DEFINITION: COMBINATORICS

* It is a study of arrangements of objects.

* Also known as counting problems: i.e. find

there are in a finite set.

5.2 ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE

PROBLEM 1: AND =

A small shop has a number of cakes left at the en

4 Vanilla sponge cake, 2 Chocolate sponge cake
A customer rushes in to buy a cake before closin
How many cakes can the customer choose from

SOLUTION: 0R AND
PROBLEM 2:

A mixed double team is to be chosen to represe

There are six female players and nine male play
possible pairs are possible?

SOLUTION AND OR

PROBLEM 3:
 How many 3 digit numbers begin with a 3 or 4 ?

SOLUTION: AND = X
Digits :
Beginning with 3

QUESTITON How Many Number Plates can be m

First 2 characters should be alphabe
AND
Solution:

ADDITION PRINCIPLE

A and B are disjoint events and there are n1 po

for event A and n2 possible outcomes for event
number of possible outcomes for the event A o
 n 1  n2

MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE

If there is a sequence of k events with n1 poss

first event, n2 possible outcomes for the second
possible outcomes for the kth event, then the to
outcomes for the sequence of k events is:

n 1  n2  n3  ...nk

EXAMPLE 5.1

If you wich to take two pieces of fruits with you

3 bananas, 4 apples and 2 pears, how many wa
pieces of different types?

SOLUTIONS
() or ( ) or ()
COUNTING FORMULAE

Suppose you want to arrange the letters A, B an

you select two letters at a time?

POSSIBLE CASES TO CONSIDER:

1 Repeatition Allowed and Order matters

AA, AB, AC, BA, BB, BC, CA, CB, CC

2 Repeatition Allowed but Order does not m

AA, AB, AC, BB, BC, CC

3 Repeatition Not Allowed but Order matte

AB, AC, BA, BC, CA, CB
4 Repeatition Not Allowed but Order does
AB, AC, BC

5 Circular Permuation: (n - 1)!

EXAMPLE 5.4

Twelve (12) people including Mary and Peter, ar

a committee of five (5). How many different com
of these, how many

(a) Contain both Mary and Peter?

N = 10 K = 3

(b) Contain neither Mary nor Peter?

N= k=
(c ) Contain either Mary or Peter?

Mary: N=

Peter: N=

TOTAL =

PROBLEMS:

1 (a) A man has 5 suits, 8 shirts and 7 ties.

be put together?
 (b) A woman has six dresses, five skirts a
different outfits does she have?

(c ) Ice cream is available in six flavours.

one boule, two boules or three boule

OR

2 (a) A
THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION ( a  b) n

n=0 ( a  b) 0

n=1 ( a  b)1

n=2 ( a  b) 2 1a^2 + 2

n=3 ( a  b)3 a^3 + 3a^2b

 ( a  b)3

n=4 ( a  b) 4

GENERAL FORMULA

(a  b) n  nC0 a nb 0  nC1a n1b 1  nC2a n 2b

THEOREM (RE - ARRANGEMENT)

There are: n!
( n1 !  n2 ! n2 !... 

EG2: ABRACADABRA
EXAMPLE 5.5

In how many ways can 15 students be divided

students in each group, so that each group stu
EXAMPLE 5.6

Find:
(a) The coefficient of 3 2 4 in the
x y z

(b) The coefficient of x 3 y 6 in the expa

C(9, 6) =
PROBLEM 5.1

1 How many distinct rearrangements

ABRACADABRA

(a) Begin with the letter C

(b) Have both B's together?
 9 8
of objects. 1) Straight line
2) Circular arran
lems: i.e. finding how many elements 3) Permutation

4) Combination
Players, Jury,

N PRINCIPLE Rearrangement Q) 7 couples din

5) Rearrangeme
(X) OR = (+)

s left at the end of the day. There are

sponge cake and 3 Fruit cakes.
before closing time.
choose from?
en to represent the local tennis club
ne male players. How many different
with a 3 or 4 ?

