Physiology

Done by :AbdulRahman El-Eswed

Lecture : 4
 ‫‪Physiology Lecture 4 & 5‬‬

‫‪Transport of substances through‬‬

‫‪cell membranes‬‬
‫اﻋﻄﺎﻧﺎ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ال ‪ structure‬ﻻﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻴﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ ال ‪function‬‬

‫اﻻن‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎر ان ال ‪ cell membrane is selective‬وان داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎرﺟﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺪﺧﻮل او اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ‪ membrane‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻻي ﻣﻮاد ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر و ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺷﺮوﻃﻪ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬

‫‪Dr. Waleed R. Ezzat‬‬

Lecture Objectives:
 Define diffusion and describe the factors that affect the rate of diffusion
of substances across cell membranes.
 Describe facilitated diffusion.
 Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion.
 Explain characteristics of carrier mediate transport, (specificity,
saturation, and competition).
 Define and explain primary active transport, using the Na+-K+ pump, and
proton pump as examples of primary active transport.
 Discuss the characteristics of primary active transport.
 Define and explain the mechanism of secondary active transport.
 Explain how glucose is transported across epithelial cells in the kidney
and the gut by secondary active transport.
 Define vesicular transport, transcellular transport, and their functions.
 Define osmosis and explain how osmosis takes place.
 Define osmotic pressure and explain the determinants of osmotic
pressure.
 Understand how to calculate osmotic pressure.
 Describe water movement across the plasma membrane and explain the
role of water channels.
 -Dy

Diffusion
 It is the random movement of substances molecules, ions,
or suspended colloid particles either through membrane
④ ②
openings or through intermolecular spaces in the ③
membrane, or in combination with a carrier protein.
①
 Diffusion through cell membrane is either simple or
·
facilitated.
 Simple diffusion is passive process (no energy is required)
by which particles in solution flow down a concentration
gradient. Diffusion rate is determined by the (1)
concentration gradient, (2) electrical gradient, and by (3)
membrane permeability. It is the only form of transport that
is not carrier-mediated.
 Lipid-soluble particles can diffuse easily, their permeability is
-proportional to (1) their lipid solubility and (2) the size of
the particle.
 The selective rapid passage of water through the membrane
is achieved through aquaporins, which are channels used for
the passage of water.
 ‫‪Diffusion‬‬
‫• ﻧﺒﺪا ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ اﻟﻰ اﻻﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪا ‪ ،‬واوﻟﻬﻢ ﻫﻮ ال ‪diffusion‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮزع ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت او ذرات ﻣﺎدة ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺎدة اﺧﺮى‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ ﺟﺒﺖ ﻛﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎء ‪ ،‬و ﺟﺒﺖ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺣﺒﺮ و ﻧﻘﻄﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺣﺒﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫اول ﺷﻲء رح ﺗﻀﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﺳﺔ و اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺷﻮي ﺻﺎﻓﻲ و ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻌﺔ ﺣﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬و ﺑﺪون اي ﺗﺪﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎل ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ رح ﺗﻼﻗﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ازرق و ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ اﻟﻠﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫و ﻓﺴﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ان اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت و اﻟﺬرات اﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ و ﺗﺼﺎدم ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻣﺘﻜﺪﺳﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺤﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺎدﻣﺎت ﻳﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪون ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ اﻟﻰ ان ﻳﻤﻠﺆون اﻟﺤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫و ﻫﺬا ﻫﻮ ال ‪ ، diffusion‬و ﻫﻮ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﺪون ﻗﻮة او ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ و ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ، passive‬واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

‫• ‪ : simple‬ﻟﻮ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ‪ , membrane‬و ﻧﺘﺨﻴﻞ اﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت او ﺛﻘﻮب ) ‪ ، ( pores‬ال ‪ particles‬رح ﺗﻴﺠﻲ و ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺎت وﺗﺮوح ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى و ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ اذا ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر ﻃﺒﻌﺎ ‪ ،‬و اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﺬا اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪simple‬‬

‫‪ : Facilitated‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﺒﻮر ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺜﻘﻮب ﻟﻮﺣﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻫﻲ ‪ lipid soluble‬وﻻ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮل ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻌﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻲء ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﻋﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ) ‪( carriers‬‬

‫‪-----‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

‫‪Simple diffusion‬‬
‫اوﻻ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ‪passive process‬‬
‫واﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل داﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪،‬و اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ‪concentration gradient , electrical‬‬
‫‪ , gradient‬ﻣﺶ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة داﺋﻤﺎ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻳﻜﻮن ‪ ,chemical gradient‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ‪ electrical‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ‬
‫او اﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﻳﺠﺬب ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻻﺧﺮ و اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻳﻀﺎ ﻫﻮ ‪ , membrane permeability‬اذا ﻳﺴﻤﺢ او‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ‪ ،‬و ‪ simple diffusion‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ اﻟﺬي ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ‪ , carrier‬اي ﺷﻲء ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺒﺎﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺳﻨﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪carrier‬‬
 ‫اﻻن اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ , lipid soluble‬او ‪ , water soluble‬او اﻟﻤﺎء ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬

‫ال ‪ lipids‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮون ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬و ذﻟﻚ ﻻن ال ‪ C.M‬ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ‪ , phospholipids‬ﻓﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬوب ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻫﻮن ان ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪد ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻌﺒﻮر ﻫﻮ ال ‪ ) permeability‬اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق ( ‪ ،‬و اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺪدﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ‬
‫ذوﺑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺬوﺑﺎن اﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺒﻮر اﺳﻬﻞ ‪ ،‬و اﻳﻀﺎ ‪ size of the particle‬ﻳﺤﺪد‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﺮاق ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة ﺳﺮﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺬاﺋﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن و ﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﺠﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫) ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ زاد اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺧﺘﺮاق (‬

‫اﻻن ﻧﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء ‪Water‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻰ داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻧﻪ ال ‪C.M is not permeable to water soluble‬‬
‫‪ ، substances‬و ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ , aquaporins‬و ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﺧﺎص ﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ ال ‪ , C.M‬و ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر ال ‪ aquaporins‬ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ‪ channel‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ‪ C.M‬ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻌﺒﻮر اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻓﻲ ال ‪ ، kedney‬اﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ال ‪ C.M‬ﺗﺒﻊ ال‪ Renal tubule‬وﻣﺎ ﺑﺘﻼﻗﻲ ‪ , aquaporin‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻻ ﻳﻤﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ وﺿﻊ اﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻼﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎل ‪ ، aquaporins‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻐﺮب اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻴﻦ ان ﻫﻨﺎك ﻫﺮﻣﻮن ‪ ،‬اﺳﻤﻪ ‪ antidiuretic hormone‬و ﻫﺬا ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻲ ﺑﺨﻠﻲ ال ‪ aquaporins‬اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼزم ﺗﺼﻌﺪ و ﺗﺼﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ال ‪ C.M‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻔﻮت اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫اذن ‪ ،‬وﺟﻮد ﻫﺬا اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮن ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﻏﻴﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ان اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺎء‬
 ‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ‪ , peak‬و ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻮﺻﻮل اﻟﻰ اﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ او ‪the highest level‬‬
‫)‪ , ( maximum‬ﻣﺎﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻟﻮ اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ اﻧﻪ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺎﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﺷﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺎرج‬
‫و ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺎرج ال ‪ gradient‬زاد ‪ ،‬و اذا زاد رح ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل و ال‪diffusion‬‬
‫) ‪ , ( the rate of solute entry‬و ال ‪ solute‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺬاب ‪ ،‬ال ‪ solvent‬ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ال ‪ , gradient‬ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ اﻟﻌﺒﻮر و اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬

‫&‬

‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﺎ اﻟﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬

 C.M ‫ﻣﺪى ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﻮر ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺬاﺑﺔ ﻟﻞ‬
Diffusion (cont.) C.M ‫ وﺻﻔﺎت ﻟﻞ‬, solute ‫و ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻟﻞ‬

 Permeability describes the ease with which a solute

diffuses through a membrane. It depends on the
characteristics of the solute①and the membrane.②
 The permeability increases if:
‫ اﺳﻬﻞ‬diffusion ‫ ﻛﺎن ال‬, lipid soluble ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن‬
1. -
Solute is lipid soluble ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺮ اﺧﺘﺮاﻗﻪ ﻟﻞ‬
2. The radius of the solute is small ‫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‬، ‫ اﺑﻄﺎ‬C.M
3. The membrane thickness is small ‫ﺔﻳﻋﺰدﻜاد اﺴﻴﻻﺔﺣﺘﻜﺎك اﻛﺜﺮ‬, ‫ﻗ‬thikness
I
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زاد ال‬
‫ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﻼ‬، ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺒﻮر‬
‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮون ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬
because of their Uncharged or nonpolar molecules such as O2, N2, CO2,
high lipid solubility
fatty acids, and alcohols can diffuse through lipid
membrane because of their high lipid solubility.
 Water-soluble ions less than 0.8 nm in diameter
diffuse through protein pore channels. Their
permeability is proportional to their size, shape, and
charge; as well as the number of channels through
which they can diffuse.
&
 ‫ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اي ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺧﻮل ال‪ OI‬ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬و ﻻ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺨﺮوج ‪ CO‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻻ‬
‫‪L‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ اﻣﺎﻣﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬اﺻﻼ ﻫﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻬﺎ ‪diffusion‬‬

‫اﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﺪاﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻓﻤﻦ اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج ‪ ،‬و ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮون‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﺟﺪا ‪ ،‬و ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ذاﺋﺒﻴﺘﻬﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬
‫• اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺬوب ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء اﺣﺠﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮ و ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬و اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ , 0.8‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ان ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ال ‪ ، C.M‬ﻻﻧﻬﺎ ‪ , water soluble‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﷲ ﺧﺎﻟﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ) ‪ ، ( channel‬و اﻟﻘﻨﻮات ﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻄﻮل او ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺸﺮوط ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺘﺢ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺸﺮط ‪ , mechanosensitive‬او ‪ ، voltage‬او ‪chemical‬‬
‫** ذكر مثال اعطانا اياه في املحاضرة رقم ‪** ٣‬‬

‫ﻧﻜﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ال ‪ channels‬ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪ %99‬اﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻔﺘﺢ ﺑﺸﺮوط ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎذا ﻓﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﻳﻮن اﻟﻲ ﻗﻄﺮه‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻘﻨﺎة ﺑﺸﻮﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ اﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ‪ ،‬اذا ﻓﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﺪ ف اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻮرا رح ﻳﻨﺪﻓﻊ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ وﺑﺴﻮي ) ‪ ، ( gush‬وﻛﺎﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻳﻀﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻼﻗﻴﻪ ﺑﺮا اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺪس و ﻗﻄﺮه اﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ‪ ، 0.8‬ﻓﺎذا ﻓﺘﺤﺖ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة ﻓﻮرا ﻳﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم و ﻳﻜﻮن دﺧﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ، simple diffusion‬ﻟﻢ ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫وﻻ اﻟﻰ ‪carrier‬‬

‫واﻻﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ اﻳﻀﺎ ‪ , simple diffusion‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ , channels‬ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ C.M‬ﻻﻧﻪ ‪lipid soluble‬‬

‫و اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ) ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﺒﺮ ‪ diameter‬ﺗﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬و اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،‬و ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ال‬
‫‪ ، charge‬و اﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ اﺳﻬﻞ وذﻟﻚ ﻻن ‪ , C.M is negatively charged‬ﻳﺠﺬب اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺒﺔ و ﻳﻌﻴﻖ اﻻﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺑﺎل ‪ , glycocalyx‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد ‪ ، channels‬ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫زادت زاد اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
Diffusion (cont.)
 Some lipid-insoluble molecules (such as urea) can use less
selective water channels to pass. Shuttling : ‫ ﻳﻮدي و ﻳﺠﻴﺐ‬، ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ راﻳﺢ ﺟﺎي‬

