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1
General Information
1.1 PERTINENT WELL DATA
1.2 INTRODUCTION
The Khaur Oil Field is situated in the Attock district of Punjab, about 70 kilometers southwest of
Rawalpindi City (Fig. 1.1). The first well was drilled on surface geological structural feature near a
prominent oil seep. Khaur North–prospect is a thrusted anticline developed along the northern flank of
Khaur Structure in northeastern part, which is separated from main Khaur by a south dipping back thrust.
As there is northward movement along this back thrust, therefore this feature is positioned in the sub
thrust. This fault bounded structure is lying southeast of Dhurnal and south of Pariwali Field. The
structural feature has been identified and mapped with the help of 3D seismic data of Khaur and Dhurnal.
Detailed maps have been generated at the top of Eocene and top of Wargal Formation (Permian). It has dip
closure in north, eastand west, while it is closing against fault in the south. The Paleogene carbonate
reservoirs Chorgali/Sakesar and Patala/Lockhart appear to be juxtaposed against Salt Range Formation,
which would provide excellent seal across the main thrust.
The Forel and fold and thrust belt of Potwar is the northern most part of Indus Basin. The basin fill is
Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene platform sediments and Neogene molasse. Eocene and Paleocene
naturally fractured carbonates form the predominant reservoirs in this Basin. Late Tertiary compression has
thrusted competent platform sequence southwards, along number of thrust faults over ductile Infra–
Cambrian evaporites. The resultant structuring of the basin is a combination of east west trending thrusts
and salt cored folds which provide trap for many petroleum accumulations. Seal is provided by the over
pressured tertiary molasse. Most of the production in this basin is from Eocene–Paleocene naturally
fractured carbonates.
Khaur D and PL is situated broadly in the North Potwar Deformed Zone (NPDZ), which constitute
northern most part of Upper Indus Basin. The Indus Basin is part of Indian Plate which separated from
Madagascar during Cretaceous and collided with Eurasian Plate in Early Eocene. Indus Basin is sub
divided into lower, middle and upper Indus Basins. Lower Indus basin is separated from Middle Indus
Basin by Jacobabad–K and hkot high f where as Sargodha high separated Middle and Upper Indus Basin
respectively. Potwar Basin is bounded in the south by the Salt Range Thrust (SRT), in the north by Main
Boundary Thrust (MBT), in the west by Kalabagh strike slip fault and in the east by Jhelum strike slip fault.
Potwar Basin is further sub divided into five tectonic zones namely Salt Range Thrust, Soan Depression,
Kala Chitta Foldbelt, Gujar Khan Folded zone and North Potwar Deformed Zone. Khaur D and PL falls
within the”Rawalpindi fold belt” tectonic sub zone.
The Forel and fold and thrust belt of Potwar is the northern most part of Indus Basin. The basin fill is
Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Paleogene platform sediments and Neogene molasse. Eocene and Paleocene
naturally fractured carbonates form the predominant reservoirs in this Basin. Late Tertiary compression has
thrusted competent platform sequence southwards, along number of thrust faults over ductile Infra–
Cambrian evaporites. The resultant structuring of the basin is a combination of east west trending thrusts
and salt cored folds which provide trap for many petroleum accumulations. Seal is provided by the over
pressured Tertiary molasse. Most of the production in this basin is from Eocene–Paleocene naturally
fractured carbonates.
Khaur–Pariwali 3D Seismic was acquired by BGP in 1996. 3D Seismic data is twenty four (24) fold. Full fold
area of the 3D seismic is 165 Sq.kms. The 3D Seismic data was earlier processed by Paradigm (Post–Stack
Time Migration), Geophysical Research Institute China (Post–Stack Time Migration) and the recently
reprocessing was carried by WesternGeco (PSTM/RTM). Based on the recent reprocessing a better control
was achieved for the improved understand ing of the structure style and geometry Khaur D and PL in
regional context. The Dhurnal 3D Seismic Data acquired by Dhurnal Joint Venture was also incorporated
for the regional mapping of Khaur North structure.
