ME-2201 Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering

ENTROPY

M L Palash
PhD. & M. Eng. (KU, Japan), M. Sc. (DU, Bangladesh)

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE)

University of Dhaka
 Entropy
Entropy provides a quantitative measure of randomness.
let’s consider an infinitesimal isothermal expansion of an ideal gas
We add heat dQ and let the gas expand just enough to keep the temperature constant.
According to the first law, the work dW done by the gas is equal to the heat dQ added.

The gas is more disordered after the expansion than before: The molecules are moving in a
larger volume and have more randomness of position.
Thus the fractional volume change dV/V is a measure of the increase in randomness.

dV 1 dQ Associated with
= × randomness
V nR T

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 Entropy
 The amount of heat supplied to an engine is not important but the temperature
at which heat supplied is important
 The heat supplied at high temperatures has a greater possibility of conversion
into work than the heat supplied at lower temperatures.
 Entropy is a function of quality of heat (i.e., temperature), which leads the
conversion of heat into work.
 The increase in entropy is small when heat is transferred at higher temperature
and change in entropy is large when heat is transferred at lower temperatures
 Therefore, for maximum entropy there is minimum possibility of conversion of
heat into work and for minimum entropy, there is maximum possibility of
conversion.
Minimum change of entropy means maximum
conversion of heat into work
Entropy is a property of reversible processes and is an abstract property, which cannot be
defined precisely. It may be understood by studying its uses in engineering processes.

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 Impossible cycle

AC and BC => isentropic lines

intersected in point C
AB=> isothermal line

According to Kelvin–Planck
statement two process are
required to perform Heat
addition and rejection.

But here only one process (AB)

performs the task which
violates the statement.

Therefore, two isentropic lines cannot intersect

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 Entropy and reversible adiabatic process
 Two constant-volume lines, two constant-pressure lines or two constant-
temperature lines cannot intersect each other, because each line contains a
property whose magnitude differs from the other line.
 Similarly, we may imagine that each reversible adiabatic line must have some
property, whose magnitude differs in two lines, thus they are not intersecting.
 This property of reversible adiabatic lines is referred as entropy.
 Thus, a reversible adiabatic process is called an isentropic process.

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 Clausius’ Theorem
A reversible line can be replaced by two reversible adiabatic lines and a reversible
isothermal line.

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 Clausius’ Theorem

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 Clausius’ Theorem

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 Clausius’ Inequality

Possible

Not Possible

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 An example
A heat engine receives 600 kJ of heat from a
high-temperature reservoir at 1000 K during a
cycle. It converts 150 kJ of this heat to net
work and rejects the remaining 450 kJ to a
low-temperature sink at 300 K. Determine if
this heat engine violates the second law of
thermodynamics on the basis of (a) the
Clausius inequality, and (b) the Carnot
principle.

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 Entropy is a property of a system

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 Entropy is a property of a system

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 Entropy is a property of a system

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 Entropy is a property of a system

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 Temperature-Entropy diagram

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