HI

GHSCHOOLBOARD

©2007Soci
alSci
enceDepar
tment
ByDr
.V.Jer
e.PhD-
student(
ZAOU)
,MA-
Hist
,BA.
Ed,
DipPhi
l
OUTLI
NEOFCENTRALAFRICANHI STORY
1.TheBant
uSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.
 Origi
nsoft
heBantuSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.
 TheWayofLif
eoftheBantuSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.

2.TheKat
angaKi
ngdoms.
 TheLubaKingdom (
Ori
gins,
Devel
opmentandDecl
i
ne)
 TheLundaKingdom Mwatayamvu

3.TheLuba-
LundaMi grat
ionbef or
e1800.
 CausesoftheMi grat
ions.
 Course/Nature/Dir
ectionoftheMigrat
ions.
 Results/
Eff
ect softheMi grat
ions.

4.Centr
alAf
ri
canKingdoms.
 TheLundaKingdom ofMwatakazembe.
 TheBembaKi ngdom
 TheLoziKi
ngdom.
 TheMaravi
/MalawiKingdoms(KalongaandUndi
Kingdoms)
.
 TheMwenemut apaKingdom
 TheRozwiKingdom.

5.Nguni
incur
sionsint
oCentr
alAfri
ca.
 TheNgoni underZwangendaba.
 TheKol ol
ounderSebi
twane.
 TheNdebel eunderMzi
li
kazi.

6.ThePor
tugueseAct i
vi
ti
esinCent
ral
Afri
ca.
 ThePor tugueseint
heZambeziVall
ey
 ThePr azoSy st
em.

7.ThePor
tuguesei
nter
esti
ntheMwat
akazembeKi
ngdom.

8.Mi
ssi
onar
yActiv
iti
esi nCent ralAf r
ica.
 Davi
dLivi
ngst one.(Backgr ound, Aims,Hi
sThreeGr eatJour
ney
s
andeff
ectsofhi sJour ney s)
 Lat
ermissionaryact i
viti
es.
1.LondonMi ssionarySoci ety(L.M.S)
2.TheUni versi
t i
esMi ssiont oCent r
alAf
ri
ca.(U.M.C.A)
3.ThePar i
sEv angeli
calMi ssionarySoci
ety(P.E.
M. S)
4.FreeChur chofScot l
and.( F.
C.S)
5.TheWhi teFat hers.

9.Br
it
ishI
mper
ial
i
sm i
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.

2
  JohnCeci
lRhodesandhisAims.
 TheOccupat
ionofSout
hernRhodesi
a.
 TheOccupat
iononNyasaland
 TheOccupat
ionofNort
hernRhodesi
a.

10.
Centr
alAfr
icanFederat
ion/TheFederat
ionofRhodesi
aandNy
asal
and.
 ArgumentsforandagainstFeder
ati
on
 TheFederalConsti
tut
ion.
 Advantagesanddisadvant
agesofFederat
ion.

THEBANTUSPEAKI NGPEOPLE
Thel argestsinglegr oupofpeopleinCentralAfr
icaareBant uSpeakingpeopl e.
Bant usar ealsofoundi nSouther
nandEastAf r
ica.TheWor dBant usimply
means“ Peopl eorHumanBei ngs”.TheWor dBant ualsorefer
st oSimilar
itiesin
Languagechar acteri
sti
csamongov er400languagesi nCentral
,Eastand
Sout hernAf r
ica.ThePeopl esofthesepartsofAf ri
cahaveov er90%Si milarit
ies
i
nt heirlanguages.Thewor dBantuisalsousedt odefineCul t
ureSimilari
ties
amongt hePeopl esofCentral
,SouthernandEast ernAfri
ca.Theconclusion
therefore,isthatt heBantuSpeakingpeoplehadacommonpar entLanguage
call
edPr oto-
Bant u.

ORIGI NSOFTHEBANTUSPEAKI NGPEOPE

TheBant uSpeaki ngPeopl ewer epar toftheEar l
yIronAgef armersf rom the
MiddleEastf rom t hear eaoft heFer t
il
eCr escentbetweent heTigri
sandt he
Euphr atesRivers.Theyi niti
all
yset tledalongt heNileRiverandlaterspreadt othe
r
d
restoft heSahar agr asslandsi nNor t
hAf ri
ca.Howev er,fr
om the3 cent ur y
,the
ancest orsoftheBant usst art
edmi grati
ngf rom t
heSahar aduet ot hefactthat
theSahar ast
artedt odr yup.
SomeGr oupsmov edupNor t
hcr ossingt heMedi t
erraneanSea.Ot hergroups
migrat edsouthoft heSahar at owar dsLakeChad, Nigeri
aandt heCamer oonian
Highlands.Ot hergr oupsmi gr
at edtot hear eaoftheGr eatLakesregioninEast
Afri
ca.Howev er,theMaj orgroupi st heonet hatsettl
edbet weenNi geri
aand
Camer oon.Thiswast hear eat hatwasr eferr
edtoast heBenueRegi on.Itwas
herethatt heBant uLanguageandcul t
urei ssai
dtohav edev el
oped.

BANTUMI
GRATI
ONSI
NTOCENTRALANDSOUTHERNAFRI
CABEFORE1800

3
 BANTUMI
GRATI
ONSI
NTOCENTRALANDSOUTHERNAFRI
CABEFORE
1800

THEEARLYWAYOFLI FEOFTHEBANTUSPEAKI NGPEOPLE.

SocialwayofLi fe.
Sociall
y,theBant uspeaki ngpeopl ewer eor ganizedi ntoaf ami l
ywhi chwast he
basicuniteofsoci ety.Sev eral fami l
i
esf ormedaf ami l
yhousehol d.Sev eral
househol dscombi nedt of orm acl an.Anumberofcl ansfor medv i
llages.Sev er
al
vil
l
agescombi nedt of orm at ribeorachi efdom/ kingdom.
InBantuSoci et y
, Wor kwasdi vi
dedbet weent hemal esandf emal es.Themal es
hunted,fishedandher dedl i
v est ock.Thef emal esf etchedwat er,fi
rewood,
cookedandcl eanedhousesandl ookedaf terchi l
dr en.
TheBant ul i
vedi nhut smadeofpol eandmudandt hatchedwi thgrass.These
hutswer ear r
angedi naci r
cul arf orm andint hemi ddlewast heKr aal toprotect
theanimal s.Thedi etoft heBant upeopleincl udedpul p,meat , wil
df ruit
s,roots
andv egetables,fish, wildinsect sandbeermadef rom mi l
letandsor ghum.
TheBant ucel ebratedi mpor tantmoment sinl if
eorr itesofpassagesuchasbi r
th.
Pubertyandmar ri
ages.TheBant ualsoco- oper ateddur i
ngt hesei mpor tant
moment s.Cattlewer econsi der edt obeasy mbol ofweal ththoughi twasused

4
dur
ingr
eli
giouscer
emoni
esandf
orbr
idepr
ice.

Reli
giousWayofLi fe.
TheBant ubeli
evedinaSupr emeBei ngwhocr eatedallt
hingsandwas
addressedbydi f
ferentnames.TheBant ualsobel
ievedinawhol erangeofspi
ri
ts
fordif
ferentoccasi
onse. g.ancestr
al spi
ri
tsandrainmakingspir
it
s.Thesewere
prayedtot hr
oughPr ophetsandpr i
ests.Sacri
fi
cesofanimals,beerandother
foodswer emadeundert heMsor otree,hi
ll
sorinriver
s.

