sazzadmsi.webnode.com Course Structure/ Lecture Plan Classification of Microprocessors Microprocessors can be classified based on their - specifications, - applications and - architecture.
Classification based on size of data-
4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit microprocessors.
Classification based on application of processors-
(i) General-purpose processors- used in general computer system integration. Intel 8085 ~ Intel Pentium (ii) Microcontrollers- microprocessor chips with built-in hardware for memory and I/O ports. (iii) Special-purpose processors- handle special functions required for application. digital signal processor, ASIC Classification of Microprocessors Classification based on architecture and hardware of processors- (i) RISC processors- supports limited machine language instructions. can execute programs faster than CISC processors.
(ii) CISC processors- have 70 to few hundred instructions.
easier to program. slower and more expensive than RISC processors.
(iii) VLIW processors- instructions composed of many machine operations.
instructions can be executed in parallel. have large number of registers.
(iv) Superscalar processors- use complex hardware to achieve parallelism.
have overlapping of instruction execution. Evolution of Microprocessor 1930- mechanical calculating devices that used mechanical relays. 1950- vacuum tubes that were quickly replaced by transistors. 1960- introduction of minicomputers. 1970- introduction of personal computer.
Evolution of microprocessors is categorized into five generations.
First generation (1971-1973): - Processed their instructions serially. - In 1971 Busicom and Intel made 4-bit 4004 microprocessors. - Ran at 108kHz and contained 2300 transistors. - Fabricated using PMOS technology- low cost, slow speed and low output currents. - Not compatible with TTL. - In 1972, Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors.
Second generation (1974-1978):
- Beginning of very efficient 8-bit microprocessors- Motorola’s 6800 and 6809, Intel’s 8085 and Zilog’s Z80. - Manufactured using NMOS technology- faster speed and higher density. Evolution of Microprocessor Third generation (1978-1980): - Dominated by Intel’s 8086 and Zilog’s Z8000. - 16-bit processors with minicomputer-like performance. - 16-bit arithmetic and pipelined instruction processing. - IC transistor counts of about 250,000. - Designed using high density MOS (HMOS) technology.
Fourth generation (1981-1995):
- Designs containing more than a million transistors. - Beginning of 32-bit microprocessors- Intel 80386 and Motorola 68020/68030. - Using high density, high speed CMOS (HCMOS).
Fifth generation (1996-till date):
- Employ decoupled superscalar processing. - Design contains more than 10 million transistors. - Devices that carry on-chip functionalities. - Introduced high speed memory and I/O devices along with 64-bit microprocessors. - Intel Pentium, Celeron, dual- and quad-core, and core-i processors. Timeline of Microprocessor (i) 1971- Intel 4004 microprocessor with 2300 transistors, speed of 108kHz. (ii) 1971- Intel 8008 with 3500 transistors and speed of 200kHz. (iii) 1974- Intel 8080 processor with 6000 transistors and speed up to 2MHz. (iv) 1976- Intel 8085 processor with about 6500 transistors and speed of 3-5MHz. (v) 1978- Intel 8086 microprocessors, followed by 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486. (vi) 1979- Intel 8088 processor with 29,000 transistors and speed of 5MHz, 8MHz and 10MHz. (vii) 1985- Intel 80386, 32-bit chip with 275,000 transistors, processing five million instructions per second. (viii) 1989- Intel 80486, 8KB shared cache memory with speed of 25 to 100MHz. (ix) 1993- Intel Pentium processor with 32-bit address bus and 64-bit data bus. Includes two 8KB dedicated cache memories. Based on superscalar architecture, speed up to 1.75GHz, 20-stage pipeline and three-level cache memory. Timeline of Microprocessor (x) 1997- Intel Pentium II processor with speeds of 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz and 300MHz. Designed specifically to process video, MMX audio and graphics data. (xi) 1999- Intel Celeron processor and Intel Pentium III processor with 512KB L2 cache, clock speed of 600MHz and 9.5 million transistors. (xii) 2000- Intel Pentium 4 processor with 42 million transistors with clock speed of 1.4-3.8GHz. In 2004, 32-bit x86 architecture was extended to 64-bit x86-64 set. (xiii) 2005- Intel Pentium-D, first dual-core chips and first desktop chip to follow suit. (xiv) 2014- Intel Core i3, i5, i7 processors with up to 8 cores on a single chip, large L2 cache (2-12MB), introduction of L3 cache and up to 995 million transistors.