Module 3 Checked

University of La Salette
Santiago City
MODULE
The Contemporary World
3 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
A World of
Regions
Introduction
The growing demands of economics and politics enabled the world to
connect at a faster rate. Even more so that the increasing demands of
globalization are now affecting not just people but also state and state policies.
This module tackles the different mediums used by both people and
states in adjusting to a globalized world.
Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this
module, you should be
able to:
Motivation: Map me out.
1. appraise how a world
of regions is interwoven
and concurrently The Globalized world has interconnected both people and countries. In a
divided through yellow sheet of paper, categorize each number to A. Asian B. European. C.
globalization; American. D. Middle-Eastern E. None of the Above.
2. analyze the role of
1. An Overseas Filipino Worker
media as a source of
information 2. Singaporean
3. Terrorist
3. examine how religion
4. You
and globalization
intertwine;
Processing questions:
1. In answering the given items, what factors did you consider in making
your choice? (If any). If there are none, what made you choose the
letters for the given items?
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MODULE 2 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
TOPIC 3 STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
The Interstate
System
Content
The world is now comprised of numerous countries or states. The
United Nations (UN) officially recognizes 195 sovereign states and two (2)
observer states, namely Palestine and the Holy See-and all of these states
have different forms of governments. Some scholars in politics are interested
in individual states and examine the internal politics of these countries. Other
scholars may be interested in the interaction between states rather than
internal politics. These scholars look at trade deals, political, military, and other
diplomatic engagements between two or more countries-These scholars are
studying international relations.
When scholars explore the deepening interactions between states, they refer to this phenomenon of
internationalization. But Internationalization does not equal globalization, although it is a major part of it. It is
important to study international relations as a facet of globalization because of how states and governments are key
drivers of global processes. Globalization encompasses a multitude of connections and interactions that cannot be
reduced to the ties between governments. Although this course is about the contemporary world, we cannot avoid
history. What international relations are today is largely defined by events that occurred as far back as 400 years ago.
World Politics today has four(4) key attributes. First, there are countries or states that are independent and
govern themselves. Second, these countries interact with each other through diplomacy. Third, there are
international organizations, like the United Nations (UN) that facilitate these interactions. Fourth, beyond simply
facilitating meeting between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own.
Diplomacy
The profession, skill, or activity,
of managing international
relations, typically done by a
diplomat
MODULE 2
TOPIC 3
The Interstate
System
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Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
What are the origins of the Interstate system?
We start off by defining what one means when he/she says a “country”, or in
this case the nation-state. The concept of a nation-state is relatively a modern
phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as
countries. At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various regions of
the world have identified exclusively with units as small as their village or their tribe,
and at other times, they see themselves as members of larger political categories like
“Christendom” (entire Christian World). (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
Nation versus State

The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable
Based on terms. Not all states are nations and not all nations are states. (Ibid).
landmass, Vatican State refers to a country and its government, and a state has four (4)
elements to it. The first one is Territory. Territory as an element of a
is the smallest state means an area over which a state has effective control. (Bernas,
state in the world. 2009). It includes land, maritime areas, airspace, and even outer space.
The second element are People. People here must be comprised of both
sexes as to continue the numbers for the community to flourish. Third is
the government. Government here refers to any form-may it be
presidential, republican, monarchies, and the like. The last element is
sovereignty. Sovereignty means that the state must be free to exercise
control within its jurisdiction without external interference. This is a
highly contemporary concept that has emerged in a tumultuous time.
A nation is a group of people bound together by certain characteristics such as common social origin, language,
customs, and traditions, and who believe that they are one and distinct from others. (De Leon & De Leon Jr., 2011)
The concept of Sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of Westphalia. The said Treaty was a set of
agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Year’s War between major European powers of that period. It was after
a brutal war between Catholics and Protestants, the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch
Republic designed a system that would avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise
complete control over their domestic affairs and would not meddle into others’ affairs. This was Sovereignty in its
core and basic premise.
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TOPIC 3
The Interstate
System A major challenge to the principles set by the Treaty of Westphalia was
the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon Bonaparte believed in the French principles of
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. This came a shock to monarchies as Napoleon
challenged previously set institutions and implemented a Napoleonic code for the
government loosely based on Meritocracy-and such, removed certain privileged
held by monarchies such as birth privileges.
After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the