EconomicWayofLi f
e.
TheBantuspeakingpeoplewer eagricult
urali
stsandpast orali
sts.TheBantu
grewcropsli
kebeans,sorghum, mill
etandgour ds.Theyalsokeptbot hbigand
smallani
malssuchasgoat sandcat tle.Besidestheabov e,theBant uwereal
so
fi
shermen,hunt
ers,f
oodgat herers,
andi ronsmi t
hs( smelt
ersofcopperandi r
on).
Womenwer eal
sopotterymaker sofchannel -decoratedpots.TheBant uwere
al
sotraderswhousedt hebartersystem init
iall
y.

Poli
ti
cal WayofLi fe.
Poli
ti
cally,Bant
usoci etywasorganizedinsomef orm ofahierar
chy.Households
wereundert heleader shi
poftheeldestmalememberoft hehousehold.Theclan
wascont roll
edtheel destmalemember .Clansformedv i
ll
agesthatwere
contr
olledbyav ill
ageHeadman.Vi ll
agesformedt ri
bes,whichwereherdedby
chi
ef/King.ChiefsorKi ngsinBantusociet
ywer econsider
edt obeSemi -
div
ine
andbecauseoft hi
s, theyhadalotofauthori
ty.Theyalsoactedaspri
estsin
i
mpor tantceremoni es.

THEDEVELOPMENTOFTHELUBAANDLUNDAKI NGDOMSOFTHEKATANGA
`Theperi
odbet ween11thcent
uryandt he16thcent
urysawthef or
mati
onofl arger
andcentral
izedkingdomsinCentralAfri
ca.Amongt heseKingdomswer ethe
LubaandLundaKi ngdomsthatdevel
opedi ntheEasternCongosavannah
grassl
ands.Thisareawasknownast heKatangaorShaba.I twasal
soreferred
toasthe“Cr adl
eofManki nd”
.

FACTORSTHSTLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCENTRALI SEDKI NGDOMS.

a)Popul ationmov ementonal argescal e;thisledtol eadersofwar ri
or
groupst oconsolidat
epowert ot hemselv esinor dertoeffect i
velyledthe
people.
b)TheBant uhadalsodev el
opedpol it
ical
,economi c,soci
al andr eli
gious
systems, whichaidedthedevelopmentofCent r
al i
sedKingdoms.
c)Sur plusf oodProducti
onwasduet otheintroduct i
onofnewcr opssuchas
mai zeandcassav abyt hePortugueseont hewestcoastofAf r
ica.Surplus
foodpr oducti
onledtoani ncreasei npopulationandi ncreasedeconomi c.
exchangeofgoodswi thinandout sidetheKi ngdoms.Theseact ivi
tiesi.
e.
createdanoppor tuni
tyforsomel eader
st oexer tcontrolov erlargerareas.
Thisal sof aci
li
tat
edinvolvementi nthelongdi stancet r
adewhi chledt o
thedev elopmentofCent r
ali
sedKi ngdoms.

5
 d)TheareaoftheKatangaregi
onwasspacious,f
ert
il
eandwell
wat
eredby
manyriver
s.Thisf
acil
it
atedfoodpr
oduct
ion.Theareawasal
sor
ichi
n
nat
uralr
esourcessuchasgameandmi neral
s.

THELUBAKI NGDOM.
Origi
ns.
TheoriginsoftheLubaKi ngdom arenotv er
ycl ear.Accordi
ngtoOr alTradit
ions,
theLubaKi ngdom wasest abli
shedbyagr oupofpeopl ecal
ledt heSongy e.
Thesepeopl esett
ledNor t
hoft heLubil
ashiRiver.TheSongy ewer eldbyaman
call
edKongol o.Kongolowast hemanwhoest ablishedthefi
rstLubaKingdom
withast r
ongcentralgovernment.
AccordingtoOr al
Tradit
ions,Kongolomar ri
edt heQueenoft heKal undwepeopl e
whower etheownersoft heland.KongoloestablishedhiscapitalatMwi bel
e
nearLakeBoy a.

Dev el
opment / Expansi onoft heFi r stLubaKi ngdom.
 Rai ds-TheFi rstLubaKi ngdom Dev elopedt hroughr aidingandconquer i
ng
weakert ribest ot heeastoft heKi ngdom i nsear chofsal tandpal m-oil
.
TheKi ngdom al soi nco- oper at edandassi milatedt hedef eatedt ri
bes.This
l
edt otheexpansi onoft heKi ngdom.
 TheTr ibut eSy st em-t heconquer edchi ef swer ef or cedt opayt ributet o
Kongol oandt hi si ncr easedt hepol i
ti
cal andeconomi cpoweroft he
Kingdom.
 TheCent ralisedSy stem ofGov ernment -Thi salsocont ributedt ot he
dev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.Kongol okeptal lthepol iti
cal poweri nhis
hands.Tohel phi mr ule, heappoi ntedaf ewKi nsmenaschi ef
s.These
wer ecal l
edt heBal opwewhi leKongol owasr efer redt oast heMul opwe.
Theappoi ntedr elat iveswer eext r
emel yloy altoKongol o.Kongol owas
alsoconsi der edt ohav ebeenaSemi -
di viner ul
er .Thi sal soi ncreasedhi s
pol i
ti
cal author i
tyandenabl edhi mt oef fect i
velycont rol theKi ngdom.
Accor dingt oOr al Tr adi tions, amor epower ful groupar rivedi nt heLual abaar ea
aroundt he15thCent ury .Thi sgr oupwascal ledt heKunda.TheLeaderoft hus
Gr oupwascal ledI lungaMbi l
i.Hewasr eceivedwel l i
nt heLubaKi ngdom wi thhis
Gr oup.Accor dingt oOr al Tradi ti
ons, IlungaMbi liwasgi vent woofKongol o’
s
sisterst oMar ry.TheseSi ster swer eBul andaandMabel e.Bul andagav eI l
unga
Mbi liasoncal ledKal alaI lungawhi leMabel ehadasoncal ledKi suluMabel e.
ItwasKal alaI lungawhodi st i
ngui shedhi msel fasagr eatwar ri
orandhel pedhis
Uncl eKongol ot orul et heexpandi ngLubaKi ngdom.Hehel pedhi sUncl eto
furtherexpandt heKi ngdom byConquer ingt heSout her nPar t.Lat erbecauseof
suspi cionst hatKal al aI lungawant edt oov ert hrowhi m, Kongol ot r
iedtoki ll
Kal alaIlungabutheescapedt ohi sf ather ’
scount ry.Whi let here, KalalaI l
unga
organi zedanar myandr et urnedt odef eatKongol o.Kongol oescapedbuthewas
ev entual lycapt ur edandki l
led.Kal alaI lungat ookov ertheKi ngdom andf ounded
theSecondLubaKi ngdom.Hebui lthi snewcapi t
alatMwanzaaf ewki lomet er
s
from Mwi bele.

6
Expansi onandDev elopmentoft heSecondLubaKi ngdom
 TheSecondLubaKi ngdom Undert heKundaCont inuedt oDev el
opt hr
ough
conquest s.TheKundaRul ersbecamemor epower fulthant hei
r
pr edecessor st heSongy e.
 I nv olvementi nt heLongDi stancet r
adewi tht hePor tugueseont heWest
Coastal socont r
ibutedt othef urt
herdev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
 TheLubasy st em ofcol l
ect i
ngt ri
butefrom thedef eatedtr i
besalso
cont r
ibutedt ot hedev elopmentoft heKi ngdom becauset histri
butewas
usedi nt heLongDi stanceTr ade.
 Kal alaI l
ungaandhi sSuccessor salsomai ntai nedaCent rali
sedSystem of
Gov ernmenti nher i
tedf rom t heSongy e.TheKi ngassumedt hetil
eof
Mul opweandcont roll
edmat tersofwar far
e, ext ernal t
radeandr eli
gious
mat ters.

