Answers

e Use of Hess’s Law, e.g. iii −3 to +2½ oxidation

∆H⦵1 + ∆H⦵r = ∆H⦵at[C(graphite)] + 4 × ∆H⦵at[ 1 Cl2(g)] (2) iv +1 to +2 oxidation
2
v +3 to +5 oxidation
∆H⦵r = ∆H⦵at[C(graphite)] + (4 × ∆H⦵at[ 1 Cl2(g)]) − ∆H⦵1
2 vi +6 to −2 reduction
(If two marks not awarded, 1 mark for 4 × ∆H⦵at[ 1 Cl2(g)]) b i Reduction
2
∆H r = +716.7 + (4 × 121.7) − (−129.6) = 1333.1 kJ
⦵
(1) ii Oxidation
For 1 C−Cl bond, 1333.1 ÷ 4 = 333.3 kJ mol−1 (1) iii Oxidation
Total = 15 iv Reduction
v Reduction
Question 3 c i Ni → Ni2+ + 2e−
ii HNO2 + H2O → NO3− + 3H + + 2e−
a Enthalpy change when one mole of water (1) is formed when an iii Te + 2H2O → TeO2 + 4H + + 4e−
acid reacts with an alkali under standard conditions (1) iv Fe3+ + e− → Fe2+
b Add measured volume of acid to measured volume of alkali (1) v MnO4 − + 8H + + 5e− → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Known concentrations of acid and alkali (1)
Carry out reaction in insulated vessel (1) Exercise 7.3
Measure temperature of acid and alkali before mixing and the
maximum temperature reached after mixing (1) a Oxidising agents gain electrons and get reduced.
Stir reaction mixture (1) b A reducing agent decreases the oxidation number of another atom
c Volume of mixture is 75 cm3 (1) by losing / donating electrons. The reducing agent gets oxidised.
Energy change = m × c × ∆T = 75 × 4.18 × 8.9 = 2790.15 J (1) c i Bromine: it increases the oxidation number of iodine
from −1 to 0.
Moles of NaOH = 1.0 × 50 = 0.05 mol (1)
1000 ii Copper oxide: it increases the oxidation number of the
1.0
Enthalpy change per mole 2790.15 × 0 05
= 55.8 kJ mol −1
(1) nitrogen from −3 to 0.
d i It is difficult to measure the temperature of solids accurately iii Sulfuric acid: it increases the oxidation number of I from −1 to 0.
during a reaction if the reaction requires heating to start it. (1) d i Iodide ion: It decreases the oxidation number of oxygen from
ii Enthalpy change of formation of copper(II) oxide (1) −1 to −2.
ii Bromide ion: it decreases the oxidation number of chlorine
Cu(s) + 1O2(g) → CuO(s) (1)
2 from 0 to −1.
Total = 14
iii Hydrogen sulfide: it decreases the oxidation number of iodine 11
from 0 to −1.
Chapter 7
Exercise 7.4
Exercise 7.1
a i Ag+ + e− → Ag
a i The sum of the oxidation number in a compound is zero. ii 2
ii The sum of the oxidation numbers in an ion is equal to the iii Zn + 2Ag+ → Zn2+ + 2Ag
charge on the ion. b i Cl2 + 2Fe2+ → 2Cl− + 2Fe3+
iii The oxidation number of fluorine is −1. ii 6H + + 2Al → 3H2 + 2Al3+
iv The oxidation number of oxygen is −2 except in peroxides iii 2IO3− + 12H + + 5Cl2 → I2 + 10Cl− + 6H2O
where it is −1. iv 2Hg 2+ + 2Cr2+ → Hg 22+ + 2Cr3+
v The total oxidation number of the sulfur and the 4 oxygen c i MnO4 − + Cr2+ + H + → Mn2+ + Cr3+ + H2O
atoms in SO42− is −2. +7 +2 +2 +3
b The oxidation numbers of all the atoms in Fe2O3 is zero. ii Mn from +7 to +2 = −5
Each O atom has an oxidation number of −2. Cr from +2 to +3 = +1
The oxidation number for 3 O atoms is −6. iii MnO4 − + 5Cr2+ + H + → Mn2+ + 5Cr3+ + H2O
The oxidation number for 2 Fe atoms is +6. iv MnO4 − + 5Cr2+ + 8H + → Mn2+ + 5Cr3+ + H2O
So each Fe atom has an oxidation number of +3. v MnO4 − + 5Cr2+ + 8H + → Mn2+ + 5Cr3+ + 4H2O
c The oxidation numbers of all the atoms in the NO3− ion is −1. d i 2I− + 2Fe3+ → I2 + 2Fe2+
Each O atom has an oxidation number of −2. ii Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3 CO2
The oxidation number for 3 O atoms is −6. iii IO3− + 5Fe2+ + 6H + → 1 I2 + 5Fe3+ + 3H2O
The oxidation number for the N atoms is +5 (N + (+6) = −1). 2
iv 3CuO + 2NH3 → 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
d i +3
v 2Fe3+ + H2S → 2Fe2+ + 2H + + S
ii −1
vi 2MnO42− + Cl2 → 2MnO4 − + 2Cl−
iii +6
iv +5
v +7 Exam-style questions
vi +5
vii +4 Question 1
a i 0 (1)
Exercise 7.2
ii +2 (1)
a i +3 to 0 reduction b Ba + 2H2O → Ba(OH)2 + H2
ii −1 to 0 oxidation Correct symbols (1), correct balance (1)
 Cambridge International AS and A level Chemistry

