Building A CNC Router

instructables
Building a CNC Router
by Benne
Need parts for your project? Check out my Amazon A liate link below, thanks!:
http://amzn.to/2mVlbnl
This instructable will show you how I built my CNC router. I hope you can draw some inspiration from my build and that
this instructable will be helpful for your future projects. This instructable shows all the steps I went through in designing
and building this CNC router.
The main thing I like about a CNC router, is that it is so versatile. You can use it as a drilling machine, a router, a saw, a mill,
and even as a lathe. Because my workshop is very small (it’s more like a shed), I didn’t have the room for all of these tools,
but I still wanted to be able to make very precise parts for di erent projects. That’s why I started to think about building a
CNC router.
After doing some research I decided to design and build my own machine. It took me almost 6 months to build and
design the machine from start to nish. Before starting the actual designing of the machine, I did a lot of research on the
web. I recommend taking a look at the following websites: cncroutersource.com and cnczone.com. These websites will
provide you with a ton of information and answer most of your questions on CNC-related topics.
Please note:
I built this CNC router as nal project for school (also called 'pro elwerkstuk' in the Netherlands). When I started the build,
I was 16 years old and I nished it when I was 17. Although I have done a couple of larger projects in the past and have
been doing FTC robotics for the last few years, I didn’t have that much experience with building CNC machines. This
machine actually is the second CNC machine I built. The rst one was a wooden test machine, which I built to gain some
experience and learn more about CNC machines. I tried to build this machine as well as possible, with the tools, the
knowledge, and the budget I had at the time. I think the machine came out pretty nice and I hope you enjoy reading
about it.
Building a CNC Router: Page 1

Step 1: The Design - Tools and Material
Before starting to build a machine, you will always have to make some sort of a design. Sometimes it only have to be
some sketches on a piece of paper, but for this machine a more precise three dimensional drawing was required. I made
my design using google sketchup. Google sketchup is a free cad program, which you can download from the web. I
found it was very easy to work with, although I had never worked with a cad program before. You won’t be able to draw
as complicated designs as you can, by using other programs like Autocad, but for my purposes it worked just ne.
My main goal was to get all of the proper dimensions for my parts, so that I could order them online. I wanted to see if all
of my parts were going to t together. Because the machine consists of a lot of moving parts, I wanted to make sure that
nothing would hit one another while running the machine.
When I started designing the machine I already had some parts like the linear rails and the ball screws. I bought these
from someone who had built a test machine for his webshop. I used the same electronics for this machine, as I used for
the wooden test machine I had built earlier.
These are the basic dimensions and parts used for the machine:
Overall dimensions
X: 1050mm
Y: 840mm
Z: 400mm
Travel
X: 730mm
Y: 650mm
Z: 150mm
The length of the rails and ball screws depends on the size of the machine you want to build.
Electronics
-3x 3 Nm Nema 23 Stepper Motors
- 3x DM556 Leadshine stepper motor driver
- 36V power supply (for Stepper Motors)
- Breakout Board
- 5V power supply (for Breakout Board)
Better: Ethernet Smoothstepper (doesn't use old style LPT port).
- ON/OFF switch
- Shielded 18/4 Awg wire
- 3x Proximity sensor (limit switch)
You can also buy a complete Electronics Kit, that includes stepper motors and drivers. These work totally ne, but can
sometimes be lower quality than real Leadshine drivers.
- Spindle: Kress FME 800 or Bosch Colt or Dewalt Compact Router
If you also want to cut aluminium and other non ferrous metals, a water cooled or air cooled spindle would be a lot
better. You can buy a kit that includes everything you need. I have purchased this as an upgrade after nishing my CNC
Optional:
- Electronics enclosure
- Energy chain
- Connectors
Mechanical
- Linear rails: X: SBR 20 Y/Z: SBR 16
- Ballscrews: X/Y: 16mm 5mm pitch
You can save a lot of money by buying a kit that includes linear rails and ball screws .
- Z - axis drive screw: M10 with homemade delrin nut, but a ballscrew would be better
- Aluminum pro les: 30/60mm Misumi 100mm
- Aluminum plates: 15mm thick
- CAD/CAM software: CamBam/Fusion 360
- Controller software: Mach3
The machine is almost entirely built from 15mm thick aluminum plate and 30x60mm aluminum extrusions. I built this
CNC router using a very limited amount of tools. The main tools I used were a drill press and a lathe. Because I didn’t have
the right tools to cut the aluminum plates to size, I designed the machine around standard sizes and ordered the plates
online, already cut to length. The aluminum extrusions I used were also cut to length and I ordered these from misumi
Europe.
When designing a CNC router it is helpful to ask yourself a couple of questions. Here you will nd the design process I
went through for my CNC router.