Decli
neoft heLubaKi ngdom
TheDecl i
neoft heKi ngdom wasmost l
yduet osuccessi ondi sputesduet othe
Matri
li
neal Sy stem ofdescent .Somet imes,theambi tioussonsofadeceased
ki
ngswhowant edt or uleleftt heKi ngdom takingwi tht hem somesuppor t
erse.g.
Kibi
ndaI lungawhof oundedt heLundaKi ngdom.

THELUNDAKI NGDOM
Origins
TheLundaKi ngdom wasf oundedar oundt hemi ddl eoft he16thCent ury(1550).
Accor dingt oOr al Tradi
tions, Ki
bindaI l
ungaaLubaPr ince, l
eftt heSecondLuba
Kingdom wi t
hagr oupoff ollowers.Hehadbeenf r astruatedi nhi sambi t
ionst o
becomeki ng.Heset tl
edont heBanksoft heKasai Ri
veramongt heLunda
Peopl e.
Accor dingt oOr al Tradi
tions, aseniorLundachi efNkondihadt woSonsKi nguli
andChi nyamawhower elazyandcr uel
.Onedayt het wobeatupt hei
rfatherto
thepoi ntofdeat h.ItwasLuej itheirsisterwhosav edthei rfather .Nkondi
thereforeappoi nt edLuej iashi ssuccessorandshebecamet heQueenoft he
Lundaaf terhi sdeat h.
Around1550, KibindaI l
ungawhocamef rom t heLubaKi ngdom mar r
iedLuej i
.
Event uall
y ,het ookov erthet hrownandsubduedt heLundagr oupst ofor
m one
LundaKi ngdom.Heest abl ishedhi sCapi tal atMusumba.
Howev er,Luej iwasbar renandcoul dnotpr ov idehei r
st ot heLundat hrown.
KibindaI l
ungamar r
iedanot herwomancal ledKamongaLuanzawhobor e
KibindaI l
ungaasoncal l
edLusengi .Lusengi succeededKi bindaI l
ungaand
cont i
nuedt ot heexpansi onoft heKi ngdom t hr oughconquest s.Heal soputi n
measur est ost rengt hent heCent ralisedsy st em ofgov ernment .Hissoncal l
ed
Nawej i
succeededLusengi .Nawej icont inuedwi t ht heexpansi onoft heKi ngdom
conquest sandassumedt henewt i
tleofMwat ay amv umeani ngt he“mast erof
st
Weal th”ar ound1600.Nawej ibecamet he1 Mwat ayamv u.

TheDevel
opment/
Expansi
onoftheLundaKingdom ofMwat
ayamvo.
Nawej
il
aidthef
oundat
ionfort
hefur
therdev
elopmentoft
heLundaKi
ngdom of

7
Mwat ayamv o.Thef act orsf ordev elopmentwer e;
 Nawej iimpr ov edont hecent rali
sedsy stem ofGov ernment .Thi swasdone
byint roduci ngt woconcept sofPosi tionalSuccessi onandPer petual
Kingshi p.Posi ti
onal successi onmeantt hatt heonewhosucceededaf ter
thedeat hofar elati
vei nher it
edev erythingwhi leper pet ual Ki ngshipmeant
thatany onewhowasappoi ntedt oaposi tionofaut hor i
tyi nt heKi ngdom
hadt ober elatedt ot heKi ng.Thi sKi ndofpol itical struct uredensur ed
l
oy altyt other uli
ngKi ng.
 TheMwat ayamv ual sopr act i
cedasy st em ofi ndi rectr ule.Thesewer ea
system wher et heconquer edchi ef swer eal l
owedt ocont i
nuei ntheir
formerposi ti
onsbutwer er equiredt obel oyal tot heMwat ay amv uby
pay i
ngt ri
but e.Thi sledt ot heexpansi onoft heKi ngdom.
 TheMwat ayamv ual sodev elopedasy stem ofTr i
but ecol l
ect ionf r
om the
conquer edt ribes.Thi stri
but ewasi nf or m ofi vor y,sal t,slav esandcopper .
Somet ime, t
heMwat ayamv ore-di str
ibut edt het ri
but eamonghi ssub-
chiefst oensur eloyal t
y.
 TheMwat ayamv ual socont roll
edandmonopol izedt heLongDi st
ance
Tradewi t
ht hePor tugueseont heWestCoast .TheTr ibut ecol lectedfrom
thedef eatedt r
ibessuchasi vory, copperandsl av eswer eusedast rade
i
temsi nexchangef orEur opeani t emssuchasgunsandgunpowder ,
cloths, beads.
TheMwat ay amv oKi ngdom wasmor esuccessf ul i
nr emai ningst abl eand
prosperousf oral ongt i
me.TheKi ngdom r eachedi tspeakdur i
ngt her uleofthe
2ndMwat ay amv uMut ebaar ound1680.Toexpandt heKi ngdom f urther ,
Mwat ayamv uMut ebasenthi s sonst oexpandt heKi ngdom east wards
andsout hwar ds.Ishi nde, oneoft hesonsest abl i
shedaLundaki ngdom i nEastof
theZambezi Riveri npr esentdayZambi a.Anot hersonKanongeshaest abli
shed
akingdom i nAngol a.Heal sosentsomeofhi swargener alst oexpandt he
Kingdom int heLuapul av alleyi.e.Chi nyant aandMut andaYembey embe.

QUESTIONS.
1.Whatwer etheori
ginsoftheLunda?I
nwhatway
swast
hei
rpol
i
tical
syst
em di
ff
erentf
rom theLuba?

2.Gi
veadescr
ipti
onoftheori
gins,
organi
zat
ionandt
heext
entof
Mwat
ayamvu’sLundaStat
e.

3.Gi
veanaccountoft
heor
igi
nsandpol
i
tical
organi
zat
ionoft
heLuba
Ki
ngdom.

4.Descr
ibet
heear
lywayofl
i
feoft
heBant
u-speaki
ngPeopl
e.

5.Descri
beinbri
eftheri
seandf
all
oft
heLubaKi
ngsandt
hePol
i
tical
syst
em theydevel
oped.

8
 6.Whatdoyouunder
standbytheter
m“ Bant
u”?Discusst
heOr
igi
nsand
ear
lywayofl
i
feoftheBantuspeaki
ngpeople.

THELUBALUNDAMI GRATIONSI NTOCENTRALANDSOUTHERNAFRI CA

TheLuba-LundaMi grat
ionsorDisper salwasthemov ementoftheLuba-Lunda
peopl
ef rom theKatangar egionintocent r
alandsouther
nAf r
icabefor
e1800.
From the1stLubaKingdom,t hemi grati
onsstart
edaroundthe1500whi l
ef r
om
nd
the2 LubaKi ngdom andt heLundaKi ngdom t
hemi gr
ati
onsstart
edbet ween
1550and1600.