 In facilitated diffusion carrier protein aids passage of too large

molecules or ions by binding chemically with the molecule or
ion and shuttling them through the membrane in this form
down an electrochemical gradient (e.g. glucose and amino
acids). It does not require metabolic energy (i.e. passive) and is
more rapid than simple diffusion. ↳ passive
 As facilitated diffusion is carrier-mediated, therefore, it displays
three important characteristics that determine the kind and
amount of material that can④be transferred across the ③
E . ②
/
membrane: stereospecificity, saturation, and competition.
‫ ﺷﺮوط‬3 ‫ ﺳﻴﺘﻌﺮض اﻟﻰ‬carrier mediated ‫اي‬
-

 Stereospecificity: Each carrier protein is specialized to transport

a specific substance or, at most, a few closely related chemical
compounds. Example, amino acids cannot bind to glucose
carriers.
 ‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ال ‪ aquaporins‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻨﻮع ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﺠﺰيء اﻟﻤﺎء و ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮل ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺔ ال ‪ urea‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر ‪ %99 - 90 ،‬ﻣﻦ ال ‪ aquaporins‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‬

‫• وﺑﺎﻻﺻﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ال ‪ urea‬ﻫﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ carriers‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز‬

‫اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ‪ ، simple diffusion :‬ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬و اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ اﻣﺎ ان ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ , lipid soluble‬او ﻣﺎء ‪ ،‬او ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت‬
‫ذاﺋﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﻫﺎ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪0.8‬‬

‫اﻣﺎ اذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﻄﺮ اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 0.8‬ﻓﺴﻨﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪ carrier‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ او ﺗﺨﺮج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬و ﺳﻨﺴﻤﻴﻪ‬
‫‪ ، carrier mediated‬او ‪carrier protein‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ال ‪gradient‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪-:‬‬ ‫‪Facilitated diffusion‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫اي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬

‫ﺷﺮﻃﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪي ‪ , gradient‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻨﻰ اﻟﺠﺰيء او اﻻﻳﻮن ان ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪه ﻳﺮوح ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪر ﻳﺮوح ﻻن ‪ channel‬ﺻﻐﻴﺮة و ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ‪ , Carrier‬ف ال ‪ carrier‬رح ﻳﻠﻘﺎه ﻋﻨﺪ ال ‪ C.M‬و ﻳﺪﺧﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﺮوح ﻣﺎﺳﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎدة و ﻣﻌﺒﺮه ‪ ،‬و ﻣﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﻣﻊ ال ‪ ، C.M‬ﺑﻞ ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺎﻋﺪه و ﺑﻨﻘﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ‬
‫↳‬
‫وال ‪ carrier‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻮﻇﻒ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻔﺎت ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻣﻮ اي ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺧﺬﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻻزم ﻳﺠﻲ‬
‫اﻣﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ اﻟﻲ ﺑﻔﺮزه اﻟﺒﻨﻜﺮﻳﺎس ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ و ﺗﺎﺧﺬ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫ﻫﺬي ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺴﻜﺮي ﻓﺒﺘﻼﻗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪه اﻧﺴﻮﻟﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬او ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و ﻟﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫و ‪ %90‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻜﺬا ‪ ،‬ﻻزم ﻳﺠﻲ اﻣﺮ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ‬
 ‫اي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ ، protein carrier‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺗﻪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪ 3‬اﺷﻴﺎء ‪:‬‬