royal powers created a new system to replace the
Treaty of Westphalia-The Concert of Europe. This
Figure 1. Napoleon Bonaparte Concert was an alliance of “great powers” that sought
crossing the St. Bernard Pass.
to restore the world of monarchical hereditary, and
religious privileges held before the French revolution
and Napoleonic Wars. More importantly, it was an
alliance to restore sovereignty of states.
Internationalism
As Westphalian principles create individual states, there are others who dreamed of a heightened interaction
between states-where cooperation and unity among states and people are possible and would flourish. This desire is
called internationalism.
United States President Woodrow Wilson became one

of the century’s most prominent internationalists. Wilson saw
nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. He
forwarded the principle of self-determination-the belief the
world’s nations had a right to a free and sovereign government.
Wilson became the most notable advocate for the creation of
the League of Nations. At the end of World War I in 1918, he
pushed to transform the League into a venue for conciliation
and arbitration to prevent another war.
In an ironic scene, the United States was not able to join
the League of Nations due to Senate opposition, and in
addition, failed to avert the rise of Nazi Germany and in effect- Figure 2. President Woodrow Wilson. Source: History.com
a new World War.
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TOPIC 4
Despite the League’s failure, it gave birth to some of the more
Contemporary task-specific international organizations that are still around today; the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labour
Global Organization (ILO). It also served as a blueprint for future forms of
Governance international cooperation-the most prominent would be the United Nations.
(Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
The aftermath of the World War II saw the rise of the United
Nations as the largest international organization (IO). Established in 1945
and initially grounded on the same principles as the League of Nations of
averting a world war, the major allied powers during World War II
envisioned a world that is safe for all states, but at the same time, gives an
avenue to address state and interstate issues so that conflict- which was
mainly congruent to wars but now has also evolved on tackling issues on
poverty, human rights, and economy be given the proper solutions.
The United Nations has five (5) active principal organs. The
Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs is currently inactive
UN PRINCIPAL after it the independence of Palau in 1994.
ORGANS
The five (5) active principal organs are as follows:
1. General Assembly (GA)

2. Security Council (SC)
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. International Court of Justice (ICJ)
The General Assembly 5. Secretariat
The UN General Assembly (GA) is the UN’s “main

deliberative policymaking and representative organ.” According
to the United Nations Charter, “decisions on important
questions such as those on peace and security, admission on
new members, and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds
majority of the General Assembly. Decisions on other questions
may be done by simple majority.” All UN member states are
represented in the General Assembly. Each member state has
one vote.
Decisions are not binding – merely recommendations,
representing prevailing world opinion (Baylis, Smith, and Figure 3. The United Nations General Assembly in New York. Source: UN Foundation
Owens 2014).
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The Security Council

Unlike its predecessor, the new organization recognized great power
prerogatives in the Security Council and so the decisions of the Council are
binding.
The Council includes five permanent, and veto-wielding member
states: the USA, The United Kingdom, France, Russia, and China, as well as
10 non- permanent members. (Ibid)
Any decisions must be passed by a majority of nine of the 15
members, including each of the five permanent members.
When the Council considers a threat to international peace, it begins
by exploring ways to settle the dispute peacefully. It can take measures to
Figure 4. The Five (5) Permanent Members of the Security enforce its decisions, from economic sanctions all the way to authorization
Council. Clockwise: United Kingdom, U.S., Russian Federation
France, and China of military action.
Economic and Social Council

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the economic and social work of the United
Nations, and the UN system. It also maintains a vital link between the United Nations and civil society.
Many argue that the Council has not been given the necessary management powers to carry out its complex work.
The International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the UN. It consists of 15 judges elected jointly
by the General Assembly and the Security Council. The Court decides disputes between countries, but participation by
states in a proceeding is voluntary. Once a state has agreed to participate, it is obliged to comply with the Court’s decision.
Secretariat
The Secretariat is the main
administrative ‘engine’ of the United Nations and
employs some 40,000 people around the world
The Secretary-General is the
figurehead of the entire organization
He or she is empowered to
become involved in a wide range of areas that can
be interpreted as threats to peace. Figure 5. Antonio Guterres, The current Secretary-General.
Source. UN.org
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Topic 1 Global
Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional
Divides: The organizations and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of
North and the globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world in
general, but it has also made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas
South such as Southeast Asia. (Claudio and Abinales, 2018) While the United
Nations and other International Institutions has made the world into an
‘internationalized’ system, regionalism makes it possible for a more
dynamic range of cooperation.
Regions are a group of countries located in the same geographically specified area, or an amalgamation of two
regions (or) a combination of more than two regions. In addition, the terms regionalization and regionalism should not be
interchanged as the former refer to “regional concentration of economic flows” while the latter is a “political process
characterized by economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.”
Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various ways. Some are large enough and have a
lot of resources to dictate how they participate in process of global integration. China for example, offers cheap and huge
workforce to attract foreign businesses and expand trade with countries it once considered as enemies but now sees it as
markets for its goods. Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location. Singapore
and Switzerland compensate for their lack of resources by turning themselves into financial and banking hubs. Singapore
also developed its harbor facilities and made them a first-class transit port for ships carrying different commodities from
Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East and Southeast Asia to countries in the Asia Pacific.
Regional Cooperation vs. Regional integration
Regional cooperation : Regional integration :

