MICROPROCESSOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS

(ECE-351)

Evolution of Microprocessor
Or
History of Microprocessor
 Evolution of Microprocessor
• The first microprocessor, Intel 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor was introduced by
Intel Corporation in 1971.
• After this, Intel developed an improved 4-bit Microprocessor-Intel 4040, which
was an enhanced version of Intel 4004.
• Many other companies also introduced 4-bit microprocessor such as PPS-4 by
Rockwell International, T3472 by Toshiba etc.
• 4-bit Microcontrollers based on 4-bit microprocessors were widely used in
Instrumentation, toys, Commercial Appliances.
• In 1972, intel introduced the first 8-bit Microprocessor-Intel 8008.
• The microprocessors developed so far uses PMOS technology.
• The Microprocessor which uses PMOS technology were slow and not
compatible with TTL circuit.
• In 1973, Intel introduced a more powerful 8-bit microprocessor-Intel 8080, It
uses NMOS technology and was faster and compatible with TTL families.
• The NMOS technology also offers higher density than PMOS technology.
• The drawback of 8080 was that it required three power supplies.
• In 1975, Intel introduced an improved 8-bit microprocessor-Intel 8085,
which requires only one +5V power supply.
It was an enhanced version of Intel 8080, which became very popular and is
still used in the laboratory for student training.
o Some others 8-bit microprocessors are :
o Motorola’s MC 6800 and MC 6809,
o Zilog’s Z80 and Z800,
o MOS technology’s 6500 series
o National Semiconductor’s NSc 800 and Rockwell International’s PPS-8 and
RCA COSMAC (used CMOS technology)
o In 1978, Intel introduced a 16-bit microprocessor-Intel 8086.
o Some others 16-bit microprocessors are : Intel 80186, Intel 80286 Intel
8088, Intel 80188.
o Motorola’s 68000, 68010 and 68012, Fairchild 9440, zilog’s Z8000, National
Semiconductor’s PACE and INS 8900, Texas Instruments’ TMS 9900 series
and so on……..
o 12-bit microprocessors have also been developed. Some examples are :
Intersile’s IM6100, Toshiba’s T3190 etc.
• Intel 8088bwas very popular and was widely in cheaper personal computers
:PC/XTs.
• Intel 80286 was also very popular and was used in costlier and more powerful
personal computers: PC/ATs.
• Intel 80186 and 80188 were not popular for general purpose computers, but were
used for Industrial control.
• Motorola 68000 was very popular and was used in minicomputers.
• Since 1980s, many 32-bit microprocessors have been introduced. Intel introduced its
first 32-bit microprocessor: iAPX432, which did not become popular and was
eventually discontinued.
• In 1985, Intel introduced a more powerful 32-bit microprocessor: Intel 80386. It
became very popular and was widely used for desktop computers. In short it is called
Intel 386 microprocessor.
• Some other 32-bit microprocessors are: Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II,
Pentium III, Pentium IV, Advanced Microdevices’ (AMD’s) K5, K6,K7, Cyrix’s 586,
686 and 6x86MX, Motorola’s 68020, 68030 and 68040, National Semiconductors
32032, 32332 and 32C532, Inmos’ T414 and T800, Zilog’s Z80000 etc.
• Intel and Motorola have also introduced 32-bit RISC microprocessors: Intel 80960,
Motorola 88100 etc.
• Motorola, IBM and Apple have jointly developed 32-bit RISC processors: Power
PC601, Power PC603 and power PC 604.
• Intel 486 was very popular and was widely used for Desktop computers.
• Motorola’s 68020, 68030 and 68040 were very popular and were used to build
minicomputers.
• Now, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo and Quad core are used for
desktop computers and servers.
• The Intel 80960 is used for embedded control applications.
• Earlier, Intel also developed 80376, a 32-bit microprocessor (CISC) for embedded
control applications.
• After this 64-bit microprocessors have also been developed.
• Some examples are: SUN’s ULTRASPARC, Power PC 620, MIPs’ R4000, R5000,
R10000 and R12000,
• Intel PA 8000( jointly developed by Intel and Hewlett-Packard) etc.
• Intel i860 (1989) was a 64- bit RISC microprocessor, but it did not become popular for
general purpose computers. It was used for industrial Control Applications.
• Microprocessors of desired word length for specific
applications have been developed using Modular technique.
• The Arithmetic and logic unit can be build in modules called
BIT-SLICE
• A number of modules can be used to design and develop a
CPU of desired word length.
 Microprocessors:

Many chips on mother’s board

Data Bus
CPU
General-
Serial
Purpose RAM ROM I/O Timer COM
Micro- Port
Port
processor
Address Bus

General-Purpose Microprocessor System

Microprocessor Bus Architecture
Ports