What type of CNC router do you want to build?
There basically are two types of CNC routers: the moving table design and the moving gantry design. Moving table style
designs are often used for smaller size CNC routers. They are easier to construct and can be built more rigid than a
moving gantry style machine. The downside of letting the table move instead of the gantry, is that the overall footprint of
the machine in retrospect to it’s cutting envelope, is about twice as large as with a moving gantry design. Therefore it
probably is better to make a moving gantry style machine, if your cutting envelope is larger than about 30x30 cm.
Because I wanted to build a machine with a cutting envelope of about 65x65 cm, I used the moving gantry style design.
What do you want to cut with the CNC router?

This determines pretty much every answer to the questions below. I wanted to use the machine for plywood, hardwoods
and plastics mainly, but also for aluminum. If you want to cut materials harder than aluminum, I recommend building a
CNC mill, instead of a router.
What material will you use to construct the machine?

This is determined by the question above. A good guideline is that the material you use to construct the machine is
stronger or as strong as the material you want to cut. So if you want to cut aluminum, you should use aluminum or even
steel to build the machine. I have seen wooden CNC routers that can cut aluminum (you will nd some on youtube), but
this went very slow and the machines have to be very well constructed. Because I wanted to cut aluminum with this CNC
router, I built it out of aluminum. I could have used steel, but this is more di cult to machine and I didn’t have the proper
tools for that.
What length of travel do you need for each axis?

My rst intention, was to build a CNC router that could handle standard size sheet goods, like plywood and mdf. In the
Netherlands these are 62 x 121 cm. So for the Y - axis, I wanted a travel distance of at least 620mm. The machine is placed
in a small shed in my backyard, with a very limited amount of space. I couldn’t make the machine too big, because then it
would really get in the way and take up all the space. So the X - axis only has 730mm of travel. This is less than the full
length of a sheet of plywood (1210mm), but I gured that if I wanted to machine something really large a could cut the
rst part, than slide the sheet forward and cut the last part. By using this technique you can cut pieces that are much
larger than the normal X - travel distance. For the Z - axis I gured that 150mm would be enough to possibly use a fourth
axis in the future.
What type of linear motion will you use for the machine?
There are many options to choose from for linear motion: drawer slides, ball bearings on V rail, V-groove bearings,
unsupported round linear rail, fully supported round linear rail and pro le linear rail. The linear motion system you use
will to a large extent determine the cutting quality that you can achieve. I would recommend going for the best system
that you can a ord. After doing some research, I found that fully supported linear rails would be the best option, that I
still could a ord. If you search on ebay or Amazon for SBR12, SBR16 or SBR20 you will nd a number of di erent sellers
and sets to choose from. If you are building a 3 axis CNC router, you should buy a kit consisting of three sets of linear rails
and two linear bearings per rail.
What kind of linear drive system will you use for each axis?
The basic options to drive each axis are: timing belts, rack and pinion and drive screws. For homemade CNC routers, drive
screws are most commonly used. Screw drive systems work by placing the stationary nut on the moving part of the
machine and holding the screw in place on both ends.The screw gets attached to the motor. If the motors starts to turn,
the nut with the moving part of the machine attached to it, will move along the screw and set the machine in motion.
For the X and Y axis, I used ball screws. Ball screws provide very smooth motion, with virtually no backlash. Backlash is the
amount of play between the drive screw and the nut and is something you don’t want in a CNC router. If you want to
read more about backlash, I recommend taking a look at the website cncroutersource.com.
Ball screws are more expensive than ACME screws (which are a good alternative), but will again highly improve the
cutting speed and cutting quality you can achieve.
For the Z-axis I used high quality stainless steel M10 threaded rod, with a homemade delrin nut.
What type of drive motor and controller are you going to use?
Concerning the motors, there are two basic options: servo motors and stepper motors.
Servo motors are mainly used for high end CNC routers and are very expensive. They use encoders to provide position
feedback and require more expensive controllers. Stepper motors are widely used on homemade CNC routers and there
are many di erent types and sizes. The size of the stepper motor you need depends on what you want to cut, how fast
you want to cut it, what type of linear drive and motion components you use, how large the machine is etc. I used 3Nm
stepper motors for my machine, which is probably overkill.
The controller must suit the motor that you’re using. You can use individual drivers for each motor, as I did, or you can
buy a 3 or 4-axis driver board. You can read more about the electronics I used in step 14.
What type of spindle will you use?