Functional cooperation are limited arrangements The creation of a regional space subject to some
agreed between states in order to work together in distinct common rules, such as a free-trade area,
particular areas, e.g. transport, energy, or health customs union or common market
Economic cooperation refers to agreements that Beyond a certain level this requires the acting with a
foresees some degree of commercial preferentialism, single voice internationally
but with no alignment of domestic rules or
international diplomatic positions Such processes may lead to a new level of governance
about the nation-state
Political cooperation entails alignment regarding the
implementation of certain values and practices
(Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014).
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TOPIC 1 The Contemporary World

A World of STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
Regions:
North-South
Divide
The North-South Divide
While dividing states into regions based on geography, history, or security is a common notion nowadays, states can
also be divided according to its developmental pace. In the 1980s, William Brandt proposed a line that divided countries
in the North and South- the North being ‘developed’ and South being ‘developing’. (Tait, 2016)
Figure 6 The Brant Line. Source: (user:Jovan, 2015)
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TOPIC 1 The Contemporary World

A World of STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
Regions: Brandt concluded that more cooperation between
North-South countries could “build a world in which sharing justice, freedom,
and peace might prevail” In the 1980’s around 130 countries were
Divide included in the South, while in the North featured mainly
continental Europe, the Soviet union, and Australia.
Characteristics of the North Characteristics of the South
¼ of the world population ¾ of the world population
4/5 of the world’s income 1/5 of the world’s income
Average life expectancy more than 70 years Average life expectancy of 50 years
Most people are educated ½ of the people have little chance of any
education
Most people have enough to eat 1/5 or more suffer from hunger and
malnutrition
Over 90% of the world’s manufacturing Less than 10% of the world’s manufacturing
industry industry
About 96% of the world’s spending on 4% of the world’s research and development
research and development
Table 1.0 Characteristics of the Brandt Line Source: (Tait, 2016).
According to table, Brandt suggested that North countries were more developed as they have been able
to interact and cooperate successfully than others. Higher Trade levels have benefitted these countries.
However, as more than 40 years has passed since Brandt drew his infamous line, and globalization has
increasingly reduced the world into the palm of a hand due to increased interconnectedness, it remains to be seen
whether Brandt’s division is still relevant.
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TOPIC 2 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
Asian
Regionalism Countries form regional associations for several reasons. One is
for Military defense. An example of which is the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization or NATO, which was formed during the Cold War as a
deterrent from Soviet threat. Even though the Soviet Union was dissolved
in 1991, NATO is still present today.
Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better
returns for their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading partners. The
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was established in 1960 by
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to regulate the production and sale of
oil.
Another reason why states form regional blocs is to protect their independence from the pressure of superpower
politics. The presidents of Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in
1961 to pursue world peace and international cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality,
non-intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution. It called itself non-aligned because the association refused to side with
either the First World Capitalist democracies in Western Europe and North America or the communist states in Eastern
Europe. The movement however was never formalized and continues to exist up to the present.
Asian Regionalism: The Association of Southeast Asian

Nations
The eventual establishment of ASEAN in 1968 first

required a transformation in the regional political environment.
Specifically, it was dependent on an Indonesian–Malaysian
reconciliation.
Regional attempts had already been made in the early 1960s

to establish inter-state cooperation. The Association of Southeast
Asia (ASA) had been created in Bangkok in July 1961 as an instrument
to advance dialogue between Thailand, Malaya and the Philippines.
Indonesia had refused to take part because it viewed ASA as a
Western-aligned organization. Although officially focusing on
economic and cultural cooperation, ASA had been primarily designed
to promote regional consultation and intra-mural stability in the
interest of domestic regime security.
The Association would aim to ‘accelerate the economic

growth, social progress and cultural development in the region’ and
‘promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for
justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the
region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.
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Media and
Globalization Globalization entails the spread of various cultures. When a film
is made in Hollywood, it is not only shown in the United States, but also in
different countries of the world. South Korean bands BTS and Blackpink
are gaining international recognition by having millions of listeners
worldwide even though most fans do not completely understand their
songs. (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
Aside from this, Globalization also

involves the spread of ideas. For example,
the notion of rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
and Transgender (LGBT+) communities is
spreading across the world and becoming
more widely accepted. Conversely, the
conservative Catholic Church that opposes
some of these rights moves from places like
South America to Korea. (Ibid)
Figure 7. Top: BTS; Below: Blackpink. Both Korean groups are

now known internationally. Source: New Strait Times
Hallyu or the Korean wave is a term