Khaur POL–01 and Dhurnal wells VSP data set was used for the seismic reflectors identification. Khaur
POL–01 is ~7.16 Kms west of the Khaur North structure and Dhurnal field is ~12 Kms northeast of Khaur
North Structure. The understand ing of the deformation style prevailing in the Khaur area is a key factor to
understand the structural fabric of the area. The basement high below Khaur and Dhulian and more
prominently sharp change in basement dip just south of Dhulian played important role in the development
of very shallow surface structures in a an area where most of the anticlinal features are under–thrusted
beneath large surface synclines. The down to north basement faults, and abrupt change in basement dips
provided the necessary buttressing, which gave lift to the developing structures and consequently a long
upward thrusted northern flank of Khaur thrust sheet developed.The core of the Khaur Anticline is further
deformed and uplifted due to flow of salt in the core area. The development of back–thrust on the northern
limb of Khaur Anticline (as a conjugate set to the main fault) further deformed the structure and allowed its
northern flank to ride over its under–thrusted limb. The role of salt flow in the development of this peculiar
The vertical and lateral distribution of source rocks in the Potwar Basin is poorly documented. In the Khaur
area, source is most probably Paleocene Patala formation, which is in the oil window in this area,
Preliminary geological analyses indicate that both the Paleocene and Eocene oils are similar. Infracambrian
Rock is considered to be an excellent source with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) ranging from 3.75% to 30%
and HI up to 781mg HC/g TOC. However their thickness and lateral extent have not been established.
Sardhai Formation (Permian) has fair potential for gas and oil with 1.2 to 2.6% TOC (Dhurnal, Kal, and
Turkwal areas) and HI in the range of 7–150 mg HC/g TOC.Amb Formation (Permian) from Dhurnal–2 is
significantly richer at 4.65% TOC and represent very good, present day source for oil and gas with 271mg
HC/g TOC.Patala Formation (Paleocene) is considered the most important source rock in Potwar Basin
with TOC ranges up to 10.73%. Coaly shales have good gas and oil potential, but samples collected from
shale intervals exhiBit lower TOC values. Good source intervals with good organic matter quantity are also
reported in Lockhart Formation (Paleocene). Sakesar Formation (Eocene) has sufficient potential to generate
and expel gas, condensate and light oil.
Most of the proven reservoirs in the Potwar Basin are naturally fractured Paleogene Carbonates. The Early
Eocene, Chorgali/Sakesar carbonates have been productive in most of the fields, while the Paleocene,
Patala/Lockhart carbonates are productive in several of the more recent discoveries. The carbonates are
generally shallow marine
bioclastic limestone’s, often massive and re–crystallized. Intergranular porosity is low, with the exception of
dolomitic intervals in the Chorgali, and reservoir porosity is almost wholly dependent upon on the
development of fracture porosity in response to the Tertiary structuring. Proven reservoirs, in the Dhurnal,
Meyal, and Pariwali fields are the Eocene, Paleocene, Jurassic and Permian. Well productivity is excellent in
these fields. Excellent interwell communication means the fields are amenable to water flooding, which
results in high recovery factors (over 75% in Dhurnal). In Dhurnal wells, observed primary porosity range
is 4–9% in the upper part of Chorgali Fm, which is mainly dolomitic limestone. While the Sakesar
Formation has 4–8% matrix and about 0.9% fracture porosity. Porosities of Patala/Lockhart range from
4.3% to 8% in Dhurnal wells. While average matrix porosity of Wargal is around 7%. In Dhurnal wells,
observed primary porosity range is 4–9% in the upper part of Chorgali Fm, which is mainly dolomitic
limestone. While the Sakesar Formation has 4–8% matrix and about 0.9% fracture porosity. Porosities of
Patala/Lockhart range from 4.3% to 8% in Dhurnal wells. While average matrix porosity of Wargal is
around 7%
The top seal to all accumulations in the basin is provided by the marine shales of the middle Eocene
Kuldana/Mamikhel formation and or continental shales of the Miocene Murree Formation. This seal has
been broken in only one productive field, the Khaur main field, where a very shallow structure is cut by
axial faults which permitted or provided the path to hydrocarbons into the overlying Murree s and s. Khaur
North is a thrusted anticline (Snake Head) underneath the Main Khaur Anticline. Top seal is being
provided by the thick salt beds, accumulated in the core of the Main Khaur. Thick clay stone beds (~2100’)
present in the lower part of Murree Formation, and about
90 feet thick clay beds of Kuldana Formation can provide the top seal to Chorgali Formation. About 15–20
feet thick shale bed at the top of Chorgali can also provide good seal. The shale beds of Hangu Formation
(~50”) are good seal for Lockhart. About 150 feet thick shale beds of Chiddru Formation provide effective
seal for Wargal Formation.
The following professionals worked in mud logging unit during drilling of Well Khaur North–1.