FACTORSTHATLEDTOTHEMI GRATI ONS

Ther ewer emanyf act orst hatl edt ot heLuba- LundaMi grat i
ons.Thesecanbe
divide4di ntopul l andpushf act or s.Pushf act orswer et hoset hatf orcedt heLuba
-LundaPeopl et omi gr at ewhi l
et hepul l fact orswer et hoset hatat tractedt hem t o
mi grate.Thesewer e;
 I ncreasei nPopul at ion-Popul at i
oni ncr easef or cedt heLuba- Lundat o
mi gratet oot herar easi nsear choff ertileland.Thi si ncr easei npopul ation
wasasar esul toft hei ntr oduct i
onofnewagr icul turecr opssuchasmai ze
andcassav abyt hePor tugueseont hewestcoast .Thei nt r
oduct ionof
newcr opsandpopul ationi ncr easel edt oashor tageofl andf orf armi ng
andpast or alism.Somanypeopl emi gratedi nsear choff ertil
el and.
 Occupat i
on-Occupat ioncoul dhav ef or cedmanypeopl et omi gratet o
areaswher eoppor tuni ti
esmi ghtbebet ter.Forexampl ef armer sand
past ral
ist smi gr atedi nsear choff er ti
lel and, hunt er smi gr atedt oar eas
withal otofgame, andbl achsmi thsmi gr atedt oar easwi thmi neral
resour ces.
 Adv ent ure-Adv ent urecoul dhav eal soat t
ract edsomepeopl et ocer tain
areassucht osat isfyt hei rcur iosity.
 Successi onDi sput e-Successi onDi sput esal sof or cedmanyt oleav et hei r
Kingdoms.Forexampl e, thosewhower edef eat edi nasuccessi ondi sput e
leftwi t
ht hei rf ol l
ower se. g.thebr other sChi ny amaandKi ngul iwhol eftt he
LundaKi ngdom af terbei ngsubduedbyKi bindaI lunga.
 Ambi ti
ousI ndi v idual s-Ambi ti
ousi ndi vidual swhowant edt odomi nat eor
conquerot hergr oupsandbr i
ngt hem undert hei rcont r
ol alsol eft.For
exampl e, Ki bindaI lungal eftthe2ndLubaKi ngdom becausefhi sambi tions.
Mwat ay amv uMut ebaal sosenthi ssonst oexpandt heLundaKi ngdom
duet ohi sambi tions.
 Conv i
ctedPeopl e-Theseal sol eftt heLuba-LundaKi ngdomst oest ablish
themsel vesel sewher ef orf earofbei ngpuni shed.Thesewer et hepeopl e
accusedofpr act icingwi tchcr aftandot hercr imes.
 Sl av eTr adi ngandRai ding-Thi scont ribut edt ot heLuba-LundaMi grations
aspeopl ef ledt oot herar east omai nt aint heiri ndependence.
 Bant uCust oms-Bant ucust omsal socont ri
but edt ot hemi grat i
onse. g.
theMat rilineal Sy stem ofdescentcoul dhav el edt omi gr ati
on.Sonsof

9
 rul
ingchief swhocoul dnotsucceedtheirfatherslefttofindort oest
abli
sh
theirownr uleinotherarea.
 TribalWar s-thi
salsof orcedmanytomi grateinsear chofpeaceand
secur i
tyi
nnewar eas.Thosewhower edef eatedal soleftforotherl
ands
toav oidpay i
ngtri
butet othenewrul
ers.
 CruelRuler s-Thesealsof or
cedmanyt omi grat
et oot herarease.g.Chit
i
andNkol et hefoundersoft heBembaKi ngdom fledf rom thei
rcruelfat
her.

COURSE/ DIRECTI ONS/ NATUREOFTHEMI GRATI ONS

th
Bythe16 cent ur y,theLuba- Lundapeopl est art
edmi gratingint oCent ralAf rica
duetotheabov e-ment ionedr easons.Manyoft heZambi anKi ngdomswer e
est
abli
shedduet ot heLuba- Lundami grat i
ons.
1.Around15thcent ur y,agr oupf rom t heBenuer egionmi gr atedandset tled
inNor thEastAf ricai nt heGr eatLakeRegi on.Thesemi gr atedf urtheri nt o
Cent ral Af ri
cav i
aTanzani aandt heWest er nsideofMal awi .Thesewer e
theancest or soft heTumbuka, Kamanga, TongaofMal awi andt heTonga-
il
aofZambi a.Somepr oceededf ur t
hersout handbecamet heancest or s
oftheNguni andt heSot hoSpeaki ngpeopl eofSout hAf rica.
Inthesamegr oup, ot her st ookashor terrout ebycr ossi ngt heZambezi
River.Thesewer et heancest or soft heShona, Rozwi andt heKar anga
peopl ewhoset t
ledi nZi mbabwe.Al lthesegr oupst hatusedt heeast er n
routeandhadset tledi nt heGr eatLakesRegi oni nEastAf r
icaar er efer red
toast heEast ernBant u.
2.Anot herGr oupt hatmov edf rom t heBenuer egionset tl
edi nt he
Katanga/ Shabar egi onofPr esentdayCongo.Thesedev el opedt heLuba-
LundaKi ngdoms.Thesewer eal sor efer r
edt oast heWest ernBant u
becauset heyusedt hewest er nr out ef rom t heBenuer egi on.I twasf rom
theLuba- LundaKi ngdomst hatmostZambi anKi ngdomsor iginatedf rom.
Amongstt heear liestgr oupsr unni ngawayf rom t her ul
eofKongol ower e
theancest or soft heChewa/ Ny anj aSpeaki ngpeopl ewhoest ablishedt he
KalongaKi ngdom byt he14thCent uryi npr esentdayMal awi .Lat ergr oups
thatmi grat edf rom t heLubaKi ngdomswer et heBembas, Kaondes, Lal a
andt heBi sas.Theseset tledi nt heNor ther npar tofZambi a.
Dur i
ngt he16thandt he17thcent ur i
es, manymor egr oupsmi gratedf rom
theLundaKi ngdom.Amongt hesewer e;
 Luv aleKi ngdom, whi chwasf oundedbyChi nyama.Heset tl
edon
theLuenaRi v erat ribut aryoft heZambezi
 TheLuy iKi ngdom ont heZambezi Fl oodpl ains,whi chwasf ounded
byMbuy uWaMwambwaar ound1650.
 Kany embof oundedt heLundaKi ngdom ofMwat aKazembei nthe
Luapul aVal l
eyar ound1700.
 I shi indeoneoft hesonsofMwat ayamv uMut ebaf oundedaLunda
Ki ngdom i nt heZambezi district .
 ALundaKi ngdom wasal soest ablishedbyKanongeshaoneoft he
SonsofMwat ay amv uMut ebai nSol wezi ,Kasempaandpar tof
Angol a.

10
EFFECTSOFTHELUBA- LUNDAMI GRATI ON
a)TheLuba- LundaMi gr ati
onsl edt ot heest abl i
shmentofpower ful
cent ralizedKi ngdomswi t
hawel l-def i
nedhi erarchyi nCent r
al Afri
cae. g.
theBemba, Lozi andMwat akazembeKi ngdoms.
b)TheLuba- Lundami grati
onsal soi ntroducedt heconceptofLongDi stance
Tradewi ththePor t
ugueseandt heAr abst oCent ral Afr
ica.TheLong
Dist anceTr adewasv erysignificantt oCent ralAfricanKi ngdomsasi tl
ed
tot hedev elopmentandt heev ent ual col
lapseofKi ngdoms.
c)TheLuba- Lundami grati
onsal sol edt othecr eat i
onoft ribalidenti
ti
es.This
wasbecausev arioust ri
bal groupsi dentif
iedt hemsel v
eswi thgr oupst hey
mi grat edwi th.
d)TheLuba- Lundami grati
onsal sol edt othei ntroductionnewcr opsand
agr i
cul turemet hodsi nCent ralAf rica.Newcr opssuchasmai zecassav a,
groundnut sandt omat oeswer eint roduced.TheLuba-LundaPeopl ealso
i
nt roducedanewsy stem ofCul tivat i
oncal l
edt heChi t
emene/Shi fti
ng
Cul ti
v ation.
e)TheLuba- Lundami grati
onsal sol edt otheI ntroduct i
onofNewCust oms
e.g.t hemat ril
inealandt hepat ri
lineal li
nesofdescent .
f) TheLuba- LundaMi gr ati
onsal sol edt otheI ntroductionoft raditi
on
ceremoni essuchast heKuombokaandt heUmut omboko.