Most homemade CNC routers use a standard woodworking router or trim router as the cutting spindle for their machine.
Mine is no exception. I used a Kress router, which is of slightly higher quality than standard wood routers, and it has a
nice 43mm clamping ange. If you want to cut a lot of di erent materials, some sort of speed control can be really handy.
The Kress router has a built in speed control but you will nd this on most routers. If you are going to be doing a lot of
really heavy cutting you might want to look into air or water cooled spindles. You can nd these on Amazon/Ebay as well,
but they will cost you a lot more than a standard router. They use a VFD for speed control and can be much quieter than
standard routers.
What will be the total costs for the machine and do I want to spend so much money?
I estimated the total costs for this CNC router to be around 1500 euro. A CNC router is expensive but you can save a lot of
money by building one yourself.
After I had found the answers to all of the questions above, I came up with the nal design for my CNC router. As you can
see, my design is not extremely detailed. You won’t see the exact hole locations on all of the parts for instance. It is
di cult to determine how many bolts you should use to put two pieces together, if you have never held those pieces in
your hands before.
For me, this design was enough to give me a good view on how everything was going to work out and which parts I
should order.
After the design was completed and rejected/redesigned a couple of times, I could start ordering all of the parts needed.
The 30x60mm aluminum extrusions and all of the aluminum plates for the gantry and Z - axis which I used for the X - axis
were pre-cut to length. I also ordered some heavy duty anti-vibration leveling feet.

Download
https://www.instructables.com/ORIG/FIK/9O46/I05F5UVN/FIK9O46I05F5UVN.skp
Step 2: The X-axis
The X- axis consists of a basic frame, made out of 4 pieces of 30/60 aluminum extrusions and two 15mm thick end-plates.
There are two 6.8 mm holes in the end of the extrusions. I used a metal tap to create an M8 thread on the insides of the
holes. After that I carefully laid out the positions for the holes on the end-plates. I actually clamped both plates together
while drilling, to make sure that the holes would line up on both ends. I also drilled four holes in the middle of each plate
to mount the bearing blocks. I drilled four extra holes in one of the side plates, to attach the motor mount.
I made 4 blocks to hold the leveling feet. The blocks are pieces of aluminum (50x50x20). I used four m5 bolts and t-nuts to
mount them onto the outer extrusions.
The linear rails t directly onto the aluminum extrusions. For the X - axis, I used 20mm diameter rails. The pre-drilled holes
in the base of the linear rails line-up exactly with the slots in the aluminum extrusions. I could easily mount them using
m5 bolts and t -nuts.

Step 3: Gantry Side Plates
The gantry side plates are almost identical. The only di erence is that one of them has four extra holes for attaching the
motormount. The whole gantry is made out of 15mm thick aluminum plates. Drilling the holes in the sideplates, was
quite simple. Although I had to work very precisely. To get the holes in exactly the right spot, I carefully marked their
locations, then I used a center punch, to create a little divot. Then I went over to the drill press and used a centre drill to
create a hole that guides the actual drill bit. For the larger holes I used a smaller size drill bit rst before using the nal
size drill bit.
Because of the way I had designed the gantry, I had to drill holes in the end faces of the side plates. I originally planned
to do this on the drill press, but the parts didn’t t under it. So I had to come up with a di erent solution: using the lathe. I
made a special holder on the moving carriage of the lathe. I drilled two extra holes in each plate, to keep them in place on
the carriage. Now I could easily drill perfect holes in the ends of the side plates. The only thing that was left to do, was to
tap the holes for an M8 thread.

Step 4: Assembling the Gantry
The rest of the gantry is made the same way as the side plates. The most di cult part was getting the linear rails lined up
correctly. The linear rails had to line up with the edge of the plate. When marking the exact hole locations, I clamped two
pieces of aluminum pro les to the sides of the plate to line up the rails. Once I had marked the hole locations, I drilled
and tapped them with an M5 thread. When attaching the rails to the gantry, you have to make sure that the distance
between the rails over the entire length is completely even (the rails must be parallel).
I used the same method for drilling the holes in the end faces as I did with the side plates.
I made some corner brackets to add some extra sti ness to the assembly. On the nal assembly of the machine, I actually
left them out, because I didn’t felt like they were needed.
The plate on the bottom of the gantry is very simple. I drilled 6 holes to attach it to the side plates. In the middle I had to
drill two holes for mounting the nut holder.