People who travel to other places often share the that refers to the popularity of
experiences, beliefs, values, practices with family members, Korean entertainment and culture
friends, or even in classrooms. But today, television
across Asia that started in the 90’s
programs, social media websites, posts, and the like have
and early 2000’s notable events
made it easier for audiences to get to know these
information. Globalization relies on media as a conduit for include the Korean Drama Winter
the spread of global culture. Could religion, music, poetry, Sonata being shown in Japan in
film, fiction, cuisine, and fashion develop as they have 2003 (Korea.net n.d.) and boyband
without the intermingling of media and culture? H.O.T.’s concert in Beijing in 2000
There is an intimate relationship between

globalization and media which must be unravelled to further
understand the contemporary world.
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Media and
Globalization Jack Lule describes media as “a means of conveying something,
such as a channel of communication”. Technically speaking, a person’s voice
is a medium. But commentators refer to “media” as the technologies of mass
communication. Print media includes books, magazines, and newspapers.
Broadcast media involve radio, film, and television. Currently, digital media
cover the internet and mobile mass communication. Under the category of
the internet includes e-mails, internet sites, social media, and internet-based
audio and video.
While the definition of “media” is easy to understand, it is more difficult to determine what media do and how
they affect societies. Media theorist Marshall McLuhan once declared that the “medium is the message.” He did not mean
that ideas (messages) are useless and do not affect people. Rather, his statement was an attempt to draw attention to how
media, as a form of technology, reshape societies. Thus, television is not a simple bearer of messages, it also shapes the
social behavior of users and reorient family behavior. Since it was introduced in the 1960s, television has steered people
from the dining table where they eat and tell stories to each other, to the living room where they silently munch on their
food while watching primetime shows. A similar trend is happening right now, albeit on a smaller screen-with smartphones
headlining this process of watching videos, reacting to posts and pictures in social media sites.
McLuhan added that different media both extend

and amputate human senses. Contemporary media
expands the reach of communication, but they dull the
user’s communicative capacities. Look at how
smartphones have altered about behaviour. On one hand,
they expand people’s senses because they provide the
capability to talk to more people instantaneously and
simultaneously. On the other hand, they also limit the
senses because they make users easily distractible and
probe to multitasking. This is not necessarily a bad thing; it
is merely change with a trade-off. (Ibid)
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Media and The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism
Globalization McLuhan declared that the television was turning the world into
a “global village”. By this, he meant that as more people sat down in front of
their television sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of the
world would contract. An analogy of this would be in a tribal setting. If tribes
sat down in a bonfire to tell stories, the members of this contemporary world
are sitting in front of bright boxes in a living room.
Years after McLuhan, media scholars further grappled

with the challenge of a global media culture. A lot of these early
thinkers assumed that global media had a tendency to
homogenize culture. The argued that as global media spread,
people from all over the world would begin to watch, listen to,
and read the same things. Commentators believed that media
globalization, alongside the dominance of the United States of
America, would create a form of cultural imperialism. Scholars
argued that not only the world was being “Americanized”, but
its values such as consumerism were likely to be spread this
way.
Figure 8. The dominance of American brands. Source: Medium.com
Media Messages are not just made by producers, they are also consumed by audiences. The field of audience
studies emphasizes that media consumers (watchers, listeners, readers) are active participants in the meaning-making
process, who view media “texts” (content of any medium) through their own cultural lenses.
Apart from the challenge of audience studies, the cultural imperialism thesis has been belied by the renewed strength of
regional trends in the globalization process. Asian culture, for example has proliferated worldwide through globalization
of media. Japanese brands such as Hello Kitty; Mario Brothers; and Pokemon are now an indelible part of global popular
culture. The same can be said for Korean pop (K-pop) and Korean Dramas which saw success regionally and globally.
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Media and
Globalization Social media and the creation of Cyber Ghettoes
The internet and social media are proving that the globalization of
culture and ideas can move in different directions. While Western culture
remains powerful, and media corporations still control them, the internet and
social media is challenging these old practices.
Herd Mentality
As with all new media, social media both have its upsides and
The tendency for people’s downsides. These forms of communication have democratized access.
behaviour or beliefs to Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube, for example are accessible to anyone who has
conform to those of the an internet access. These media have enabled smartphone users to be
group to which they belong. consumers and producers of information simultaneously. This was evident in
(Oxford Dictionary, n.d.) 201’’s Arab Spring. However, social media has its downsides. It has
compartmentalized people into groups. In the early 2000’s commentators
began referring to a phenomenon known as “cyberbalkanization”- referring to
various bubbles people place themselves in when they are online. In a closer
perspective, Philippine politics have also been affected by this such as labels of
emerging labels of “DDS” or “Dilawan” have emerged that separate groups of
people from one another. Social media is also responsible for dividing
populations, proving that people are susceptible to herd mentality.
In addition to this the spread of memes, and