QUESTI
ONS
1.Gi
ve(a)t
hecausesand(
b)t
heef
fect
soft
heLuba-
Lundadi
sper
sioni
n
Centr
alAfr
ica.[
14,
6]

2.Giv
eanaccountofthecausesandr
out
esoft
heBant
uMi
grat
ionsi
nto
Centr
alAf
ri
cabefor
e1800.[12,
8]

3.Whatweret
hecausesoftheLuba-
LundaDisper
sal?Descri
bethegeneral
natur
eandt
heimport
anteff
ectsofthi
sdi
spersali
nCentralAf
rica.[
8,6,
6]-
2005.

4.Giv
er easonsf
orandadescr
ipt
ionofBant
uMi
grat
ionsi
ntoCent
ral
Afr
ica
befor
e1800.[8,
12]
-2006.

5.(
a)Li
stdownthemainBantu-
speaki
ngpeoplesofZambi
abyt
heMi
d-
Ni
net
eenthCent
ury.
(
b)Wheredi
dtheycomefrom?
(
c)Anywhydidtheymi
grat
e?[5:5:10]
-2002.

11
CENTRALAFRI CANKINGDOMS
Thesewerethecent
ral
i
zedKingdomst
hatdev
elopedi
nCent
ral
Afr
icaasar
esul
t
oftheLuba-
LundaMigr
ati
ons.

THELUNDAKI NGDOM OFMWATAZAZEMBE

Ori
gins.
TheLundaKi ngdom ofMwat akazembeor iginat
edfrom t heal readyexisti
ng
LundaKi ngdom ofMwat ay amv uaround1700.Accor dingtoOr alTradit
ions,
Mwat ayamv uMut ebasentt woofhi sGener alsChi
ny ant aandMut anda
Yembey embet oexpandhi sKingdom east wardstowar dst heLuapul av al
ley.
Howev er,Mut andaYembey embewasdi sloyal t
otheMwat ayamv uandwi t
hheld
someoft hecol l
ectedtri
but e.Yembey embeki ll
edChi nyantaf orreporti
nghis
di
sloyalt
y .TheMwat ayamv u’sArmyl aterki l
ledYembey embe.
Mwat ayamv uMut ebarewar dedChiny anta’ssonNg’ andaBi l
ondawi ththetit
leof
Kazembe( meani ngGener al).

Establ i
shmentofTheMwat akazembeKi ngdom.
Theest abl i
shmentoft heMwat akazembeKi ngdom St ar t
eddur i
ngt heruleoft he
st
1 KazembeNg’ andaBi londa.Hecont inuedwi tht heexpansi onoft heLunda
Kingdom ofMwat ayamv ueast war dsamongt heLubaPeopl e.Howev er
,Ng’ anda
Bil
ondai ssai dt ohav edr ownedi nt heLuapul aRi verar ound1725whi l
ecar ryi
ng
outt het askofexpandi ngt heMwat ay amv uKingdom.
Ng’andaBi l
ondawassucceededbyhi ssonKany embowhobecamet he2nd
Kazembe.I twasdur i
nghi sr ulethatt heLundaKi ngdom ofMwat akazembewas
fi
nal l
yest abl ished.On oft he f act orst hatl ed t ot he est
abl i
shmentoft he
Kingdom wasawel l
-organi zedar my ,suppl i
edwi t
ht hegunsf r
om t hePor t
uguese
andsuppor tedbyt heMwat ayamv u.Usi ngt hisar my ,Kanyembowasabl eto
furtherexpandt heMwat ay amv uKi ngdom t hroughConquestofweakergr oups
suchast heUshi ,Chi shingaandt heShi l
a.
Ther efore,Kany embo wasr ewar ded bybei ng conf i
rmed asan i ndependent
LundaChi efbyt heMwat ay amv u.Hewasal sogi vent hef ul
linsigniaofaLunda
Chief .Thisi ncludedakni f e,ar oy alst aff,abel t,r
oy albeads,ar oy aldressanda
cuttingoft heMut abat reet obepl antedathi scapi tal.Hewasal sogi vent he
officialti
tleofMwat akazembe.Kany embest abl i
shedhi scapitalint hedef eated
ChiefKat ele’sar eaamong t heShi laPeopl e.Hi scapi t
alwasr eferred to as
Mwansabombwe ar ound 1740. Ther ef
ore, Kany embo became t he 1st
Mwat akazembe.
Howev er, Kany embodi edi n1760andwassucceededbyhi ssonI l
ungaLukwesa
nd
whobecamet he2 Mwat akazembe.I twasdur ingt heruleofI l
ungaLukwesa
thatt heMwat akazembeKi ngdom r eachedi t
speak.I l
ungaLukwesaexpanded
theKi ngdom t hroughconquest s.Heconquer edgr oupssuchast heLamba,
Lomot wa, Chungu, Chibwe, Tabwaandt heBwi le.

12
Ati
tsgr
eat
esthei
ght
,theMwatakazembeKingdom st
ret
chedfrom t
heborders
oft
heMwatay
amvuintheKat
angatotheLuapul
aval
leyandbey
ondintoZambia.

Reasonsf orDev elopment /Expansi onoft heKi ngdom

 TheMwat akazembeKi ngdom hadski l
ledf ight er sandapower f
ulwel l
-
organi sed ar my .In addi t
ion,t hear mywasequi pped wi th Por t
uguese
weapons.Thi sfacili
tat edt heconquer ingofweakergr oupsandputt he
Mwat akazembeKi ngdom atanadv ant age.
 TheMwat akazembeKi ngdom wasal socent rallyal l
ocat edandbenef i
ted
bot hf rom t heEastcoastandt hewestcoastLongDi stanceTr adewi tht he
Arabsandt hePor tugueser espect i
v ely.TheMwat akazembecont rolled
and monopol i
zed t he Long Di stance Tr ade.Foref fectiv e cont rol,t he
Mwat akazembeusedt heBi sami ddl emenont heeastcoastwi tht he
Arabsandt heI mbangal awer eusedasmi ddl emeni nt r
adewi tht he
Por tugueseont hewestcoast .TheKi ngdom acqui redt radegoodssuch
asguns,gunpowder ,beads,cl oths,spi ri
ts,cower ie shel l
set c.These
goodswer eexchangedf orsl av es,copper ,iv or yandot hermi neralor es.
Duet ot heLong di stancet rade,t heMwat akazembeKi ngdom gr eat ly
expandedanddev el
opedeconomi cal lyandpol itically.
 The Tr i
but e sy stem al so cont ributed t o t he expansi on of t he
Mwat akazembeKi ngdom.Tr ibut ewascol l
ect edf rom t hedef eat edt ribes
andt hi spr ov idedt r
adegoodsf ort heLongDi stanceTr ade.Tr adegoods
fort heMwat akazembecamef r
om t heFer til
eLuapul aVal leyandt heLake
Mwer uar ea.Thesear easpr ov idedf oodandf ish.TheChi shingaandt he
Ushipr ov ided i r
on.TheLambaand t heSangapr ovided copperwhi l
e
slavesandi vor ycamef rom otherar eas.
 The Pr esence of r ich nat ur al r esour ces al so cont ribut ed t o t he
dev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
 Redi st ri
but ionoft r i
but eandt radegoodsal soensur edt hatt heSub- chief s
wer el oy al tot heMwat akazembe.
 TheCent ralisedpol iticalor ganizat i
onoft heKi ngdom al socont r
ibut edt o
theDev elopmentandexpansi onoft heKi ngdom.Thi swasbecauset he
Mwat akazembecont rolledal lissuesi nt heKi ngdom.Heal soappoi nted
relativest oi mpor tantposi t
ionst oensur el oy alty .TheMwat akazembewas
also consi der ed to hav ebeen a semi -diviner uler.Thi senhanced hi s
political aut hor i
ty.