Step 5: Y-axis Carriage
The Y-axis carriage consists of one plate with 8 linear bearings attached to it. Drilling the holes was pretty straight
forward, but again it had to be very precise. Both the linear bearings for the Y-axis and the Z-axis get attached to this
plate. Because the bearings are so close together, even the slightest misalignment causes it to jam. I made the holes only
0.2 mm oversized, but I had to drill them out to 0.5 mm to align the bearings correctly. I had to do a bit of tweaking to get
the carriage to slide easily from one side to the other. Both the rails and the bearings needed to be adjusted. I used high
quality digital callipers to align them as good as possible. When I had made the drive nut mount for the Y-axis, I drilled
two extra holes in the plate to attach it. I also tried to align the bearings for the Z-axis as good as possible, but I still had to
adjust them when I got the rest of the Z-axis nished.

Step 6: Z-axis
The linear rails of the Z -axis get attached to the moving part of the Z - axis assembly. The rails needed to be o set a few
millimeters from the edge of the plate. I used the same method as I did for the Y - axis, to align them. I found two pieces
of plastic, of just the right thickness, which I could use as spacers. I knew the edges of the aluminum plate were parallel,
so I clamped two pieces of aluminum to the edge of the plate and added the pieces of plastic to space the rails out from
the edge. Once I had marked the hole locations, I just drilled and tapped them again. Make sure that you mark where the
pieces go, so that the holes still line up when you put everything back together.
To mount the top plate to the Z - axis assembly, I drilled and tapped three holes in the end of the router mounting plate. I
did this with the same setup on the lathe as I did for the Y - axis plates. I had originally planned to attach the Z - axis
stepper motor directly to the top plate. So I tried to mill some slots in the top plate to attach the stepper motor. This
didn’t work out so well, because I didn’t have a proper milling setup. So I cut o the part with the slots and fabricated a
di erent motor mount out of plastic (see step 12).
I also made two bearing blocks out of the same plastic material, which got attached to the top plate as well. The drive
screw is a piece of stainless steel threaded rod (M10). The drive screw is clamped between the two bearings with two
nuts. I drilled and tapped the timing pulley for an M10 thread and just screwed it onto the top part of the drive screw. It
is held in place by three set screws. The delrin drive nut gets attached to the Y - axis carriage (see step 10).
The router mount was pre-made and I ordered it from damencnc.com. It has a 43mm clamping ring, which ts the Kress
router that I am using.
If you want to use a water cooled spindle instead as an upgrade, a mount is often included in the kit. You can also
purchase these mounts, if you want to use a dewalt or bosch router with a cylindrical body.

Step 7: Timing Belts and Pulleys
I did not want the motors to be sticking out of the machine. Because this would increase the overall size of the machine
by about 15 cm in each axis. Normally you would mount the motors on the outside of the machine using a special motor
mount or stando s. This way you can couple the motors directly to the ball screws with a exible coupler of some sort.
This is how I did it on the rst wooden prototype machine I built. For most people this will probably work out just ne.
But what I found was, that because the machine was placed in a very small shop, the motors would really get in the way.
Because they were sticking out by almost 20 cm (motor stando s) I quite frequently would bump against them.
That is why I placed the motors on the inside of the new machine. By doing this I could not directly couple the motors to
the ball screws, but I had to use a timing belt and pulleys.
I ordered the timing belts and pulleys from beltingonline.co.uk. They have a big variety of types and sizes. I used 9 mm
wide HTD5 belts and pulleys. When using a belt drive to connect your motor to the drive screw, you can use a gear
reduction. By using a smaller gear on the motor you can use smaller motors and still get the same torque (although you
will of course lose speed). Because my motors were pretty large I did not need any gear reduction to get more power.

To save some money I ordered the timing pulleys without the holes for the setscrews and with only a pilot hole in the
centre. I used the lathe to drill out the bore to the correct size. For drilling the holes for the setscrews, I made a little jig
out of some steel hexagonal bar using the lathe and the drillpress.

Step 8: Motor Mounts
The motor mounts are made from pieces of aluminum tubing. Mine were pre - cut to length when I ordered them, but
you can also use a piece of steel tubing and cut it into square pieces. The motor mounts for the X and the Y - axis, had to
be able to slide in and out, to tension the timing belts. If you use a normal coupler to connect your stepper motors, I
recommend making or buying some stando s. I used the lathe to make the slots and to drill a large hole in one face of
the mount, but you could also do this on a normal drill press.
I started by making a large hole in one side of the mount with a holesaw. This allows the motor to sit ush with the
surface and it also makes sure the shaft is centered. The motor is fastened to the mount with four M5 bolts. I made four
slots, in the other side of the mount, to allow it to slide in and out. I clamped the piece on a special lathe attachment to
mill the four slots.

