YTU

Architecture Faculty
Architecture Department

CONSTRUCTIONAL
ELEMENTS OF BUILDINGS 1

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ezgi KORKMAZ

2023 – 2024 SPRING SEMESTER

Course Objectives

The aim of this course is to cover the components of a

building such as soil, foundations, walls, floors, stairs etc.
and to design and solve problems of building components
which take place during all stages of construction.

Bir yapının zemininden başlayarak temel, duvar, döşeme,

merdiven vb. yapı elemanlarının ele alınması ile kaba
yapımdan ince yapım aşamasına kadar yer alan
bileşenlerinin kurgulanması ve sorunların çözümü
Course Learning Outcomes

• To gain knowledge about structural definitions, concepts, classification of buildings

• To gain knowledge about the details of construction materials such as foundations,
walls, floors, stairs and so on.
• To gain abilities to compose the components of different types of structure from
rough to fine construction levels
• To gain understanding the principles and standards for the production, use and
application of building materials and components
• To acquire the skill of designing the components of mixed products

• Yapısal tanımların, kavramların, yapıların sınıflandırılmasının öğrenilmesi

• Farklı yapı türlerinin zemininden başlayarak temel, duvar, döşeme, merdiven vb.
yapı elemanlarının ve detaylarının öğrenilmesi
• Farklı yapı türlerinin kaba yapımdan ince yapım aşamasına kadar yer alan
bileşenlerini kurgulayabilme becerisini kazanmak
• Yapı malzemeleri ve bileşenlerinin üretim, kullanım ve uygulamalarıyla ilgili ilke ve
standartları anlama becerisini kazanmak
• Karma ürünlü yapı elemanlarını kurgulayabilme becerisi kazanmak
WEEKS DATE SUBJECTS AND ASSINGNMENTS
22.02.2024
1 Introduction, definitions,
29.02.2024
Soil types, application of a building on the site, shallow foundations, deep
2 foundations, application
07.03.2024
3 Water and heat insulation of foundations, drainage
14.03.2024
4 Walls, definition, classification
21.03.2024
5 Wall openings, floors, definition, classification, composite floors
28.03.2024
6 Concrete slabs, wood and steel floors, floor coverings
04.04.2024
7 Application
11.04.2024
8 Holiday
18.04.2024
9 1 sth Mid-Term Exam
25.04.2024
10 Seminar
02.05.2024
11 Stairs, definition, classification
09.05.2024
Stair construction systems, carriages, slabs
12 Application
16.05.2024
13 Stair coverings, escalators, ramps, elevators, winders
23.05.2024
14 Application
 REFERENCES

• A&C Detail, (2005), Stair

• Allen, E., Joseph, I., (2004), Fundamentals of Building Construction-
Materials and Methods, John Wiley&Sons Inc.
• Avlar, E., (2000), Yapılarda Su ve Nem Korunumu, YTU Basın
Yayın Merkezi
• Balanlı, A., (1981), Yapı-Gereç İlişkisi 1, Ders notu
• Balanlı, A., (1992), Duvarlar, Ders notu
• Balanlı, A., (1997), Yapıda Ürün Seçimi, YÜMFED Yayını, no 4,
İstanbul
• Ching, F.D.K., Adams, C,. (2001), Çizimlerle Bina Yapım Rehberi,
John Wiley&Sons Inc.
• Çelebi, R., (1990), Yapı Elemanları 1-2, Ebru Tanıtım Matbaacılık
• Hasol, D., (1993), Ansiklopedik Mimarlık Sözlüğü, YEM Yayın,
İstanbul
 REFERENCES

• Pietro, S. S. and P. Gallo, (2002), Stairs Scale, Edizioni L’

Archivolto, Milano.
• TS 500, (2000), Betonarme Yapıların Tasarım ve Yapım Kuralları,
Ankara
• Türkçü, Ç., (1997), Yapım, Mimarlar Odası İzmir Şubesi Yayınları.
• Yavuz, G., (2006), Yapı Elemanları 1, Ders notu
• Yücesoy, L., (2001), Temeller, Duvarlar, Döşemeler, YEM Yayın,
İstanbul
 definitions
Building - yapı – bina

“a structure with a roof and walls that is used

as a place for people to live, work, etc.”

“the act or process of making structures by

putting together materials”

(merriam-webster)
 definitions
Building - yapı

“any fixed or mobile, private or governmental

construction that is temporarily or
permanently erected on the surface or under
the surface of the earth or water”
 definitions
Building - yapı

“is a made environment designed and

produced to fulfill its users’ needs” (Balanlı,
A.)
 definitions
Structure - strüktür

“the anatomy / framework / carcass which

holds the form sustained” (Yavuz, G.)