Decli
neoft heKi ngdom.
TheDecl i
neoft heMwat akazembeKi ngdom startedint hemid19thcentury
rd
duri
ngt heruleoft he3 Mwat akazembeKel eka.Thef actorsthatl
edtot he
decl
ineoft heKi ngdom wer ebothinter
nalandext ernalfact
ors.
I
nternalfactors.
 Kel ekawaseconomi cal
lyandpolit
icall
yweakandcoul dnoteffectiv
ely
controlthesub-chiefswhost art
edr ebel
li
ngagai nsthim.

13
  AfterthedeathofKel ekaaround1862,theKingdom suff
eredfrom
successiondisputesfor20y ear
s.Wit
hinthi
sper i
od,t
herewere6
Mwat akazembeswhocamet opower.4ofthesediedinviol
entdisputes.
Thesei nt
ernalconfl
ictsweakenedtheKingdom andexternalforcestook
advantageoft hesit
uation.

Ext
ernalFact ors.
 Af t
er1850, theSwahi l
i camei nt ot heKi ngdom anddi sruptedt heLong
DistanceTr adeont heeastcoast .Theyst artedsendi ngi vor yandsl avest o
thecoastandby passi ngt heMwat akazembewhol ostmonopol yoft he
trade.TheSwahi l
ial sost artedat tacki ngv il
l
ageswi thi ntheKi ngdom and
carryingof fslav es.Thi sweakenedt heKi ngdom.
 Anot herext ernal groupt hatcont ributedt othedecl ineoft heKi ngdom was
theBay ekeundert hel eader shi pofMsi ri
.Thi swasany amwezi group
from Tanzani a.Msi riest ablishedast rongKi ngdom t ot heeastoft he
Mwat akazembeKi ngdom.I tWasaweakMwat akazembecal ledChi nyat a
whoal lowedMsi r
i toset tl
ewestofLakeMwer ui nacopperandi vor yrich
area.Msi rimadef riendshi pswi thsomel ocal chi efssuchast hoseoft he
LambaandSangawhower enotcont entwi tht heLundar ule.Theyst arted
tradingdi rectl
ywi t
hMsi ri andst oppedpay i
ngt r i
but et othe
Mwat akazembe.Msi rial socutof fcommuni cat ionbet weent he
Mwat akazembeandt heMwat ay amv uandt ookov ercont rol ofthecopper
trade.
 TheAr abswer eanot herext er nal groupt hatcont ri
but edt ot hedecl ineof
theMwat akazembeKi ngdom.TheAr abswer eundert heLeader shipofa
mancal l
edTi p-Tippu( Ti ppo- Tib) .By1872, hef oundt heKazembe
Kingdom soweakt hathewasabl et oov er t
hr owt her uli
ng
Mwat akazembeKaf wi tiChi kol eandr eplacedhi m wi thapuppetcal led
Lukwesa.Thi sinter fer enceshowshowweakt heKi ngdom hadbecome.
 TheGr owi ngBembaKi ngdom ont heeastal socont ribut edt ot hedecl ine
oft heKi ngdom.Per si st entBembaat tacksont heBi sami ddl emeni nt he
LongDi stanceTr adel edt ot hel ossoft radef ort heKazembeandmostof
theBi saj oinedt hegr owi ngBembaKi ngdom f orpr ot ection.
 TheFi nal reasonf ort heDecl i
neoft heMwat akazembeKi ngdom wast he
arri
v aloft heB. S.ACompanyi n1890.Howev er, byt hi stime, theKingdom
wassoweakt hatt hecompanyf acedv erylittl
er esi stance.I naddi ti
on, the
B.S.Acompanyt roopshadbet terweapons.

THEBEMBAKI NGDOM
Origi
ns
TheBembaKi ngdom or
igi
natedfr
om theLubaKi ngdom around1650.The
foundersoftheBembaKi ngdom wereChitiandNkole.Accordi
ngtoOral
Tradi
tions,
TheFoundersoft heBembaKi ngdom camef r
om aLubaChi ef
dom
rul
edbyachi efcall
edMukulumpe.Itissaidthatoneday,Mukulumpe’ssons

14
Chiti
,NkoleandKatongowerebuil
di ngat owert hatcoll
apsedandkill
edalotof
people.
Chiti
andNkol efl
edf r
om t
hei
rfat
her ’swrat hafterhebli
ndedhiseldestson
Katongo.Thetwot ookwit
hthem theirsisterMumbi Mukasaandanumberof
fol
lowers.Chi
tiandNkolecamefrom t heRoy alCr ocodi
leClanorBenaNg’ andu.
Theysettl
edintheKasamaandChi nsaliDistr
icts.Thisnewlandtheyfounded
becameknownasLubemba.Andt heof fi
cialtit
leoftheBembaPar amount
ChiefsbecameChi ti
mukul
u.

Establ
ishmentoft heBembaKi ngdom
TheBembaest abli
shedtheirKingdom t hroughconquer i
ngl ooselyorgani
zed
weakertri
bestheycamei nt
ocont actwi th.UnliketheKazembeKi ngdom, the
BembaKi ngdom wasv erypoori nnat ur alresourcesandthel andwashi ll
yand
i
nferti
l
e.Thisprolongedtheest ablishmentoft heBembaKi ngdom.Thusf or
survi
val,
theBembadependedonr aidingt heirweakerneighbour s.I
nt heNorth,
theLunguwer eraidedfortheirfarm pr oduceespeci all
ygrain.Inthewest,the
Mambweandt heSukumawer er aidedf ort hei
rcattl
eandt heBi sai
nt heSouth
wereraidfort
radegoodssuchassl avesandi voryaswellasi r
onandsal t.The
BembaKi ngdom wasf ull
yestabl i
shedby1830.