Step 9: Bearing Blocks
The bearing blocks for the X and the Y - axis are made from 50mm aluminum round bar stock. I cut o four equal slabs,
each 15mm thick. I then faced o each side of the blanks on the lathe. After marking and drilling the four mounting
holes, I used the lathe again to drill out a large hole in the centre of the blank. I then made the cavity for the bearing to sit
in. The bearings have to be pressed in and the blocks get bolted onto the end and side plates. I drilled and tapped a hole
in the end of the ball screws to hold them in place. By inserting a bolt, I could tighten them against the angular contact
bearings. The end of the ball screw was turned down on the lathe to 11mm. This is the part were the timing pulley gets
attached to. The very end of the ball screw was turned down a little bit further to 10mm, so that it could be pressed onto
the bearing. On the oating end of the ball screws, I just used standard ball bearings.

Step 10: Z-axis Drive Nut Mount
I didn’t use a ball screw for the Z - axis. Instead I used standard, but high quality M10 threaded rod. I made a nut out of a
piece of delrin. Delrin is a very good material for this purpose, because it is self-lubricating and it won’t wear out over
time. If you use a good quality tap to make the threads in the nut, the backlash will be very minimal (I haven’t noticed
any). Inside the Z-axis assembly, there was very little room to mount the nut. And since my homemade nut was round, I
needed to make a special mount. The mount consists of two pieces of 12mm acrylic. I was able to use the homemade
CNC router of my school teacher, to make these parts. The round nut ts very snuggly inside the pieces of acrylic and is
held in place by a small bolt. The bolt keeps the nut from spinning inside the mount. I drilled and tapped two holes in the
little feet of the holders, to be able to mount it to the Y-axis carriage

Step 11: X- and Y-axis Drive Nut Mount
For the X and the Y axis, I made a di erent drive nut mount out of a piece of aluminum. The ballscrew nuts have two
small anges on one side, with three holes in them. I used one of the holes on each side to attach the nut to the holder.
The holder is made from a piece of aluminum and is machined on the lathe. Because I didn’t have a mill, I used the lathe
with a four jaw chuck. These pieces have to be machined very precisely. Once you have attached the nuts to the gantry
and Y-axis carriage, you should be able to move these parts easily from one side to the other, by turning the ballscrews
by hand. If the dimensions of the holders are incorrect, the nut will get jammed, and you won’t be able to turn the
ballscrew by hand anymore.

Step 12: Z-axis Motor Mount
The Z-axis motor mount is di erent from the others. It is made from 12mm acrylic and was also cut with the homemade
CNC router from my teacher. I had originally planned to make the mount out of a plate of aluminum, but machining that
was too di cult. The belt tension can be adjusted by loosening the two bolts on top and sliding the whole motor mount
assembly. The 12mm acrylic works just ne for now, but I might replace it with a piece of aluminum in the future. I found
out that when I was tensioning the belt, the acrylic plate would bend a little bit.

Step 13: The Cutting Bed
The nal part I had to make for the machine was the cutting bed. The cutting bed is a very important part of the machine,
and often overlooked. There are many di erent types of cutting beds. Examples are: t-slot table top, perforated table top,
vacuum table or you could just use a disposable table top and screw your stock right onto the table. An aluminum t-slot
table top would probably be the best, but it will cost you a few hundred dollars, depending on the size of your machine. I
choose to use the perforated tabletop, because it tted within my budget and I would still have lots of clamping options.
The cutting bed for my machine, is made from an 18mm thick piece of birch plywood. I fastened it with M5 bolts and t -
slot nuts to the aluminum extrusions. I bought about 150 M8 hexagonal nuts for about 4 dollars. Using a CAD program, I
drew hexagonal shapes in a grid with a hole in the middle. Then I used the machine to cut out all of the pockets for the
nuts. Instead of regular nuts you could also use T-nuts, but then you would have to ip the tabletop over to insert them.
Another problem you can have is that they fall out.
On top of the piece of birch plywood, I installed a piece of 25mm thick MDF. This is the disposable surface. I used a larger
router bit, to cut holes through both pieces. The holes line up exactly with the centre of the hexagonal shapes cut earlier.
Then I unscrewed the piece of mdf and installed all of the nuts in the piece of plywood. I made the holes slightly
undersized, so I had to use a hammer to pound them in. Then I reinstalled the MDF surface and checked if the alignment
was still correct.
I also attened the tabletop to ensure that the surface was parallel to the x and the y axis and perfectly at.

