u09

MARIANO MARCOS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering: Department of
Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering

ABE 130 – AB Power Engineering

Laboratory Exercise #5
Auxiliary Engine System - Fuel, Ignition, Cooling, and Lubrication System
(Two-wheel and Four-wheel Tractor)

Group Names: Kailah Angela V. Bayangos Date Performed: 11-24-2023

Kaye Anne Allado Date Report Submitted: 12-04-2023
James Philip V. Ruiz
Loreine Yaminah Balanay
Patrick John Mamuad

I. Introduction
The auxiliary engine system is a crucial component of a tractor, responsible for
ensuring the smooth operation and performance of the vehicle's engine. It consists of
several sub-systems, namely the fuel system, ignition system, cooling system, and
lubrication system.

The fuel system plays a vital role in supplying the engine with the appropriate
amount of fuel for combustion. It includes components such as the fuel tank, fuel
pump, fuel filters, and injectors. The ignition system is responsible for creating the
spark needed for combustion in the engine. It usually comprises of a battery, ignition
switch, ignition coil, distributor, spark plugs, and timing mechanism. The cooling
system is designed to regulate and maintain the optimal temperature of the engine. It
prevents overheating by dissipating the excess heat generated during the combustion
process. The lubrication system is responsible for reducing friction and wear between
the moving parts of the engine. It prevents damage caused by metal-to-metal contact
and provides proper lubrication to enhance the engine's lifespan. It consists of an oil
pump, oil filter, and oil pan.

Thus, the auxiliary engine system is an essential part of a tractor, ensuring the
optimal functioning, performance, and longevity of the engine. It combines the fuel,
ignition, cooling, and lubrication systems to provide the necessary power and
efficiency for various tasks and applications.
II. Objectives
At the end of the exercise, the students should be able to:

1. Examine and comprehend the internal combustion engine’s system: Fuel, Ignition,
Cooling and Lubricant and their components
2. Identify the different components of the engines systems and their function

Theory
The auxiliary engine system in a vehicle or machinery plays a pivotal role in
ensuring the efficient operation and longevity of the engine. Concerning fuel ignition,
this system comprises components such as the ignition coil, spark plugs, and
electronic control unit (ECU). The ignition coil transforms low-voltage power from
the battery into high-voltage power, which is then transmitted to the spark plugs.
These spark plugs ignite the air-fuel mixture within the engine cylinders, initiating
combustion and powering the engine. This process is meticulously regulated by the
ECU, which monitors various parameters to ensure precise timing and optimal
ignition for fuel efficiency and performance (Smith, 2019).

In terms of cooling, the auxiliary system involves mechanisms to maintain the

engine at an optimal operating temperature. This includes the radiator, coolant, water
pump, and thermostat. The radiator dissipates heat generated by the engine through
the circulation of coolant, which is propelled by the water pump. The thermostat
regulates the coolant flow to ensure the engine operates within the ideal temperature
range, preventing overheating and potential damage to engine components (Johnson
& Brown, 2020).

Lubrication within the auxiliary system involves oil circulation to minimize

friction and protect moving engine parts. The oil pump distributes oil to various
engine components such as bearings, pistons, and camshafts, ensuring they operate
smoothly without excessive wear. The oil filter also plays a crucial role by removing
contaminants from the oil, maintaining its quality and effectiveness in preserving
engine components (Adams, 2018).
III. Procedures for Laboratory Work
1. We began examining the fuel system by identifying and locating the fuel tank,
fuel lines, fuel pump and carburetor and inspected if there was any damage or leaks.
We weren’t able to collect a fuel sample from the fuel tank, disconnect the fuel line
and turn on the engine since the tank was empty.
2. We proceeded with identifying and locating the different components of the
ignition system, which are the spark plugs and spark plug wires, of which there are
none, since it's a diesel engine.
3. In the cooling system, we identify and locate the radiator, hoses, thermostat and
coolant reservoir. We weren’t able to check the coolant level in the reservoir and
radiator (when cool), remove and inspect the thermostat and measure the engine's
temperature when it is running.
4. We proceeded with the lubrication system by identifying the oilfield filter, oil
pump and oil pan and check the engine’s oil level using a dipstick.

IV. Results and Discussions (Observations, tables figures, interpretation of results

and discuss possible sources of error)

After doing a fuel system inspection on the two-wheel and four-wheel tractors, we
identified and observed the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filters, and carburetor.

