ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE

CH-2(NOTES)

Q1. What is NLP?

Natural language is simply human language. It refers to the various ways that
people can communicate with one another, including spoken, written, non-
verbal, and facial expressions (sentiments such as sad, happy, etc.). Natural
language processing is the field of computer science that enables computers to
comprehend and process human language naturally (NLP).

Artificial intelligence that deals with the use of natural language in

communication between machines and people. NLP’s primary goal is to read,
interpret, comprehend, and coherently make sense of human language in a way
that benefits everyone.

Q2. What is chatbots?

Chatbots-One of the uses for AI is the chatbot, which simulates human

dialogue using text chats, voice commands, or both. We can characterize a
chatbot as an artificial intelligence programme that can mimic a real
conversation with a user in their native tongue. On websites, messaging
services, mobile applications, or telephones, they make it possible to
communicate via text or audio.

Types of Chatbots

Chatbots can broadly be divided into two types:

1. Rule based Chatbot
2. Machine Learning (or AI) based Chatbot risk

1.Rule – based Chatbot

This is a Chatbot in its most basic version, and it responds to user questions in
accordance with a set of pre-established rules. For instance, a chatbot positioned
at a front desk at a school can access information from the school’s archive to
respond to questions about the cost of attendance, the courses offered, the pass
rate, etc.

2. Machine Learning (or AI) based Chatbot risk

Such chatbots are more sophisticated chatterbots that can have in-depth real-
time dialogues. Prior to answering the questions, they process them (using
layers of neural networks). AI-based chatbots continue to evolve by learning
from previous experience and reinforced learning.

AI chatbots are created and designed to respond to user inquiries in a reasonable and
pertinent manner. The difficulty, however, lies in matching the requests with the
closest and smartest response that would please the user.

Q3. Characteristics and Types of AI

1. Artificial Intelligence is autonomous and can make independent

decisions — it does not require human inputs, interference or intervention and
works silently in the background without the user’s knowledge. These systems
do not depend on human programming, instead they learn on their own through
data experiencing.

2. Has the capacity to predict and adapt – Its ability to understand data
patterns is being used for
future predictions and decision-making.

3. It is continuously learning – It learns from data patterns.

4. AI is reactive – It perceives a problem and acts on perception.

5. AI is futuristic – Its cutting-edge technology is expected to be used in many

more fields in future.

Data Driven AI
Data centric AI systems have become more popular as a result of recent
advancements in low-cost data storage (hard discs, etc.), quick processors
(CPU, GPU, or TPU), and advanced deep learning algorithms that have made it
feasible to extract enormous value from data. These AI systems are particularly
effective in foretelling the future based on their past experiences.

Autonomous System

An autonomous system is a piece of technology that can react to its

surroundings without human input. Often, artificial intelligence serves as the
foundation for autonomous systems. A floor-cleaning robot, a Mars rover, a
self-driving car, and other autonomous systems are examples. Another
illustration of an autonomous system is an IoT device, such as a smart home
system.
Recommendation systems

A recommendation system makes suggestions or recommendations to users

based on data analysis and a variety of characteristics, including the user’s past
behavior, preferences, and interests. Data is required for training this data-
driven AI. For instance, when you view a video on YouTube, it suggests a
number of other videos that are similar to, better, or more appropriate than the
videos you often search for, favor, or have recently been watching.

Cognitive Computing (Perception, Learning, Reasoning)

To simulate the functions of the human brain (speech, vision, reasoning, etc.) and aid people
in making decisions, cognitive computing is a technology platform based on AI and signal
processing.

Applications of Cognitive Computing

Humans can utilise cognitive computing to help them make decisions. The treatment of
disease/illness through assisting medical professionals is one example of cognitive computing
and its applications.

The IBM Watson for Oncology, for example, has been deployed at the Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center to offer doctors evidence-based therapy options for cancer patients.
Watson creates a list of theories and suggests possible treatments for doctors in response to
inquiries from medical professionals.

AI and Society

While there is little doubt that AI is transforming the world, there is also a lot of hype and
misinformation surrounding it. It is essential that we have a realistic perspective on AI if
individuals, corporations, and the government are to fully benefit from it.

Nearly every aspect of society, including health, security, culture, education, employment,
and enterprises, will be impacted by AI. As with any change or development, AI can have
both beneficial and harmful effects on society, depending on how we use it.

Healthcare

IBM Watson (An AI Tool by IBM) can predict development of a particular form of cancer up
to 12 months before its onset with almost a 90% accuracy.

Such advancements are occurring often in the world of medicine. China used Artificial
Intelligence (AI), Data Science, to track cases and combat the pandemic in order to contain
the CORONA virus spread. Robots and AI tools will eventually work alongside doctors in
our healthcare sectors.
Transportation

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have made significant advancements in the sector
of transportation.

With the help of cutting down on traffic accidents, autonomous vehicles, such as cars and
trucks, can offer features including lane-changing systems, automated vehicle guiding,
automated braking, usage of sensors and cameras for collision avoidance, and real-time
information analysis.

Disaster Prediction

One of the best techniques for predicting natural events is artificial intelligence (AI). Before
the development of artificial intelligence, it was impossible to imagine a model that could
virtually accurately predict the weather for the upcoming few days.

Agriculture

The farming industry faces a variety of difficulties, including erratic weather, a lack of
natural resources, an increase in population, etc. Farmers can now analyze a range of factors
in real time, such as weather, temperature, water use, or soil conditions gathered from their
farm, with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI).

Integrity of AI

In 2016, it was shown that the professional networking website LinkedIn has a gender bias in
its code.
The site would display suggestions and search results for male users who went by the name
“Andrew” and its variants when a feminine name was searched, such as “Andrea”. For male
names, the website did not display any comparable suggestions or results.

Technological Unemployment

Some groups of individuals will lose their occupations as a result of substantial automation
(caused by the development of AI and robotics).
Intelligent machines will take the place of these jobs. Both the workforce and the market will
undergo major change; while new, highly skilled positions will be created, some will become
outdated.

Disproportionate control over data

The more data you have, the more intelligent machines you will be able to create. Data is the
fuel for AI. Technology behemoths are significantly funding initiatives involving AI and data
collection. They have an unfair advantage over their smaller rivals as a result.