video shared by like-minded friends create an echo
chamber, which reinforces one’s existing beliefs and
opinions. This ‘chamber precludes users from listening
to or reading opinions and information that challenge
their viewpoints, thus making them more partisan and
close-minded. (Ibid) Fake news, as an example.
Lastly, as social media continues to grow, so does the

threats emanating from its usage. Identity theft, cyberbullying,
hacking, and illegal cyberprostitution have increased
throughout the years. As more people have access, so does
criminals.
Figure 11. An example of a meme. Source: memes.com
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The
Globalization
Aside from cultures, religion has the most difficult relationship
of Religion with globalism. The two are entirely contrasting belief systems. Religion
is concerned with the sacred, while globalism places value on material
wealth. Religion follows divine commandments, Globalism follows
human-made laws. Religion assumes that there is “possibility of
communication between the human and the transcendent (beyond
humans).” Additionally, God, Allah, or Yahweh defines and judges human
action in moral terms-good or bad. Globalism however is much of human
action can lead to the highest material satisfaction and subsequent
wisdom that this new status provides. (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
On one hand, religious people are less concerned with wealth and all other things that come with it such as higher
status, a similar standard of living to their peers, top-of-the-line education, etc. They shun material wealth in favor of a
simplistic lifestyle.
Globalists meanwhile are less worried about concepts such as heaven/hell-as they are more concerned in sealing
trade deals, raise profits, improve government revenue collection, and protect and enrich themselves. If there is any social
conscience to it, the globalist see himself/herself as a contributing factor to the progress of the community, the nation,
and the global economic system
Lastly, religion and globalism clash over the fact that religious evangelization is in itself a form of globalization.
The globalist on the other hand, is largely focused on the realm of markets. Religion is concerned with the spread of holy
ideas, while the globalist on the spread of goods and services. (Ibid)
The relationship between religion and globalism is much more

complicated. Peter Berger argues that far from being secularized. The “contemporary
world is…furiously religious. In some cases of the world, there are veritable explosions
of religious fervor occurring one form of another in all major religious traditions-
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and even Confucianism.
Religions are the foundations of modern republics Malaysia, for example,

places religion at the center of political systems and its Constitution explicitly states
“Islam is the religion of the Federation,” and rulers of each state was also the “Head
of the Religion of Islam.” Similarly, after the 1979 Revolution in Iran –where the United
States was thrown out of the country, Iran declared itself as a theocracy- a system of
government where a religious person spearheads the state in the name of God or
Allah.
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The Religion for and against Globalization
Globalization
There is hardly a religious movement today that does not use religion
of Religion to oppose “profane” globalization. Yet both Christianity and Islam see
globalization less as an obstacle and more as an opportunity to expand their reach
all over the world. Globalization has “freed” communities from the constraints of
the nation-state, but in the process also threatened to destroy the cultural system
that binds them together. Religion seeks to take the place of those broken
“traditional ties” to either help communities cope with their new situation or
organize them to oppose this major transformation of their lives. It can provide
“moral codes” that answer problems ranging from people’s health to social
conflict to even ‘personal happiness’. Religion then is not a ‘regressive force’ that
stops or slows down globalization; it is a “pro-active force” that gives
communities a new and powerful basis of identity. It can be seen as an instrument
in the reshaping of this globalizing world, although in its own terms.
Religious fundamentalism may dislike