“the system which keeps the elements

restraining a space sustained” (Balanlı, A.)
 definitions
Construction - Yapım

the process of production of a building:

• a defined need,
• the design of a form to fulfill this need,
• the design of a structure to hold this form
up,
• proper materials, vehicles and methods to
materialize this design (Balanlı, A.)
 definitions
System - sistem

“A pattern / configuration formed by mutual

interactions between components and
elements which are brought together to
achieve a certain goal” (Yavuz, G)
 definitions

a building is produced with building

products

building is a product itself made of building

products
definitions
 Material
Malzeme (gereç)
Defined as a substance, that is
unprocessed natural (sand, gravel, logs
etc.) or less processed not to assume as
a building component (lumber, cement,
lime, etc.), used in composing the
structural component.

Yapı bileşenlerinin yapılmasında

kullanılan işlenmemiş doğal (kum, çakıl,
tomruk vb.) veya bir yapı bileşeni niteliği
kazanmayacak kadar az işlenmiş
(kereste, çimento, kireç vb.) madde
olarak tanımlanabilir.
 defined as products that are Piece -
produced as a result of forming Parça
the structural materials for a
particular function and
combining several of them to
form a whole.
(tiles, bricks, ceramics, pipes,
etc.)

yapı malzemelerinin özel bir

işlev için biçimlendirilmesi
sonucu üretilen, birkaç tanesi bir
araya getirilerek bir bütünü
oluşturacak olan ürünlerin her
biri olarak tanımlanabilir.
(kiremit, tuğla, seramik, fayans,
boru vb.)
 Component-
Bileşen

defined as products which are formed by combining the building materials

and pieces or formed due to the function and having a specific place and
function within the whole structure. (windows, doors, cladding, panelling,
sink, etc.)

yapı malzemesi ve parçalarının birleştirilmesi ile oluşan veya işlevi gereği

biçimlendirilmiş ve yapı bütünü içinde belirli bir yeri ve işlevi olan ürünler
olarak tanımlanabilir. (pencere, kapı, kaplama, lambri, lavabo vb.)
 Element- Eleman
(öğe)
Defined as a whole of components
formed by combining materials, pieces
and components with various methods on
site or at factory in order to create, bind,
cover one or more of the interior and
exterior spaces of the structure. (walls,
stairs, roofing, flooring and so on.)

Yapının iç ve dış mekanlarından bir veya

daha çoğunu oluşturma, bağlama, örtme
amacıyla şantiyede veya fabrikada
malzeme, parça ve bileşenlerin çeşitli
yöntemlerle bir araya getirilmesiyle
oluşturulan bütünler olarak tanımlanabilir.
(duvar, merdiven, çatı, döşeme vb.)
 Unit (space)- Birim (ünite /
mekân)

Defined as parts of structure that are formed by combining the elements

and that form spaces which can be used independently (rooms, kitchens,
bathrooms, classrooms, etc.).

Elemanların birleştirilmesiyle oluşan ve bağımsız olarak kullanılabilecek

yerleri (mekanları) oluşturan yapı bölümleri olarak tanımlanabilir (oda,
mutfak, banyo, derslik vb.).
 definitions
masonry buildings /yığma yapılar/:

In masonry construction, loads of roofs and floors are

transferred to the foundations and to the ground by load
bearing exterior and interior walls. They also function as
separators.
 definitions
skeleton frames - structures /iskelet yapılar/:

Loads of roof and floors are transferred to the columns /

posts through beams and to the foundations through
columns. Columns / posts and beams are designed to
form structural frames. Walls are non-loadbearing and
function as separators.
 definitions

loads:

Loads are various physical forces that affect the building

through its usage period and should be considered
carefully in design. In an enclosed space for habitation, the
structural system of a building must be able to support two
types of loads:
 definitions
loads:
• static loads: these are dead loads acting vertically
downward on a structure, comprising the self-weight of the
structure itself and the weight of other building elements
permanently attached to it.

• dynamic loads: dynamic loads comprise any moving or

movable loads on a structure such as people, animals,
collected snow, furniture, etc.
 definitions
There are also other terms such as:

• vertical loads,
• lateral loads (such as wind loads or earthquake loads),
settlement loads,
• ground pressure,
• water pressure,
• thermal stress,
• occupancy loads,
etc.
(Vural, S.M.)
(Vural, S.M.)
(Limoncu, S.)
(Vural, S.M.)
(Vural, S.M.)
(Limoncu, S.)
(Vural, S.M.)
Science Museum, Santiago Calatrava (Valencia, İspanya)
(Vural, S.M.)
American's Cup Port - Veles e Vents,
David Chipperfield (Valencia, İspanya)

(Vural, S.M.)
Pompidu Center
Renzo Piano ve Richard Rogers

(Karaduman, T.)
(Vural, S.M.)
Atomium
(Brussel, Belgium)
Andre Waterkeyn

(Tuna Taygun, G.)

(Vural, S.M.)
(Tuna Taygun, G.)
(Tuna Taygun, G.)
(Tuna Taygun, G.)
Dominus winery
Herzog & de Meuran
Orient Station
Santiago Calatrava

(Tuna Taygun, G.)

(Tuna Taygun, G.)
 La Grande Arche
Paris, France

Johann Otto von Spreckelsen

Paul Andreu

(Celebioğlu, B.)
(Vural, S.M.)