Dev
elopmentandExpansi
onoft
heKi
ngdom

i
. TheBembaKi ngdom dev el
opedandexpandedt hroughr aids.Raidswer e
anecessi t
yast heBembaKi ngdom waspoori nNat ureresources.The
Def eatedpeopl ewer ei
ncor por atedintotheKi ngdom l eadingtot he
expansi onoft heKi ngdom.
ii
. Awel lor ganizedandt r
ainedar myal socont r
ibut edt othedev elopmentof
theBembaKi ngdom af ter1830.TheBembahadbecomev erystrongand
prof i
cienti nwar .TheBembaf ormedaneconomi cal li
ancewi t
ht heArabs
from whom t heygotgunsandcanons.Thi sgav et hem considerable
strengt handadv antageov ert hei rweakernei ghbour s.
i
ii
. Thei nt r
oduct i
onofacent ralizedsy stem ofGov ernmental socont r
ibut
ed
tot hedev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.Thi swasi ntroducedbyChi ti
mukulu
Chi l
esheChepel awhor uledt heBembaKi ngdom f rom 1830t o1860.
Chi l
esheChepel achangedt heexi sti
ngsy stem ofsuccessi ont hathad
allowedanymemberoft heBembaRoy alClant ocont estfor
Chi ti
mukul uship.Henowl i
mi tedsuccessi ont oonl ymember soft heMiti
Clan.Thi slimitedsuccessi ondi sputesaf t
ert hedeat hofaChi timukulu.In
addi t
ion, Chi l
esheChepel aappoi ntedmember soft heMi t
iClant oChiefl
y
Posi ti
onsSuchasNkhul a, Mwabma, Nkole,Makasa, Chikwanda,
Mpor okoso.Thi swasmeantt oensur eLoy altot heChi ti
mukulu.The
Chi ti
mukul uwasal soar eli
gi ousandr i
tualleader .
i
v. TheLoy altyofSubor di
nat eChi ef salsocont r
ibut edt othedev elopmentof
theBembaKi ngdom.TheChi timukul uwasabl et odev elopasy stem of

15
 collect i
ngt ributef r
om t hesub- chief sasasi gnofl oy alty .TheTr adegoods
collect edenabl edt heChi ti
mukul ut opar ticipat eint heLongDi stance
Tradewi tht heSwahi liandt heAr abs.TheChi timukul uexchangedTr ade
goodssuchasi vory, sl
av esandcopperf orEur opeangoodssuchasguns,
gunpowder ,spi rit
s, clothsandbeads.Somet imes, thet radegoodswer e
redistribut edt oensur eLoy alty.
v. Goodandst rongLeader shi psal socont ribut edt ot heDev elopmentoft he
BembaKi ngdom.TheGr eat estdev elopmentoft heBembaKi ngdom
occur reddur ingt heper iodof1830and1883.Thewasdur ingt heruleof
twoout standi ngChi t
imukul us.Thesewer eChi lesheChepel aand
Chi t
apankwa.
 Chi l
esheChepel awasr esponsi blef ort heI ntroduct ionofanew
Sy stem ofSuccessi ont hatl essenedsuccessi ondi sput esby
li
mi tingsuccessi ont otheMi tiCl an.
 Chi t
imukul uChi tapankwawasdi r ect l
yr esponsi blef ort heBemba
involv ementi ntheLongDi stanceTr ade.Hewasal soabl et o
monopol i
set het radewi tht heSwahi l
i andt heNy amwezi .Itwas
Chi t
apankwawhoor gani zedt heBembaagai nstt heNgoni raidsand
itwasdur i
nghi stimet hatt heNgoni wer eexpel ledf rom t heBemba
Kingdom
Declineoft heBembaKi ngdom
TheDecl ineoft heBembaKi ngdom st artedaf ter1883dur ingt her uleof
Ckiti
mukul uSampawhosucceededChi tapankwa.Sampawasweakandassuch,
hewaschal lengedbyseni orChi efMwambaMul engaChi poy a.Thi ser uptedi nto
acivilwart hatweakenedt heKi ngdom.Besi des, const antNgoni Rai dshad
alr
eadyweakenedt heout ski r
tsoft heBembaKi ngdom.Consequent ly,Sub- chi
efs
i
nr emot ear easoft heKi ngdom r ev olted.TheChi ti
mukul ual sol ostmonopol yof
theoft heLongDi stanceTr adeast heseSub- Chi ef sst art
edt radi ngdi rectlywi t
h
theAr absandt heSwahi li
.
Whatl edt ot hef inal collapseoft heBembaKi ngdom wast heComi ngoft he
B.S.ACompany .TheChi ti
mukul uwasper suadedbyaWhi teMi ssi onar ypr iestFr.
Dupontt oseekpr ot ectionf rom t heB. S.ACompany .Ther efor e, by1889, the
BembaKi ngdom wast akenov erbyt heB. S.A. Company .

THEMARAVIKI
NGDOMS(
KALONGAANDUNDIKI
NGDOMS)
.

THEKALONGAKI NGDOM.
Origi
ns.
Thef oundersoftheKal ongaKi
ngdom wereamongt heear l
iestimmigrantsto
l
eav etheLubaKi ngdom underKongoloaroundthe13thcentury.Amancal led
Mazizi Kal
ongaledt heKalongapeopl
e.Howev er
,Mazi zi
Kalongadiedonhi sway
toMal awiandwassucceededbyhi smaternalNephewcal l
edKabundul iPhiri
.
Kabundul i
Phir
iledhi speoplet
opresentdayMalawi andsettl
edont heBanksof
theLakeMal awi.

16
Hesubduedt heearl
iergr
oupshef oundtheresuchastheZimba,Mbo,Manganj
a
andtheNy anj
a.Allt
hesegroupsspokeNy anja,
whichmeant“Languageoft
he
l
ake”.“
Kalongabecamet heoffi
cialt
it
leoftheruler
sandtheKalongacamefr
om
theRoyal
Phi r
iClan.

Dev
elopmentoft heKal ongaKi ngdom
 By1500, theMal awi peopl ehaddev elopedcl oselyrelatedgr oupseach
underachi efthought heKal ongawasmor epower ful.Smal lerMal awi
chi efssuchasMkanda, Mwase, Chiwal aandKaphwi tiengagedi ni vory
coast al t
radewi tht hePor t
ugueseandt heSwahi li
.
Gr adual l
y, Kabundul iPhi ri’
sSuccessorKal ongaMansul ast artedsubdui ng
thesmal lerchi efsandcr eatedsmal lerst atesunderhi sownr elativ esfrom
thePhi riCl an.In1608, KalongaMansul awi t
ht hehelpoft hePor tuguese
def eat edt hel astt woi ndependentMar av ichiefsKaphwi tiandLundu.Thi s
cont ribut edt ot hedev elopmentoft heKal ongaKi ngdom.Howev er,
Kal ongaMansul adi dnotest abli
shacent rali
sedKingdom butr athera
conf eder ationofMar av i States.
 Ot herr easonst hatl edt othedev elopmentoft heKal ongaKi ngdom was
tradei niv orywi tht heSwahi ll
i.TheKal ongaKi ngdom al sot ookov erthe
Tr adet hathadpr eviousl ybeenconcent ratedatI ng’ombeI ll
ede.
 Anot heri mpor t
antf act orfordev elopmentoft heKal ongaKi ngdom was
theRel igiousi nf l
uenceoft heKal ongaf ami l
y.TheKal ongawas
consi der edt ohav ebeenasemi -
divi
ner ulerwhohadspi ri
tual power sasa
rainmakerandguar di anoft heRai nmaki ngShr i
ne.Thi sincreasedt he
pol it
ical poweroft heKal onga.Ther efore, by1650, theMal awi Empi r
e
underKal ;ongahadbecomel argeandpr osper ous.Howev er ,t
heKal onga
Kingdom st art
eddecl iningaf terthedeat hofMansul a.