globalization’s materialism, but it continues to
use the “full range of modern means of
communication and organization” that is
associated with this economic transformation. It
is therefore not entirely correct to assume that
the proliferation of “Born-Again” groups or in the
case of Islam, the rise of movements such as the
Daesh (or ISIS or the Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria) signals religion’s defense against the
materialism of globalization. It is, in fact, the
opposite. These organizations are the result of
the spread of globalization and both find ways to
Figure 12. ISIS uses a variety of social media platforms for their recruitment
benefit or take advantage of each other. and movement.
For a phenomenon that “is about everything”, it is odd that globalization is seen to have very little to do with
religion. Peter Bayer and Lori Beaman observed “Religion, it seems, is somehow ‘outside’ looking at globalization as
problem or potential.” One reason for this is the association of globalization with modernization-a concept based on
science and technology, reason, and law. Famous historian Samuel Huntington in his book The Clash of Civilizations
admits that civilizations can be held together by religious worldviews. Jesuits and Dominicans in the 15 th century used
religion as an “ideological armature” to legitimize the Spanish empire. Religion was also used as an arm in Spain’s
colonization of the Philippines. In short, despite their inflexible features-the warnings of perdition (Hell is a real placer
prepared by Allah for those who do not believe in Him, rebel against His laws, and reject His messengers), the promises
of salvations-religions are actually quite malleable. Their resilience has been extraordinary that they have outclasses
secular ideologies. Globalists therefore, have no choice but to accept this reality that religion is here to stay. (Ibid)
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Task Faked out.

DIRECTIONS: Globalization enables us to acquire information at a fast rate.
In line with this however, not all information is accurate and true. Attached
is an article by TrendMicro on Fake News and Cyber Propaganda. After
reading the article, answer the questions below in a yellow sheet of paper.
Do not extend more than one page.
.
1. Is fake news a contemporary concept?

2. What drives fake news?
3. What is the role of media in this issue?
4. Is the proliferation of fake news the fault of current media?
Reflection 1
DIRECTIONS: Essay
Looking at the United Nations and ASEAN as global and regional

organizations, do you think the world needs this kind of system?
Defend your answer.
. Reflection
Reflection 2
DIRECTIONS: Using a Venn Diagram, how is religion and
globalization similar and/or different? Write your answers in a yellow
activities
sheet of paper.
SYNTHESIS
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Applying the knowledge you have obtained from this module, answer the following
question in a short bond paper:
How is the world divided according to regions, religions, and economic status
interweaved by Globalization? Conversely, how do demarcations between and among
states in the world are heightened or become more visible through Globalization?
Subsequently, make a representation of your answers through a “poster”.
Rubrics
Provided herein is a rubric which will be used in evaluating your task and
Reflection 1. Review the rubric below for you to be guided in answering.
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COMPONENT 5 points 4 points 3 points 2 points
Grammar and Virtually no Few spelling and A number of spelling, Numerous
Spelling spelling, punctuation errors, punctuations or spelling,
punctuation or minor grammatical grammatical errors punctuation,
grammatical errors and
errors grammatical
errors that it
interferes with
the answer the
student wants
to convey
Understanding Student has Student has Student has an idea on Student has not
the source completely understood the the source material understood the
material understood the source material by given but most of the source material as
source material but some points are points lack coherency there is no clarity or
by giving not thoroughly and accuracy conciseness in his/her
accurate, clear, elaborated or linked. answer
and concise
answers to the
questions
Self-made Rubric
Provided herein is a rubric which will be used in evaluating your reflection activity (Venn Diagram). Review the
rubric below for you to be guided in answering.
COMPONENT 5pts 4pts 3pts 2pts
Relevance to Student Students Student Student’ viewpoint is