M/S PetroServices GmbH Mud logging Unit # PTPS–9009 was in operation at Well Khaur North–1 from date of
spud to completion of all drilling operations. The drilling, mud and gas parameters were closely monitored and
recorded through sensors, displayed in mud logging unit, as well as in online computers. Intensive care was also
kept on subsurface formation pressure and remedial actions were instantly taken, at any deviation from normal
situation observed. The PetroServices personnel, working in 12 hourly shifts, kept a constant and round the clock
check on all the out puts in order to foresee, point out any potential hazard during drilling. If such problem was
detected, it was immediately communicated to drilling personnel, mud personnel and well site geologist. A
continuous monitoring by the mud logging unit greatly assisted in carrying out drilling operations efficiently and
safely.
130–160ft. Claystone with streak of Sand stone and thin beds of siltstone.
Claystone 70%: Moderate reddish brown, dark reddish brown, in parts moderate brown, soft to firm, sub
blocky to blocky, sticky, pasty, slightly washable, in parts gradded to silt stone, non calcareous.
Sand stone 20%: Med dark grey, in parts dark greenish grey, transparent to translucent, medium to coarse
grained, poorly to moderately sorted, loose to friable, in parts hard,, trace mica, trace pyrite calcareous
cement.
Siltstone 10%: Dark reddish brown, in parts pale reddish brown, moderately hard to hard, blocky to sub
blocky, slightly calcareous.
930–940ft. Sand stone with Intercalation of Claystone and Thin Beds of Siltstone.
Sandstone 70%: Medium gray, medium light gray, in parts dark greenish gray, loose to friable,
unconsolidated, very fine to fine grain, sub rounded to rounded, in parts sub angular, well to moderately
sorted, in parts loose quartz grain, calcareous cement.
Claystone 20%: Moderate brown, grayish brown, in parts dark reddish brown, soft to firm, blocky to sub
blocky, slightly sticky, pasty, washable, slightly calcareous.
Siltstone 10%: Dark reddish brown, in parts pale reddish brown, moderately hard to hard, blocky to sub
blocky, slightly calcareous.
2500–2550ft. Claystone.
Claystone 100%: As above.
3500–3550ft. Sandstone.
Sandstone 100%: Light gray, medium grey, transparent to translucent, in parts greenish gray, friable to
moderately hard, in parts loose, fine to medium grain, sub angular to sub rounded, moderately sorted,
trace maficmineral, calcareous cement.
3850–3950ft. Sandstone.
Sandstone 100%: Light gray, medium grey, off white, transparent to translucent, loose to friable, very fine
to fine grain, sub angular to sub rounded, moderately sorted, calcareous cement.
7960–7980ft. Claystone with Streaks to Thin Beds of Limestone and Thin Beds of Sandstone.
Claystone 80%: As above.
Limestone 20%: White, off white, in parts light brownish gray, soft, blocky, cryptocrystalline, chalky.
Sandstone 10%: As above.
Age : Eocene
Interval : 9200ft to 9240ft MD, (9189.0–9229.48TVD)
Thickness : 40ft (40.48ft)
Lower Contact : Murree–2
Lithology : Limestone with streaks of Claystone
MURREE–2 FORMATION:
Age : Miocene
Interval : 9240ft to 9710ft MD, (9229.48–9698.64TVD)
Thickness : 470ft (469.16ft)
Lower Contact : Eocene
Lithology : Claystone with streaks of siltstone and traces of Limestone.
EOCENE FORMATION:
Age : Eocene
Interval : 9710ft to 12270ft MD, (9698.64–12257.93TVD)
Thickness : 2560ft (2559.29ft)
Lower Contact : Murree-3
Lithology : Limestone with streaks of Marl, Shale, thin beds of Claystone and traces of
Siltstone and Anhydrite.
10144–10150ft.Predominantly Limestone.
Limestone 100%: Light olive grey, olive grey, greenish grey, soft to firm, in parts moderately hard, blocky
to sub blocky, cryptocrystalline, in parts microcrystalline, slightly argillaceous.
Remark: Very weak fluorescence due to crude oil addition in active system.
10150–10165ft.Predominantly Limestone.
Limestone 100%: Brownish grey, light grey to dark grey, in parts grayish black, in parts brownish black,
moderately hard to hard, in parts very hard blocky, cryptocrystalline to microcrystalline, trace micro
fracture.
Remark: Weak fluorescence due to crude oil addition in active system.
10165–10170ft.Predominantly Marl.
Marl 100%: Light olive grey, greenish grey, soft to firm, blocky to sub blocky.
11855–11915ft. Marl.
Marl 100%: Med gray, med lt gray, light bluish gray, very light gray, soft, in parts amorphous, sub blocky,
trace shale.