Step 14: The Electronics
The electronics for my machine consist of the following components:
Main power supply - 48VDC 6,6Amp

3 drivers - Leadshine M542 V2.0
3 steppermotors - 3Nm hybrid Nema 23
Breakoutboard
Relay - 25A, 230VAC output, 4-32VDC input
Main power switch
Power supply for breakoutboard - 5VDC
Power supply for cooling fans - 12VDC
2 cooling fans (80mm)
2 power outlets - for Kress router and shop vac
E- stop - still needs to be installed
Limit switches - still need to be installed
This would be a good electronics kit:
3 axis Nema 23 stepper motor kit
If you don’t want to spend a lot of money on electronics you can buy a kit from amazon. There are a lot of di erent sellers
with prices in the 200-400 dollar range. Before ordering a kit you should think about what size steppers you need. I you
are building a small machine for cutting wood and plastics only 270 oz in or 1.9 Nm motors will give you plenty of power.
I choose 3Nm motors, because the machine itself is quite large and heavy and I planned on machining some harder
materials like aluminum in the future.
If your motors aren’t too large you can use a 3-axis driver board, although it is better to use individual drivers. Individual
drivers can handle more amps and feature microstepping. They are more reliable and will give you better results. The
drivers I use actually came with the kit I ordered. They can handle 4,2 amps max and up to 125 microsteps.
The main power supply is connected to the drivers with 14 gauge wire, which is mainly used in RC airplanes. These wires
are very exible, but of high quality and can handle plenty of amps. The 5 VDC power supply is connected to the main
power inlet. For the cooling fans, I installed a power outlet inside of the enclosure, so that I could use a standard 12V wall
adapter to power them. The main power gets switched on and o by a large power switch.
The 25A relay is controlled by the computer through the breakoutboard. The input terminals of the relay are connected
to the output terminals of the breakoutboard. The relay is connected to two power outlets, which power the Kress router
and shop vac to suck up the shavings. When the Gcode ends with the command M05, the machine will automatically
switch of both the shop vac and the router. To switch them on you can either press F5 or use the Gcode command M03.
Step 15: Electronics Enclosure

Since I temporarily mounted the electronics on a piece of wood, to test the machine, I still had to make a good enclosure.
I drew out the rough dimensions and places for all of the components on a piece of paper. I tried to arrange them in such
a way that I could easily get to all of the terminals to install the wires. I also made sure that I would get a su cient air ow
through the enclosure. This is very important since the stepper controllers can get quite warm.
All of the cables can be connected in the back of the enclosure. I used special 4 wire plugs, because I wanted to be able to
disconnect the electronics from the machine, without having to unscrew any of the wire terminals. I also installed two
power outlets to provide power to the spindle and a shopvac. The power outlets are connected to the relay to switch the
router on and o automatically in Mach3. I mounted a large powerswitch on the front of the enclosure.
Once I got all of the components arranged the way I wanted, I designed all the pieces to make the enclosure with a CAD
program. I then used the CNC machine itself to cut out all of the sides and the base. I made a lid with a piece of plexiglas
in the middle. I then installed all the components and tried to keep the wiring as clean as possible.

Step 16: CNC Software
To control a CNC router, you need 3 di erent types of software. A CAD program, to create a drawing. A CAM program to
create the toolpaths and output the G-code. And a controller program which translates the G-code and controls the
router. I am using CamBam to create most of my drawings and create the toolpaths. CamBam is a simple program and is
very easy to work with. It has some basic CAD functionalities, so for most projects you don’t need a di erent CAD
program. Before CamBam can create the toolpaths, you need to set a couple of parameters. Examples are: the diameter
of the tool that you’re using, the cutting depth, depth per pass, cutting speed etc. When you have made the toolpaths,
you can output the G-code. The G-code is the machining language, that tells the machine what to do.
For the controller software I am using Mach3. Mach3 sends out the signals through the parallel port of your computer to
the breakout board. You use Mach3 to zero the cutting tool and start the cutting program. You can also use it to control
the spindle speed and cutting speed. Mach3 has some basic wizards built in, which you can use to output simple G-code
les. An example is the write wizard, which you can use to quickly write some text and output it to G-code. (See step 17
for an example).

Step 17: Using the Machine
After several months of work, the machine is nally nished. After the initial testing, the rst thing I made were some
hold-down clamps. The rst ‘big’ project was the electronics enclosure, which you have seen in step 15. I have also been
cutting some di erent types of gears and some signs. For some guitar pick boxes I made see my Etsy shop.
One thing I quickly realized was that a CNC router makes a lot of dust and can be pretty loud. To x the dust problem I
made a dust shoe, to which a shop vac can be attached. Reducing the noise level was more di cult. My parents were
kind enough to pay for the material costs to build a full enclosure for the machine. So I made a large cabinet in which the
CNC machine stands. I used noise-absorbing plates to cover the inside of the walls. The electronics and the shop vac can
sit in two di erent compartments under the machine. The cabinet really cuts down on the noise level and makes using
the machine even more fun.