topic opinion/thought is opinion/thought is opinion/thought is poorly conveyed. Idea is
clearly conveyed and discernable marginally conveyed not clear
easily understood. through the cartoon
Visual Cartoon/Illustration is Cartoon/Illustration are Cartoon/Illustration is Illustration cannot be
Presentation clearly presented. neatly presented somewhat discernable discerned
Self-made rubric
Provided herein is a rubric which will be used in evaluating your synthesis. Review the rubric below for you to be
guided in accomplishing the said task.
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CATEGORY Exemplary (5) Proficient (3) Unsatisfactory (1)
Arrangement of Main concept easily identified; Main concept easily identified; most Main concept not clearly
Concepts subconcepts branch subconcepts branch from main idea. identified; subconcepts don’t
appropriately from main idea consistently branch from main
idea.
Content/Message Reflects essential information; is Reflects most of the essential information; Contains extraneous
logically arranged; concepts is generally logically arranged; concepts information; is not logically
succinctly presented; no presented without too many excess words; arranged; contains numerous
misspellings or grammatical fewer than three misspellings or spelling and grammatical
errors grammatical errors. errors.
Art Design Planned carefully and showed an Applies principles of design but pays little Assignment done but no
awareness of aesthetics. Designs attention to details in the poster; space is evidence of understanding any
and color are thorough; space is not efficiently utilized. aesthetic element to the
used effectively output.
Total Points
References Textbook:
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Baylis, Smith, and Owens. (2014). The Globalization of World Politics 6th Edition. Oxford
University Press. Oxford United Kingdom.
Bernas, J. (2009) Introduction to Public International Law. Rex Bookstore. Manila.
Claudio, Lisandro, Abinales, P, Patricio (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E Publishing.
Quezon City.
Website:
ASEAN Competition.org. (n.d). ASEAN Members. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean-
competition.org%2F&psig=AOvVaw016i1NKjujtazajQu2nxi6&ust=1603378644460000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAMQjB1q
FwoTCIDFhYz5xewCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP
Chatterjee A. (2018 Feb 14). Cultural and religious imperialism. https://a-chtrjee.medium.com/culturl-and-religious-imperialism-

fa6998211149
Hendrix College (n.d). Globalization and Religion. https://www.hendrix.edu/baileylibrary/baileylibrary.aspx?id=48660
History.com (2019 June 6). Woodrow Wilson. https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/woodrow-wilso006E
Korea.net (n.d). Hallyu (Korean Wave). http://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Culture-and-the-Arts/Hallyu
New Strait times. (2019). Multiple Nominations for BTS and BLACKPINK at 2019 E! People’s Choice Awards
https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/groove/2019/09/519189/showbiz-multiple-nominations-bts-and-blackpink-2019-e-peoples-
choice
Nina Martyris (2015 June 18). Appetite for War: What Napoleon And His Men Ate on the March.
https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/06/18/414614705/appetite-for-war-what-napoleon-and-his-men-ate-on-the-march
United Nations Foundation (n.d). What is the United Nations General Assembly?
https://www.google.com/search?q=UN+GA&client=firefox-b-
d&sxsrf=ALeKk03kGXyw4j8ncystACkBqK4shppxPA:1603291628200&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6h-
Hf9sXsAhXBBogKHeNhCKkQ_AUoA3oECCoQBQ&biw=1536&bih=727#imgrc=hiIfkfajzoqgmM
The United Nations. (n.d). Antonio Guterres. https://www.google.com/search?q=antonio+guterres&client=firefox-b-