OR = + WHAT IS THE FRIST

10 possible FIRST
Beginning with 4

tes can be maded from:

d be alphabets, next 3 characters should be digits last characte
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
A, B, C,….., Z
0,9

ere are n1 possible outcomes

mes for event B, then the total
he event A or B is:
 with n1 possible outcomes for the
or the second event, and up to nk
t, then the total number of possible
ents is:

uits with you for lunch, if you have

ow many ways can you select two
etters A, B and C in how many ways can

NB: REPEATITION AA, BB, CC

ORDER: AB, BA; AC, CA;

der matters
9 possibilities

er does not matter

6 possibilities

Order matter
6 possiblities
Order does not matter
3 possibilities

and Peter, are candidates to serve on

different committees are possible?
combination (N = 12, K = 5) C(N, K) = C(N

C(12, 5) =

5 MEMBER COMMITTEE

B–A
 k=

+
k=

A–B B–A

ts and 7 ties. How man different outfit can

AND
s, five skirts and three blouses, how many
e have?
DRESS SKIRT BLOUSE

six flavours. For dessert one can order either

or three boules. How many different desserts are possible?
 Expanded form

n n!
C ( n, k )  nCk    
k  ( n  k )! k !
1

1a + 1b

1a^2 + 2ab + 1b^2

a^3 + 3a^2b + 3ab^2 + b^3 C(3, 0)

 C(4, 0)

C(5,0) C(5,1)

1
 nC2a n 2b 2  nC3a n3b 3...  nCn a 0b n

EG1: REARRANGE
n!
 n2 !...  nk ! samuel = 6!

RACADABRA A= EG3:
B=
R=
s be divided into three tutorial groups, with 5
ch group studies a different topic?
 2 4
y z in the expansion of ( x + y + z )9

9
in the expansion of ( x + y) a)
b)
c)
 d)

rrangements are there in the letters in the word:

A =
B =
R =
ABBRACADARA
 7 6 5
Straight line arrangement:
Circular arrangement:
Permutation (order): (N, k)

Combination: (Forming Committees/

Players, Jury,….

7 couples dinner: Round table? How many circular arrangemen

Rearrangement theorem: Anagram

PSYCHOLOGY
T IS THE FRIST AND LAST 3 DIGIT NUMBER
LAST

s last character an alphabet

C,….., Z
What is a straight Line Permutation?
n!
7! =

10 couples in line
20!
Circular Table (n - 1)!

n k  32  9

n !  3!  3  2 1  6

n! 3!
P ( n, k )  n
Pk  
(n  k )! (3  2)
 n! 3!
P ( n, k )  n
Pk  
(n  k )! (3  2)

n = 10 k = 3

n!
C ( n, k )  Ck 
n

(n  k )!k! (3 

C(N, K) = C(N, R)
B–A
possible?
 Combination /Binomial

C(0, 0)

C(1,0) C(1, 1)

C(2, 0) C(2, 1)

C(3, 0) C(3, 1) C(3, 2)

C(4, 0) C(4, 1) C(4, 2)

C(5,1) C(5,2) C(5,3)

REARRANGEMENT R =
E =
A =
N =

EG3:TOMORROW

O=
R=
x4 y 4 in ( x  y )8
x16 y 3 in ( x  y )19
x 70 y 30 in ( x  y )100
x 70 y 30 ( x  y )100
x 47 y 3 in ( x  y )50
 N! 4 L, 5 G = 9!
(N - 1)! (9 - 1)!
N! 9X8X7X…X1
(N - k)!
N! 10 : 1ST, 2ND, 3RD
(N - k)!k!

many circular arrangement: 13!

N! 10!
N1! N2!....N4! 2! 2!
 0 0 300
1 1
2 2
3 3
3 4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9

1 10 10
mutation?

1 6

n! 3!
 6
(n  k )! (3  2)!
 n! 3!
 6
(n  k )! (3  2)!

n! 3!
  3
(n  k )!k! (3  2)!2!
nomial Pascal Triangle

(a + b)^n

C(2, 2) 1

1
 1 4

1 5

Q) Find the Coefficient of a^3b^2 of

Look at the power of the 2nd term

C()
C()
8!
4!4!
301
Pascal Triangle / Binomial Terms

1 C(0, 0)

1 1 C(1, 0) C(1, 1)

2 1 C(2, 0) C(2, 1)

3 3 1 C(3, 1) C(3, 2)
 6 4 1 C(4, 1) C(4, 2)

10 10 5 1

nt of a^3b^2 of the (a + b)^5

a^4b^1
of the 2nd term
19!
15!3!
C(0, 0)

C(1, 1)

C(2, 1) C(2, 2)

C(3, 2) C(3, 3)
C(4, 2) C(4, 3) C(4, 4)