Step 18: Conclusion
So that’s about it. Now you know how I build my CNC router and why I did it the way I did.
Although you probably won’t be building an exact copy of my machine, I hope you can draw some inspiration from my
design and build. I have learnt a lot, by building this CNC router and really look forward to using it for future projects.
I would like to thank my school teacher, Nop Velthuizen, which gave me the opportunity to build this machine. He
allowed me to come over to his own workshop and use all of the tools I needed to build this CNC router. He gave me a lot
of information and inspiration and helped me where needed, to successfully complete this project.
If you have any questions, please leave a comment and I will try to answer your questions as soon as possible.
Benne is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an a liate advertising program designed to provide a
means to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon(.com, .co.uk, .ca etc) and any other website that may be
a liated with Amazon Service LLC Associates Program.

Nice project i m willing to implement it, can you send me all the data rezetane.sidali@gmail.com
Very nice build!! Would you be willing to share you project data with me?
sinanhalici06@gmail.com
hi, very nice project , can you share more details of your projects at balwinder07@gmail.com
Hi,
Great job! Can you please share the project data on my email abhishekgupta9605@gmail.com.
Thanks
Hi,
Looks very good. Can you share the project data with me? This is my email address:
201kwiatkowski@gmail.com
Thanks in advance
Great project! I’m building one similar. My question is: Did you counterbalance the Z axis? Should
I? It’s pretty heavy.
Thanks.
Bill
Hi
What a great project, I love it and want to build it myself.
Is it possible to get the plans for this great machine, it would be so helpful to build the project.
My e-mail is billa14@southernphone.com.au and thanks in advance
Very nice build!! Would you be willing to share you project data with me?
ticaaus2000@gmail.com
Very nice build!! Would you be willing to share you project data with me? I am wanting to build
my own CNC due to budget costs and would really love to build something like this. Thank you
for taking the time to input all this information on here. It really shows how much goes into
building one of these. I would also like to ask where you got your aluminum from? I can’t seem to
find any anywhere online. My email is:
uga_842007@yahoo.com
Great! A very nice work, congratulations! I just also finished my hobby cnc and I would like to ask
you which software you use to process graphic designs and then to convert to G-code for Mach3
I've looked and read a lot about DIY CNC for the last past years.
That's by far the MOST complete, comprehensive and well documented description and tutorial.
And the result itself is amazing.
Congratulations. I'm retired now and will built my own CNC. Sure I will take a lot of your ideas.
Very good job !!!
Hi there,
Looks stunning, great work.
I'm about to create something similar, would you kindly share data of your cnc?
Email: daniel@mehlberg.co.uk
All the best
Thanks
Hey dat's een tof project. Hoe groot is het maximale wat je kan bewerken?
good job, Can you share the Project Data to me?

My email is: yosofhamad23@yahoo.com
Fantastic work. You have my vote.
Please share the drawings of your new machine with me, pviljoen.ret@gmail.com
Nice work. Hope we could build our own one.
I love everything about this design except for the Y-axis belt drive. I understand it will take a long
time to have to replace that belt, but I wouldn't want to have to disassemble the gantry to do it.
Just my point of view.
The
3 axis Nema 23 stepper motor 425 oz.in=3NM & Driver DM542A Peak 4.2A, 128 micsteps, CNC
Router
Is this good for America power. I cant find anything about the volts and I dont want to get
something that isnt good for 110?
They are perfect for the size machine this is, and yes they will work in America. Most power
supplies have a switch on the side for 120/220.
Great job, Can you share the Project Data to me?
My email is: raptor503d(at) gmail(dot)com
Benne
Nice Job, I am building one similar. I notice that you put rails so that they would run on the edge
instead of on top. Has that caused any problems.
Thanks
I am building an Aluminum CNC router (almost finished) and have made a series of Videos on
the process! Check out my YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/user/joerharris
Hi,
I work for the University of Michigan and we are currently looking for a design solution for a
combination CNC machine, would it be possible for you to send me your design plans? Thank
you.
Can you share the Project Data to me
My Email : hithamab@yahoo.com
Hi, i am really interested on your project.
i hope you can share your project data to me
alirospawan34@gmail.com
My email is pietervas@webmail.co.za
IS IT POSSIBLE THAT YOU CAN EMAIL ME THE ALL THE DRAWING OR PROJECT BUILD
DATA FOR THIS MACHINE
Hey myself a student of engineering. I am looking to create and carve out my future by building
up the best projects related to mechatronics and the project of CNC router is the best key. Much
thanx to you for explaining each aspect in details.. Can I get a detailed report.. If its possible for
you please send it at bsohail266@gmail.com
Please email me the CNC project build data whenever possible. Thank you for sharing your great
project.
simetriamaster@gmail.com
Hi Benne
Can you please share me the required data to build one myself. This is my email id
mahendradalavi@gmail.com. I am searching for DIY CNC router machine for long time but your
machine is one which I feel to build so please help me. Thanks. Looking forward for email.
This is fantastic, Now I am motivated to build one. I highly appreciate if you kindly would provide
any engineering drawing/build data you may have? my email is pcpa2013@outlook.com
Great instructions. All
my 3D models that I want to CNC are done in SolidWorks. Using Solidworks I can
transfer them into STL, DXF, IGES, STEP ...etc files. Can I then import them
into CamBam (probably DXF or STL) and generate G-code?
Great construction and well explained. Especially the part what I had to choose depending to the
things I would make with the machine. Also a nice trick to drill holes in the face of the aluminum
with the lathe :-)
Awesome build. I'm totally impressed. You've assisted me in moving closer to the action of
building. Can you also email me the CNC project build data, christopher.bennett.fm@gmail,com
Thanks so much!