d&sxsrf=ALeKk01Z6_3US5nKskZOO5vzOy5ImstBjA:1603292090661&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6vqO8-
MXsAhVZfd4KHSfAC_QQ_AUoAnoECCUQBA&biw=1536&bih=727#imgrc=Ng4NgLXR8Yd-2M
User Jovan (n.d). The Brandt Line, division of world on rich north and poor south.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Brandt_Line.png
World Policy Institute. (n.d). The UN’s fossilized Security Council. https://www.google.com/search?q=p5+un+sc&client=firefox-b-
d&tbm=isch&sxsrf=ALeKk02VXtFNyKCHwe3QoHrmwo27Ljzwhw:1603291877206&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjXnL_W98X
sAhXRdXAKHdiZCjoQ_AUIDygB&biw=1536&bih=727&dpr=1.25#imgrc=-cprJAVt08xF
Fake News and Cyber Propaganda: The Use and Abuse of Social Media
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When the term “fake news” comes up, people usually think of social media posts with rather fantastic, implausible
stories. While posts shared on social media is its most visible aspect, there is so much more to fake news than
exaggerated article titles on social media feeds.
Fake News and Cyber Propaganda
Fake news may seem new, but the platform used is the only new thing about it. Propaganda has been around for
centuries, and the internet is only the latest means of communication to be abused to spread lies and
misinformation.
The fire triangle represents the three elements a fire needs to burn: oxygen, heat, and a fuel. Similarly, fake news
requires three different items to succeed. These collectively represent the Fake News Triangle: without any one
of these factors, it is unable to spread and reach its target audience.
The first requirement: tools and services for manipulating and spreading the message across relevant social media
networks, many of which are sold in various online communities from across the globe. A wide variety of tools and
services are available; some are relatively simple (paid likes/followers, etc.), while some are more unusual—some
services promise to stuff online polls, while some force site owners to take down stories. In any case, the tools and
services for social media promotion are readily available, both inside and outside the underground scene.
Of course, for these tools to be of any use, social networks have to exist as a platform for spreading propaganda.
With people spending more time on these sites as a way to get the latest news and information, their importance
in spreading fake news cannot be underestimated. However, there’s a difference between simply posting
propaganda and actually turning it into something that the target audience consumes. We show what kinds of
techniques are used by spammers in order to lure users into viewing their stories.
Studying social media also gives us a view of the relationships between bots and the recipients of social media
promotion on Twitter. This gives us an idea of the scope and organization of the campaigns that attempt to
manipulate public opinion.
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Finally, propaganda campaign always comes with the question: why. We discuss the motivations behind fake
news: sometimes it’s simply a desire for monetary gain via advertising. In other cases, the goals can vary from the
criminal to the political. Regardless of the motive, the success of any propaganda campaign will ultimately be
based on how much it affects the real world.
Case Studies
To show the effectivity of these campaigns, our paper includes various case studies that show how various actors
would use tools for spreading fake news for their own ends. Our case studies include:
The specific tools for each campaign are not particularly different—bought followers/fans, likes, reposts,
comments, videos. Some campaigns may find it worthwhile to buy “high quality” versions of these products, which
are theoretically harder to detect by the social media networks.
Countermeasures
Governments, companies, and users are all waking up to how serious public opinion manipulation—as manifested
in “fake news”—can be.
Governments are starting to recognize that fake news is something that must be actively fought. Various
government agencies are now setting up services to debunk stories that they consider to be false. They are also
considering imposing regulations and punishing sites that do publish misinformation.
The targets of these new regulations would include social networking services. This would make fake news very
bad for business indeed, and so they’re taking steps to fight it. The steps being taken include the suspension of
bot/suspicious accounts, adding features to allow users to report fake news, and hiring more personnel to help
deal with these reports.
In the end, however, it comes down to educated users. Our paper discusses some of the signs of fake news, in the
hope that readers will be able to determine for themselves how to spot fake news. Our paper also discusses the
psychology of fake news—what makes these campaigns work and how they’re able to convince people—in the
hope that awareness of these techniques will empower readers to resist them.
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University of La Salette

The Contemporary World

TOPIC 3 STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA

The Contemporary World

Nation versus State

The Contemporary World

After Napoleon’s defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the

United States President Woodrow Wilson became one

The Contemporary World

1. General Assembly (GA)

The General Assembly 5. Secretariat

The UN General Assembly (GA) is the UN’s “main

The Contemporary World

The Security Council

Economic and Social Council

The International Court of Justice

The Contemporary World

Regional Cooperation vs. Regional integration

Regional cooperation : Regional integration :

(Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014).

TOPIC 1 The Contemporary World

The North-South Divide

Figure 6 The Brant Line. Source: (user:Jovan, 2015)

TOPIC 1 The Contemporary World

Characteristics of the North Characteristics of the South

¼ of the world population ¾ of the world population

4/5 of the world’s income 1/5 of the world’s income

The Contemporary World

Asian Regionalism: The Association of Southeast Asian

The eventual establishment of ASEAN in 1968 first

Regional attempts had already been made in the early 1960s

The Association would aim to ‘accelerate the economic

The Contemporary World

Aside from this, Globalization also

Figure 7. Top: BTS; Below: Blackpink. Both Korean groups are

Hallyu or the Korean wave is a term

There is an intimate relationship between

The Contemporary World

McLuhan added that different media both extend

The Contemporary World

Years after McLuhan, media scholars further grappled

The Contemporary World

In addition to this the spread of memes, and

Lastly, as social media continues to grow, so does the

The Contemporary World

The relationship between religion and globalism is much more

Religions are the foundations of modern republics Malaysia, for example,

The Contemporary World

Religious fundamentalism may dislike

The Contemporary World

Task Faked out.

1. Is fake news a contemporary concept?

Looking at the United Nations and ASEAN as global and regional

The Contemporary World

Subsequently, make a representation of your answers through a “poster”.

The Contemporary World

COMPONENT 5pts 4pts 3pts 2pts

Relevance to Student Students Student Student’ viewpoint is

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

Bernas, J. (2009) Introduction to Public International Law. Rex Bookstore. Manila.

Chatterjee A. (2018 Feb 14). Cultural and religious imperialism. https://a-chtrjee.medium.com/culturl-and-religious-imperialism-

Hendrix College (n.d). Globalization and Religion. https://www.hendrix.edu/baileylibrary/baileylibrary.aspx?id=48660