‫‪: Stereospecificity‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺬا ال ‪ ، carrier‬اﷲ ﻣﺼﻤﻤﻪ ﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫‪ ، C6126‬و ﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮاغ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ‪ ،‬و ﻫﺬا ﻳﺴﻤﻮﻧﻪ ‪isoform‬‬
‫ﺻﺢ اﻧﻪ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪H O‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ‪D-glucose // L-glucose‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ اﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬا اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻤﺮور ‪-D‬‬
‫‪ glucose‬و ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ل ‪ L-glucose‬ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺒﻮر‬
‫ﻓﻼ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻊ اﻧﻪ اذا ال ‪ C.M‬ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ ،‬اﻧﻪ اي ﻧﻮع ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻳﻤﺮ‬
‫او اﻧﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ل ‪ amino acid‬ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ال ‪ ، 20‬ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ اﻟﻪ ‪ protein carrier‬ﺧﺎص ‪ ،‬و ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ان ﻳﻨﻘﻞ اي ﻣﺎدة اﺧﺮى اﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎدرة و ﻫﻲ ان ﻳﺨﺪع ب ﻣﺎدة اﺧﺮى ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ) ‪( competition‬‬

‫‪: saturation‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﻧﻬﺎر ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺴﻮر ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﺴﻮي ﻋّﺒﺎرة ) زورق ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ( ‪ ،‬ﻳﺮﻛﺒﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻻﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻬﺮ ‪ ،‬و‬
‫اﻟﻌّﺒﺎرة ﻣﺼﻤﻤﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ اﺟﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ او اﻗﻞ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ و ﺳﻴﺎﺧﺬﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻻﺧﺮ ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎك ‪ ١٢٠‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺰورق رح ﻳﻌﺒﻲ ‪ ١٠٠‬و ﺑﺤﻜﻲ ﻟﻞ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﻮا ﻋﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺟﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺧﺬﻫﻢ ‪ ،‬اذن ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ اي‬
‫ﻋﺪد اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ١٠٠‬ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ واﺣﺪ‬
‫و ﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻮ ﻓﺮﺿﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ اﻧﻪ اﷲ ﺧﺎﻟﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪ C.M‬و ﺣﺎط ‪ , carrier 1000‬ﻓﻠﺤﺪ اﻟﻒ ﺟﺰيء او اﻟﻒ اﻳﻮن ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ اﺟﺎ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻒ ﻣﺎ رح ﺗﻘﺪر ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﻢ ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮل وﺻﻠﻨﺎ اﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺷﺒﺎع‬

‫ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت او اﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ال ‪ , limit‬ﻣﻮ ﻣﺜﻞ ال ‪ simple diffusion‬اﻟﺨﻂ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻪ ﺑﻀﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺻﺎﻋﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ اذا وﺻﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﻚ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﺨﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و اﻓﻘﻲ و ﻣﺎ ﺑﺰﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﻠﺨﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻨﻘﻮل وﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻟﻞ ‪transport maximum‬‬
Diffusion (cont.) -
 Saturation: A limited number of carrier binding sites are
available within a particular plasma membrane for a specific
substance. Therefore, there is a limit to the amount of a
substance a carrier can transport across the membrane in a
given time. This limit is known as the transport maximum (Tm
or Vmax). ‫ ﻣﺎ رح ﺗﻘﺪر ﺗﻌﺒﺮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ‬، concentration gradient ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ زاد‬
This means that initially facilitated diffusion depends on the
concentration gradient until all binding sites are filled ↑
(saturated); at this point, the rate of diffusion can no longer rise
with increasing the concentration gradient.
 Competition: Closely related compounds may compete for a
ride across the membrane on the same carrier. Example the
amino acid glycine can compete with alanine for the same
carrier. The rate of transport of each amino acid is less when
both amino acid molecules are present than when either is
‫ ﺗﻘﻮم‬، ‫ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺨﺪع اذا اﺟﺖ ﻣﺎدة اﺧﺮى ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬، ‫ اﻧﻪ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺮر اﻻ ﻣﺎدة واﺣﺪة‬99% •
present by itself. ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻻﺻﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ ف ﺷﻜﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ و ذﻟﻚ ﻻﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬، ‫ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم و اﻟﻤﻐﻨﻴﺴﻴﻮم‬
‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺜﻨﻴﻦ‬، ‫ و ﻟﻜﻦ اذا ﺧﺪﻋﻪ‬، ‫ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻳﻨﺨﺪع اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ‬، glycine , alanine ‫ و ﻣﺜﻞ اﻳﻀﺎ ال‬، ‫اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺪوري‬
‫ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﺛﻨﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻠﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻞ‬، ‫ وﻻ اﻟﻤﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺮاﺣﺘﻪ‬، ‫ ﻓﻼ اﻻﺻﻠﻲ اﻧﺘﻘﻞ‬، ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻄﻠﻮا ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻘﻞ و ﺑﺼﻴﺮ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻄﻲء‬
 facilitated diffusion ‫ و‬, simple diffusion‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ال‬

