 60099-4 Ed. 2 (inf.)
Test with high current (rated short-circuit current):
Test with low current:
5 10 16 20 31.5 40 50 63 80 kA
600 A ± 200 A
(additionally: tests with ≈50% and ≈ 25% of rated short-circuit current)
Basic idea: Factors that improve

Ød pressure relief performance:
• Explosion not allowed
• Thermal breaking allowed • Short housings
Arrester unit (definition: all parts within • Large gas volume
H the circular enclosure)
• Fast opening pressure
relief devices
Circular enclosure h >= 0,4 m
• High mechanical strength
(porcelain quality, thickness)
• Favorable short circuit

Ø D = (d + 2H) >= 1,8 m current loop
Problems: - how to initiate the failure

- pass criteria see 37/317/CDV
Fachgebiet
Influence of the Short Circuit Current Loop
i i i i
i i i
Porcelain worst case most favorable case neutral case
Polymer (with
favorable case most favorable case worst case
gas volume included)
Polymer (without
most favorable cases worst case
gas volume included)
Fachgebiet
Examples for Successful Pressure Relief Tests with High Current
Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on porcelain housed arrester
Fachgebiet
Examples for Successful Pressure Relief Tests at High Current
Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed high-voltage arrester (FRP hollow insulator)
Before test After test
Fachgebiet
Test with 63 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed high-voltage arrester (cage design)
Fachgebiet
Test with 20 kA/0,2 s on polymer housed distribution arrester (cage design)
Fachgebiet
Short-Circuit Performance – Wrap-Up
• In general, polymer housed arresters tend to offer a "safer"

short-circuit performance.
• But not all polymer housed arresters are intrinsically "safe".
• Design differences must still be regarded.
Fachgebiet
Performance under Pollution Conditions
Measures against:
1 • Long creepage distance
• Optimized shed profile
2 • Few number of units

(best: single-unit arrester)
Radial filed stress:
- risk of "internal" 3 In case of gas volume included:
partial discharges, • large distance MO column - housing
3
degradation of the • no sharp edges at the MO column
MO resistors and 1 Risk of external • MO blocks with stable aging
deterioration of the flashover characteristics
supporting structure • internal gas volume free of oxygen
or • high tracking resistance of supporting
- risk of puncture in structure
case of the housing • use of desiccants
directly applied to the In case of no gas volume included:
MO column • sufficient thickness of housing
• optimized shed profile
• high tracking resistance of materials
2 Risk of partial heating
of the active parts General:
(see Annex F of General:High
Highrated
ratedand
andcontinuous
continuousoperating
operatingvoltage
voltage
rather
rather than low protection level if possible (leadstoto
than low protection level if possible (leads
IEC 60099-4) moderate
moderateelectrical
electricalstress
stressunder
undercontinuous
continuousoperating
operating
conditions and improves long term stability)
conditions and improves long term stability)
Fachgebiet
Performance under Pollution Conditions – Radial Field Stress
MO column
Gas or solid
Conductive
Solid layer
Uaxial, int
Uradial
Fachgebiet
Summary - Characteristic Values (1): Main Data
• Continuous operating voltage (Uc/MCOV)
• Rated voltage (Ur)
• Rated frequency
• Rated short-circuit current (Is)
• Line discharge class (LD-Class)
• Nominal discharge current (In) (8/20 µs)
• LI protection level (Upl) (= residual voltage at In)
Additional: residual voltages for different current shapes and amplitudes
Fachgebiet
Summary - Characteristic Values (2): Additional Data
• Long duration current impulse withstand capability (amplitude, time)
• Energy absorption capability (in kJ/kV of Ur or Uc)
• High current impulse capability (4/10 µs) (for distribution arresters)
• Temporary overvoltage (TOV) capability (1 s, 10 s, 100 s)
• Creepage distance
• Dielectric withstand values of the housing
• Permissible mechanical headloads (static, dynamic)
Fachgebiet
Metal Oxide
Surge Arresters
Fachgebiet
Voltage and Temperature Distribution of MO Arresters
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
H [mm]
800
H= 1200 mm
H= 1465 mm
600
H= 1805 mm
400
200
0
0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6
U/Umitte
U/U l
mean
⇒ Grading rings necessary for

arrester heights > 1.5 m ... 2 m
Fachgebiet
Arrester Ur = 224 kV, Voltage Distribution, Equivalent Circuit
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
Height [mm]
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0,7 0,8 0,9 1 1,1 1,2 1,3
U/Umean
Fachgebiet
Specified Currents for Residual Voltage Tests on MO Arresters
Double exponential current impulses: definition by T1/T2 and î

T1 Front time [µs]
T2 Time to half value [µs]
î Amplitude [kA]
from IEC 60060-1
FS L R
UL C PO
T1 = 1.25 · T Typical test circuit
Fachgebiet
Specified Currents for Residual Voltage Tests on MO Arresters
• Switching current impulse: (30…100)/(2·T1) µs, î <= 2 kA
• Lightning current impulse: 8/20 µs, î <= 40 kA

(nominal discharge current In usually 5, 10 or 20 kA)
• High current impulse: 4/10 µs, î <= 100 kA

(typical values 65 and 100 kA)
• Steep current impulse: 1/<20 µs, î <= 20 kA
Fachgebiet
Specified Currents for Energy Tests on MO Arresters
Long duration current impulse: î <= 2 kA