Table 1: Fuel System Examination

Two Wheel Tractor PARTS OBSERVATION

fuel tank Good condition
Fuel pump Good condition
Fuel filters Good condition
carburetor none
Four Wheel Tractor PARTS OBSERVATION
fuel tank Good condition
Fuel pump Good condition
Fuel filters Rusted or clogged with
dirt
carburetor None

In Table 1, for the two-wheel tractor, the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filters are
in good condition, working properly, and there was no sign of leaks. As for the four-
wheel tractor, the observations were same with the two-wheel tractor except that its
fuel filters are rusted or clogged with dirt. Both of the tractors do not have carburetor.
Table 2: Ignition System Examination

Two Wheel Tractor PARTS OBSERVATION

Spark plugs None
Ignition coils None
Distributor None
Spark plug wires None
Four Wheel Tractor Spark plugs None
Ignition coils None
Distributor None
Spark plug wires None
Spark plugs None

Based on our observation in Table 2, we found out that both walking tractor
and four-wheel tractor doesn't have sparkplugs, ignition coils, distributor and
sparkplug wires. The engine was of a diesel type, which explains the absence of
sparks plug, ignition coils and distributor.

Table 3: Cooling System Examination

Two Wheel Tractor PARTS OBSERVATION

Radiator Good condition, no sign of
leaks
Hose Good condition, no sign of
leaks
Thermostat working properly
Engine temperature Not observed
Four Wheel Tractor Radiator Good condition, no sign of
leaks
Hose Good condition, no sign of
leaks
Thermostat working properly
Engine temperature Not observed

In Table 3, both of the tractor’s radiator, hose, and thermostat are working
properly and there was no sign of cracks. However, we were not able to observe their
engine temperature because there was no thermometer available.
 Table 4: Lubrication System Examination

Two Wheel Tractor PARTS OBSERVATION

Oil level full
Oil filter clean
Oil pump Working properly
Four Wheel Tractor Oil level Average
Oil filter clean
Oil pump Working properly

In Table 4, for the two-wheel tractor, the oil level is full and the oil filter and
oil pump are working properly and is delivering oil to all of the engine's components.
Same was observed with the four-wheel tractor except that the oil level is on average
level since it is often used.

Based on the overall observations of the tractors’ auxiliary engine, the two-
wheel tractor is working more efficiently than the four-wheel tractor. The usage and
maintenance are considered.

V. Conclusion
Through this exercise, we have gained a comprehensive understanding of the fuel
system's various components, such as the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel injectors, and
carburetor, and how they work together to deliver the correct amount of fuel for
combustion. Additionally, we now have a clear understanding of the ignition system's
vital role in initiating combustion and how components like spark plugs, ignition
coils, and distributors generate the necessary spark. Furthermore, we have explored
the cooling system's significance in regulating engine temperature, learning about
components such as the radiator, coolant, and thermostat, and their collaborative role
in dissipating excess heat. Lastly, we have investigated the lubrication system's
function in reducing friction and wear within the engine, understanding the purpose
of components like oil pumps, oil filters, and lubricants in ensuring smooth engine
operation. Overall, we have developed a solid foundation of knowledge about these
systems within an internal combustion engine, which will contribute to our
understanding and proficiency in the field of agricultural and biosystems engineering.
VI. Appendices (Raw Data and Sample Calculation)

FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR

Name Function
1. Front wheel wheel located at the front of the tractor, which
provides steering and stability
2. Fuel tank cap where the fuel tank can be accessed and filled with
fuel
3. Accelerator pedal foot-operated pedal that controls the speed of the
tractor's engine
4. Brake pedal foot-operated pedal that controls the braking system
and allows the tractor to come to a stop
5. Steering wheel used to steer the tractor and control its direction
6. Hydraulic control used to operate hydraulic attachments or implements
lever that the tractor may have
 7. Turn signal lamp light located on the tractor that indicates when the
tractor is making a turn
8. Lift arm mechanism that allows the tractor to raise and lower
attachments or implements
9. Rear tire the tire located at the back of the tractor and
provides traction and stability
10. Instrument panel displays various gauges and indicators to provide
information about the tractor's performance and
condition
11. Clutch pedal foot-operated pedal that engages and disengages the
clutch, allowing for gear changes
12. Step foothold that allows the operator to easily get on and
off the tractor
13. Seat where the operator sits and provides comfort and
support while operating the tractor
14. Rear axle housing component that houses the rear axle and provides
support and protection
15. Side clearance the distance between the tractor's body and any
nearby obstacles or structures
16. Engine hood cover that protects the engine and allows access for
maintenance and repairs
17. Fan cover protective covering for the cooling fan, which helps
to regulate the temperature of the engine
18. Muffler device that reduces the noise emitted by the tractor's
engine
19. Fuel tank container that holds the tractor's fuel supply
20. Throttle lever used to control the engine's speed and power output
21. Main speed change used to select different gears and adjust the tractor's
lever speed
22. Fender located above the tire that provides protection and
helps prevent debris from flying up
ADDITIONAL PARTS
23. Fuel pump responsible for pumping fuel from the fuel tank to
the engine
24. Oil pan serves as a collection area for any debris or
contaminants that may be present in the oil
25. Fuel lines ensure a constant supply of fuel to the engine,
allowing it to operate separately
26. Radiator helps regulate the temperature of the engine
27. Hoses used to transport fluids, such as coolant or hydraulic
 fluid, from one component to another
28. Thermostat helps regulate the engine’s temperature by opening
and closing to control the flow of coolant through
the cooling system
29. Coolant reservoir allows for expansion and contraction of the coolant
as the engine heats up and cools down.
30. Oil filter helps to keep the oil clean and prevent damage to the
engine
31. Oil pump responsible for circulating engine oil throughout the
engine

TWO-WHEEL TRACTOR

Name Function
Engine serves as the primary source of power and
functionality, enabling the machine to
perform a variety of tasks in agricultural or
landscaping settings

Stand assembly used in supporting a front end of a tractor

when the tractor is split for repairs or
maintenance includes a pair of wheel
assemblies, each wheel assembly has a pair
of arms and an axle

Chassis it's a frame that supports the powertrain

that serves as vehicle's centre of gravity, so
it is placed centrally to reduce the effects
of torque and maintain stability in turns as
well as in supporting a motorized tractor
Fuel tank the fuel tank ensures a reliable supply of
fuel to power the engine, enabling the
tractor to operate efficiently and complete
various tasks in agricultural or landscaping
activities

Engine pulley it transmits power from the tractor to

stationary machinery by means of a belt.
The pulley is located either on the left,
right or rear side of the tractor.

Cage wheel to primarily enhances traction, stability,

and reduces soil compaction, making it an
asset for agricultural tasks, especially in
challenging or delicate soil conditions

Air filter acts as a barrier, stopping dirt and debris

from entering the engine, ensuring clean
air intake for efficient combustion and
safeguarding the engine against damage

Main Clutch it gives the operator controls over the

lever power transmission, enabling movement or
stopping as needed, contributing to
maneuverability and safety during
operation
VII. Answers to Questions
1. What is the primary function of the thermostat in an engine's cooling system,
and how does it achieve this function?
The primary function of the thermostat in an engine’s cooling system is to
regulate the temperature of the engine by controlling the flow of coolant through
the engine. When the engine is cold, the thermostat remains closed, blocking the
flow of coolant from the radiator to the engine. As the engine warms up, the
thermostat gradually opens, and coolant flows into the engine to regulate its
temperature. This cycling maintains the engine at an optimal operating
temperature, preventing it from overheating or running too cold.

2. Explain the significance of regular oil changes in maintaining engine health.

How does the lubrication system contribute to engine longevity?
Regular oil changes are essential to maintain the health of an engine because
they help ensure that the engine is properly lubricated and that dirty oil, which
contains contaminants and debris, is regularly removed and replaced. The
lubrication system of an engine contributes to its longevity by reducing friction
and wear between engine parts, preventing corrosion and rust formation, and
reducing heat buildup within the engine. Properly lubricated engine components
can operate smoothly and reduce the amount of wear and tear on the engine.

3. In the ignition system, what is the purpose of the spark plugs, and what signs
indicate that a spark plug may need replacement?
Spark plugs are essential components of the ignition system, responsible for
creating the spark that ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber of
the engine. Signs that your spark plugs may need replacement include engine
misfires, poor acceleration, and difficulty starting your engine.