>
-
E2x 161 ,

ESistake
_

6 i 61

transport
maximum
P

( passive ) ‫ وﻻ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬gradient ‫ ﻳﻤﺸﻲ ﻣﻊ ال‬facilitated ‫ ال‬، ‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮوا‬

 E

Active transport
It is the movement of molecules or ions by
a cell membrane (or intracellular
membranes) uphill against a concentration
or electrical gradient. -
> -ils
>
- -

* * --

Ions actively transported are Na+, K+, Ca2+, &. Ne

-
iron, H+, I-, and urate ions.
Molecules that are actively transported are
different sugars and most of the amino
acids. ، ‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻀﻴﻊ اي ﺳﻜﺮ او ﺣﻤﺾ اﻣﻴﻨﻲ او ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز او اي ﺷﻲء ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻮل‬
active transport ‫و ﻳﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ال‬
Transport depends on carrier proteins in
cell membrane.
Simple diffusion is the only one which doesn’t have a carrier protein
 ‫‪Active transport‬‬
‫اﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺪي اﺷﺘﻐﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ ال ‪gradient‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ اﺟﻴﺖ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ‪ ،‬اﻟﻄﻌﺎم ﻧﺰل ﻟﻼﻣﻌﺎء ﺻﺎر ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ digestion‬و ﺣﻮﻟﻲ اﻳﺎه اﻟﻰ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز اﻻن ﺣﻴﺒﺪا اﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻓﻴﻪ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز داﺋﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﺮﺿﺎ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪم ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰه ‪ , 100‬و ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻓﻲ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ‪ , 1000‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﺖ‬
‫وﺟﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ‪ ،‬ف اذا اﻟﺪم ‪ 100‬و اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ‪ ، 1000‬ﻓﻬﺬا ﻟﻦ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ ،‬و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻮل ان ﻳﺬﻫﺐ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻟﻼﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ و ﻳﻀﻴﻌﻪ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ او ﻳﻔﻘﺪه ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻧﻪ ﻧﻔﻘﺪ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻻﻣﻌﺎء ﻟﺤﺘﻰ ﻳﺼﻴﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ ‪ , 100‬و ﻃﺒﻌﺎ اذا ﻓﺤﺼﺖ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ ﻣﺎ رح ﺗﻼﻗﻲ وﻻ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺔ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ؟‬
‫وﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺸﻲء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺠﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺪم ﺑﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻴﺔ ف ﺑﺘﺒﺪا ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬اول ﺷﻲء ﺑﺘﺮﺷﺢ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲء ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ و ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺘﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت و اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ و اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز و ال‪ , amino acids‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺰﻟﺖ و ﻣﺸﺖ ﻓﻲ ‪ , Renal tubule‬و ﺑﺪوره ﺑﺘﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺟﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻣﺎ اﻟﻔﻀﻼت ﻓﺒﺨﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮاد و ﺑﺮ ّ‬
‫ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺒﻮل ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎرح ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻧﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ اﺧﺘﻔﻰ و ﻣﺎ ﺿﻞ وﻻ ﺟﺰيء‬
‫ﻏﻠﻮﻛﻮز ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎه اﻧﻪ اﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮز اﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻰ اﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺻﺎر ﺻﻔﺮ‬

‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ﻧﻨﻘﻞ اﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎدة ﻋﺒﺮ ﺟﺪار اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ،‬زي ﻛﺎﻧﻚ ﺑﺪك ﺗﺸﻴﻞ ﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻻرض و ﺗﻄﻠﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ‪ , active transport‬و ﻧﺤﺘﺎج ‪ , carrier‬وﻫﺬا ال ‪ carrier‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻲ ﺑﺎل ‪ , pump‬ﻓﺎﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ اﻟﻲ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ك ‪ pump‬ﻳﺤﺘﺎج ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﺎﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ال ‪ , ATP‬ﻓﻴﻜﺴﺮ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺠﺰيء ‪ ،‬و ذﻟﻚ ﻻن‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﺴ ّ‬
‫ﻫﺬا اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ‪ carrier‬ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ان ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ك اﻧﺰﻳﻢ ‪ , ATPase‬ﻓﻴﻜﺴﺮ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ و ﻳﺎﺧﺬ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ و ﻳﺤﻮل ال ‪ ATP‬اﻟﻰ ‪ , ADP‬و ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺧﺬ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﺮوح ﺑﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻛﺄي ‪ carrier‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ال ‪ ,gradient‬ال ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬
 ‫اﻳﻮن اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫اوﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ‪ ،‬اﻟﻤﻌﺪة ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻣﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬اي ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺾ ال ‪ , hydrochloric acid‬و ال ‪ ph‬ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‬

‫↑‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺨﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻌﺎم و ﻳﺘﺨﻔﻒ ﺑﺼﻴﺮ ‪3‬‬
‫·‬
‫‪APH‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪Y‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺎدل ‪ , 7‬ﻓﻤﻦ ‪ 7‬اﻟﻰ ‪ 3‬زاد اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ —< ‪ 10‬ﻣﺮة‬
‫‪CHCI‬‬
‫‪PH‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪·Log‬‬ ‫‪/Is‬‬ ‫ف اﻳﺶ ﻫﺬي ال ‪ mechanism‬اﻟﻲ ﻗﺪرت ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻳﻮن اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ‬
‫‪PH‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪-og‬‬ ‫]‪[HC1‬‬ ‫ورا ال ‪ C.M‬ﻋﺸﺮة اﻻف ﻣﺮة ‪ mechanism ،‬ﺟﺒﺎرة ) ﺳﺒﺤﺎن اﷲ (‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫]‪Log [AC1‬‬
‫‪Iodine‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪Log‬‬ ‫]‪[HCI‬‬ ‫اي ﻳﻮد ﻧﺘﻨﺎوﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻌﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻓﻮرا ﻳﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻓﻲ وﻻ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﻘﺪر ﺗﺎﺧﺪه‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺪرﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺲ ﺗﺸﻮﻓﻪ ﻋﻄﻮل ﺑﺘﺎﺧﺬه ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ اﻧﻪ اﺧﺬت ﻳﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬
‫"‪10‬‬ ‫)‪[HC1‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮا اﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻲ داﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻜﺲ ال ‪gradient‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫↳‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪.......‬‬
 ‫‪Types of active‬‬
‫‪transport‬‬
‫• ‪ُ secondary‬‬
‫ﻃﻔﻴﻠﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮه ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺮﻗﻬﺎ‬

‫‪Secondary active‬‬ ‫‪Primary active‬‬

‫‪transport‬‬ ‫‪transport‬‬
‫• ‪ primary‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺒﺎرة اﺧﺮى اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ال ‪ ) ATPase‬اﻧﺰﻳﻢ اﻧﺘﺎج ‪ , ( ATP‬ﺑﺎﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺴﺮ ال ‪ATP‬‬
‫…‪To be continued‬‬ ‫وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟﻰ ‪ ADP‬و اﺧﺬ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ُ‬
‫ﻛﺴﺮت ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮًة‬