Please email me the CNC project build data whenever possible. Thank you for sharing your great
project.
damon00distefano@gmail.com
Looks great! Please email me the build data. I would like to make one like it.
mkbrummett58@yahoo.com
Hi, I am trying to build your CNC project. Can you please email me all the dimensions, materials
needed, so I can order them from misumi pre-cut. also I noticed that your links provided not
working anymore, can you provide an alternative links. thank you and good job on your awesome
CNC
damon00distefano@gmail.com
Hai. I am willing to do the same diy for my door production. first i need to do some trial
production, can you just send me the details , drawings, software etc to this mail id
jvinothkumar1986@gmail.com. awaiting for your mail. thanks for your guidelines
Hello
Great Job!!!
Can you tell me what type of micro controller you have used??
Ottimo lavoro......vorrei provare anche io non potresti inviarmi
i file tavole quotate misure, per piacere Grazie e continua cosi ciao Massimo.
la mia email : massimocorrias@live.it grazie.
This looks great ! Great job ! I would be very interested in building one of these ! If someone
could be kind and send me the drawings to this i it would be amazingly kind at :
belahbib.houssem@gmail.com
I would be very thankfull !
What's the difference between a CNC mill and a CNC router?
This might help: http://hobbymilling.com/the-difference-between-a-m...
I am astounded that you made this at the age of 17! This is really marvelous and I am truly
inspired.
I would really like to work on a project like this but I need to adapt it to US specs. Our sheets of
plywood are typically 4' x 8' (1219mm x 2438mm). I would also have to adapt all of the thread
sizing and power requirements to US specs. Or I could lead the charge in converting the US to
the metric system (metric really is way easier)!
Hi, I've added your project to "The Ultimate Collection of DIY Workshop Tools" Collection
Here is the link If you are interested:
https://www.instructables.com/id/The-Ultimate-Colle...
I really love it! Excellent work! I wish I had one!
i will try for this one useful & great experience Thanks
Very nice machine and a great instructable. Maybe I'll build one of my own this summer.
Hello , Maybe you could help me . I just build a machine with a bed of approx 6feet by 3 feet .
using RM2005 balscrews and nema 34 1600 oz/inc. But I am realy strugeling to even jog the
machine at 3000mm/sec ,cutting max of 2000mm/sec . how fast should I be able to go ?

Building A CNC Router

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Building A CNC Router

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Building a CNC Router

Building a CNC Router: Page 1

Building a CNC Router: Page 4

What do you want to cut with the CNC router?

What material will you use to construct the machine?

What length of travel do you need for each axis?

What type of spindle will you use?

Building a CNC Router: Page 6

Step 2: The X-axis

Building a CNC Router: Page 10

Building a CNC Router: Page 17

Building a CNC Router: Page 27

Building a CNC Router: Page 38

Building a CNC Router: Page 46

Building a CNC Router: Page 57

Building a CNC Router: Page 58

Building a CNC Router: Page 64

Building a CNC Router: Page 70

Building a CNC Router: Page 77

Building a CNC Router: Page 83

Building a CNC Router: Page 87

Building a CNC Router: Page 92

The electronics for my machine consist of the following components:

Main power supply - 48VDC 6,6Amp

Step 15: Electronics Enclosure

Building a CNC Router: Page 104

Building a CNC Router: Page 120

Building a CNC Router: Page 123

Building a CNC Router: Page 132

good job, Can you share the Project Data to me?

Building a CNC Router: Page 135

This might help: http://hobbymilling.com/the-diﬀerence-between-a-m...

Building a CNC Router: Page 136

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