c i Ba → Ba2+ + 2e− (1) iii Position of equilibrium moves to the left in the direction of
ii 2H2O + 2e−→ 2OH− + H2 (1) greater number of molecules / moles.
iii Equation ii / 2H2O + 2e−→ 2OH− + H2 (no mark alone) iv Position of equilibrium moves to the left to reduce the
because electrons are being gained. (1) increase in temperature due to exothermic reaction.
d i Fe2+ because the oxidation number of oxygen decreases from v Position of equilibrium moves to the right (because ammonia
−1 to −2 / because the oxidation number of Fe2+ is increasing / is removed) so concentration needs to be increased.
because the Fe2+ has lost electrons (1) c i No effect because there is an equal number of molecules /
ii 2H + + H2O2 + 2e− → 2H2O moles on each side of the equation.
Correct formulae (1), correct balance with electrons (1) ii No effect. A catalyst does not affect the position of
e i +2 to +4 = +2 (1) equilibrium, only the rate of reaction.
ii −1 to −2 = −1 (1) iii Position of equilibrium moves to the left to reduce the
iii H2O2 + Mn2+ + 2OH− → MnO2 + 2H2O increase in concentration.
Correct formulae (1), correct balance (1) iv Position of equilibrium moves to the left so concentration of
Total = 14 reactant is increased.
d i Cl2 + ICl ⇌ ICl3
Question 2 ii The yellow solid changes to a brown liquid as the chlorine
a i +5 (1) escapes.
ii +3 (1) iii The equilibrium is shifted to the left to increase the
iii Oxidation number of N decreases so N is reduced (1) concentration of chlorine.
Oxidation number of oxygen goes from −2 to 0 (in oxygen iv The reaction is shifted to the right to reduce the concentration
gas) so is (partly) oxidised (1) of added chlorine.
Reduction and oxidation occur at the same time (1) e When any of the conditions affecting the position of equilibrium
(so it is a redox reaction) are changed, e.g. pressure, concentration (or temperature) or
iv Sodium nitrate(III) (1) temperature (or concentration), the position of equilibrium
b i −1 to 0 = +1 (1) moves to oppose / counteract the change.
ii +3 to +2 = −1 (1)
iii The oxidation numbers are balanced / +1 balances −1 (1) Exercise 8.2
iv NO2− because it increases the oxidation number of a An equilibrium expression links the concentration of reactants
the iodine in iodide / it gets reduced / it takes electrons and products to the stoichiometric equation. Under stated
12 from the iodide ions (1) conditions the value calculated from the equilibrium expression is
c i +7 to +2 = −5 (1) called the equilibrium constant.
ii +3 to +5 = +2 (1) b
iii 2MnO4 − + 5NO2− + 6H + → 2Mn2+ + 5NO2− + 3H2O
Correct formulae (1), correct balance (1) chemical equation equilibrium units
Total = 14 expression
Br2(g) + H2(g) ⇌ 2HBr(g) Kc = [HBr]2 none
Question 3 [Br2] [H2]
a i −2 (1) N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) Kc = [NH3]2 dm6 mol−2
ii 0 (1) [N2] [H2]3
iii Sulfur because it increases in oxidation number (1)
CaCO3(s) ⇌ CaO(s) + CO2(g) Kc = [CO2] mol dm−3
b Hydrogen sulfide because it has decreased the oxidation
number of iodine atoms (1) 2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g) Kc = [NO]2 [O2] mol dm−3
c i Oxidation number change of 2 I atoms is 2 × +5 , so −10 [NO2]2
needed (1) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⇌ Fe3O4(s) + Kc = [H2]4 none
ii I2O5 + 5H2S → I2 + S + 5H2O (1) 4H2(g) [H2O]4
d 2I− → I2 + 2e− oxidation of iodide ions (1)
Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ⇌ Cu2+(aq) + Kc = [Cu2+] dm3 mol−1
Oxidation of iodide ions because the iodine increases in
2Ag(s) [Ag]2
oxidation number from −1 to 0 in I2 (1)
H2O2 + 2H + + 2e− → 2H2O (1) 2CrO42−(aq) + 2H +(aq) ⇌ Kc = [Cr2O72−] [H2O] dm6 mol−2
Reduction of hydrogen peroxide because the O in the hydrogen Cr2O72−(aq) + H2O(aq) [CrO42−]2[H +]2
peroxide has decreased in oxidation number from 0 to −2 (in O c
in water) (1)
chemical equation equilibrium units
Total = 10
expression
Chapter 8 2NO2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2
pNO × pO Pa (or atm)
2
Kp =
2
Exercise 8.1 pNO
2

a 1 with B; 2 with A; 3 with F; 4 with E; 5 with C; 6 with D 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2SO3(g) 2 Pa−1 (or
pSO
b i Position of equilibrium moves to the right to reduce the 3
atm−1)
Kp = 2
increase in concentration. pSO × pO
2 2
ii Position of equilibrium moves to the left to reduce the
increase in concentration.