Td Virtual duration of the peak
Tt Virtual total duration
Standard values of Td: 500, 1000, 2000, 2400, 2800, 3200 µs
from IEC 60060-1
Ln L1 FS
UL Cn C1 PO
Typical test circuit
Fachgebiet
Accelerated Aging Procedure
Accelerated Aging Test: • Part of Operating Duty Test acc. to IEC 60099-4
• Quality assurance for running MO production
Test Conditions: • ϑ = 115 ºC, U = 1,05 ·Uc, t = 1000 h (6 weeks)

• "actual surrounding medium": Air, N2, SF6, (CO2, N2H2)
Accelerated Aging Test acc. to IEC 99-4
1,8
Normal Behaviour
1,6
Aging Resistor
1,4
1,2
P /P o
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
sqrt (t) [sqrt (h)]
Fachgebiet
Accelerated Aging Tests
Fachgebiet
Switching Surge Operating Duty Test (IEC 60099-4)
2 long duration
current impulses,
Conditioning 1 minute apart
4 groups of 5 impulses 2 high current

at In 8/20 µs, superimposed impulses
on 1,2 x Uc 100 kA, 4/10 µs Ur for 10 seconds Uc for 30 minutes
Time
1 minute Preheat to
apart 60 °C
Cool down Time interval

to ambient not specified max. 100 ms
temperature
Test evaluation (pass criteria):

• Decrease of temperature, power loss, resistive component of the leakage current
• No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%)
• No puncture, flashover or cracking of MO blocks
Fachgebiet
High Current Impulse Operating Duty Test (IEC 60099-4)
Conditioning
4 groups of 5 impulses 1 high current 1 high current

at In 8/20 µs, superimposed impulse 4/10 µs impulse 4/10 µs
on 1,2 x Uc Ur for 10 seconds Uc for 30 minutes
Time
1 minute Preheat to
apart 60 °C
Cool down Time interval

to ambient not specified max. 100 ms
temperature
Test evaluation (pass criteria):

• Decrease of temperature, power loss, resistive component of the leakage current
• No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%)
Fachgebiet
LongDuration Current Impulse Test (IEC 60099-4)
Long duration current impulse Test procedure:

(2,4 ms, 1200 A)
6 1,8 6 groups of 3 impulses = 18 impulses
5 1,6 (MO blocks in open air)
4 1,4
3 1,2
2 1
U [kV]
I [kA]
1 0,8
0 0,6
-1 0,4
-2 0,2
Time
-3 0
-4 -0,2 1 minute
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 apart
t [ms]
Cool down
to ambient
temperature
Typical 2 ms-values for single MO Test evaluation (pass criteria):

blocks from 200 A (distribution class • No significant change of residual voltage (max. 5%)
arresters) to 1600 A (station class
arresters), may be increased by
connecting several blocks in parallel
Fachgebiet

Metal Oxide Surge Arresters Iec 60099 4 1708405677

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Metal Oxide Surge Arresters Iec 60099 4 1708405677

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Metal Oxide

• Arrester application in general

Internally gapped SiC arresters with porcelain housings

MO arresters without gaps with polymeric housings (mv; distribution class)

Siemens / Hydro Québec

Time duration of (over-)voltage

a) Distance arrester - transformer: b) Distance arrester - transformer:

Simplified estimation of the protective distance *):

Example 1: Distribution network, Um = 24 kV, insulated neutral, arrester of Ur = 30 kV:

(1425 / 1.15) - 823

adopted return rate 1/a

n ... number of connected lines

A ... factor describing the lightning performance

Factor A describing the lightning performance of an OHL

Example: outdoor arrester Us = 420 kV

u10kA, 1/2 µs = 872 kV

Steepness of surge current impulse ≈ 10 kA/µs

⇒ Additional inductive voltage drop ≈ 100 kV

• Beginning with a height of about 1.5 m

• Corona rings serve to reduce RIV,

Pressure relief diaphragm

Fixing plate (FRP)

Porcelain/Type A Type B1a Type B1b Type B2

MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

Top cover plate

Flange with venting outlet

Pressure relief membrane

Ü Nearly any desired mechanical strength and energy

Ü Safest possible short-circuit performance (closed tube)

Þ Most expensive design

Þ Internal partial discharges possible (depending on design)

Þ Separate sealing system – risk of sealing deficiencies

Æ The Type A arrester is the typical "special feature" arrester.

Type B1 Æ "wrapped design"

Type B1a Æ "wrapped design"

MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

MO column FRP wrap

MO column FRP wrap

MO column FRP wrap

Type B1 Æ "wrapped design"

MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

Ü Most economical design; lowest market prices

Ü Lightweight; easy to handle

Þ Limited mechanical strength (diameter of housing, wall thickness)

Æ The Type B1 arrester is the typical "low cost" arrester.

MO column Gas FRP supporting structure

Example: ABB Switzerland

Example: ABB Switzerland

Example: ABB Sweden

Ü Economical design; low market prices

Þ Limited mechanical strength (diameter; mechanical strength of MO blocks)

ÆThe Type B2 arrester is a higher performance

Rated voltage Ur2

Density of lightning strikes,

LIWV, safety margin, LI protection level,

Active part specified

Length of housing, number of units,

Highest system voltage 1-s-voltage

Note: Nominal system voltage of no interest for configuring an arrester!

Ur1 = 1.25 · Uc,min = 1.25 · (1.05 · Um/√3)

Urr is the higher value of Ur1

Ur1 = 1.25 · Uc, min = 30 kV

Rated voltage Ur2