Decli
neoft heKal ongaKi ngdom.
a.Successi onDi sputes-oneoft hemaj orfactor sf orthedecl i
neoft he
KalongaKi ngdom wassuccessi ondi sputes.Thi swasbecauseKal onga
Mansul adidnotsucceedi nbui l
dingast r
ongcent r
ali
sedsy st em of
Gov ernmentandacl earsy stem ofsuccessi on.Consequent l
y ,Undi t
he
defeat edaspi ranttot heKal ongat hronebr okeawayf r
om theKi ngdom
andt ookwi thhi m manyf ol l
ower si ncludi
ngf emal emember soft hePhi r
i
Clan.Thi sweakenedt heKal ongaKi ngdom.Ot herSubor di
nat echi efsal
so
tookadv antageoft hesituat i
onandbr okeaway .
b.LossofLongDi st
anceTr ade-TheKal ongaal sol ostcontr
ol oft heLong
DistanceTr adebecauset r aderssuchast heYaoandt heSwahi l
i Prefer
ed
totradedi rect l
ywi t
ht heSubor dinat eChiefsandt heupr i
singKi ngdom of
Undi .
c.LackofLeader shi
pQual itiesi ntheSucceedi ngKal ongas-t hisal so
contributedgr eatl
yt othedecl ineoft heKal ongaKi ngdom
d.LackofUni ty-Ther ainmaki ngshr ineofMbonat hatwasal soasy mbolof
unit
yf ort heMar aviPeopl ef ai
ledt ocompl etel yuni t
etheKi ngdom.The

17
 KalongaKi
ngdom conti
nuedtolossr
espectanddecl
i
neunt
il1860when
theYaokil
l
edthelastKalonga
.

UNDI ’SCHEWAKI NGDOM

Origi
ns.
TheChewaKi ngdom ofUndi or
iginatedasar esultofasuccessiondi spute.Undi
brokeawayf rom theKal ongaKingdom i npresentdayMal awiaround1700.Undi
establi
shedhisCapi tal atMano, southofTet edistr
icti
nMozambi que.His
Kingdom wentasf arassout hofKat et
ei nZambi a’
sEasternProvince.
Hespr eadhiscont rolthroughoutt heKateteandChadi zaareas.Inthesear eas,
theconqueredlocal groupssuchasMkanda’ sChewa, theNsengaofPet auke
andt heChewaofTet e.Hewasgi venthepr ai
senameofGawaUndi .“Gawa”
meant“ shar
e”.ThiswasbecauseUndi sharedtheLandamonghi ssubor dinat
e
chief
s.GawaUndi becamet heoffici
altit
leoftheChewaPar amountChi efs.

Devel
opmentandExpansi onoft heKingdom.
Thefact
orsthatledtotheDev el
opmentofUndi ’
sKingdom were;
 Awel l
-or
ganizedpol i
ticalstr
ucture-Undiorgani
zedacentrali
sedwel l
-
organi
zedpol i
ti
calstructureascompar edt otheKalonga,
sKi ngdom.He
organi
zedt heKingdom accor di
ngt olevel
sofHi er
archyofrul
ersi.e.
UNDI -
wast heov er
allboss

SUBORDI
NATECHI
EF-
fr
om t
hePhi
riandBandaCl
ans

TRI
BUTARYCHI
EFS-
fr
om t
heconquer
edpeopl
e

HEADMEN-f
rom t
hev
il
lages.

ORDI NARYPEOPLE
Thi
sensur edthatUndi hadf ir
m cont rolofpoliti
calaffairsint heKi ngdom.
 Rel igiousPower s-Undi wasal soperceivedt obeasemi -
div i
ner ul
er.He
cont r
olledthei mpor tantrainmakingShr i
ne.Heal soest ablishedaf emal e
rai
nmakercal ledMakewane, whowasi nchar geoft heShr ine.Thi s
cont r
ibutedtot hepol it
ical powerofUndi andi twasal soav er yimportant
factorinuni t
ingt heChewapeopl e.
 Rai ds-Thi swasani mpor tantfactorinthedev elopmentoft he
Kingdom. Undiconquer edandassi milatedweakergr oupssuchast he,
Nsenga, Chewaandt heTumbuka.Thesewer ei ncor poratedi ntothe
Kingdom.Ati tshei ght,Undi ,
sKingdom wasv ast .Itincludedt heEast ern
Prov i
nceofZambi a,par t
sofMozambi que’sTet edi str
ictsandpar tsof
Mal awi.
 Theconcent rationofPoweri nthePhi riClan;Undi gav epost sofSub-
chiefstomember soft hePhi r
iClan.Heal soencour agedt hemember sof
theclant ointermar rywi thwomenf rom ot herclansandt hedef eated
tri
bes.Thesub- chiefswer eloyaltoUndi becauseofFami lyr elati
onship

18
 ti
es.I nt hisway ,Undi wasabl et omai ntainUni tyint heKi ngdom.
 Nat uralResour ces; Undi’sKi ngdom wasal sov er yrichi nNat ural
Resour ces.Tobegi nwi th, Undi ,sareawaswel lwat er edandhadf ert
ile
soils.Besi dest her ewer eot hernat ur al r
esour cessuchassal t,i
ronor e,
i
vor yandgol d.Inaddi t
ion, bymi d1700, t
hemi ningofGol dintheKi ngdom
byhePor tuguesebecamev er yimpor tant .ThePor tugueseandt heir
Chikundaagent smi nedt hegol dgott heirshar eandgav eaper centaget o
Undi .Al lthesenat ur alresour cesenabl edUndi topar ticipateint heLong
DistanceTr ade.
 Tribut eSy stem; Tr ibutewascol l
ectedf rom t hedef eat edchi efsandt he
subor dinat echi ef sasasi gnofl oyaltyt oUndi .Thi st ributewasi nf or
m of
i
vor y,slav esandgol d.Thi sal soenabl edt heUndi topar ti
cipateint heLong
DistanceTr ade.
 Monopol yoft heLongDi stanceTr ade; Ther ichnat ur al resourcesandt he
TributeSy stem enabl edUndi topar ti
ci patei nandl at ermonopol isethe
Longdi stanceTr ade.I nexchangef orl ocal product ssuchasi vory,gold
andsl av es, Undi wasgi veni temssuchasguns, gunpowderandbeads.
Thiseconomi cf act orgr eat l
ycont ribut edt ot hedev el opmentofUndi ’s
Kingdom.
 Slav eTr adi ng; ital socont ribut edtot hedev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.At
aboutt hesamet imet hatGol dmi ningwasati t
speak, t
radei nsl aveshad
al
sost ar tedandwashi ghl ypr ofi
table.Manypeopl ewer esol dassl aves.
Thisl edt oani ncr easei nUndi ,
sEconomi cpower .Thi shumanl abourwas
neededf ort hehugepl ant ationscal ledt hePr azoesi nt heZambezi vall
ey.

Decli
neofUndi ’
sKi ngdom
Therewerebot hinter nal andext ernal factor st hatledt ot hedeclineofUndi ’s
Ki
ngdom.
1)Int
ernalFact or s.
 Ther ewasl ackofcommuni cat i
oni ntheKi ngdom becauset he
Kingdom hadbecomet ool arge.Thi sprobl em wasmadewor se
bythef actt hatt her oadsi nt heKi ngdom wer etoopoorand
therewer etoomanyr i
verswi thoutbr idges.Thi smadet he
Kingdom t oodi ff
iculttocont rol especiallydur i
ngr evol
ts.
 TheCent ralisedsy stem ofGov er nmentwasal soweak.Asa
result,t heconquer edpeopl ewer enotf ull
yi nco-
oper atedi nt
o
theki ngdom.Thi sledt omanyr evolt
sbyt hedef eatedt ri
bes.
 Lackofast rongar mywasanot herinternal fr
actorthat
contr i
but edt otheDecl i
neoft heKi ngdom.TheKi ngdom l acked
astr onguni tedar mywi thmoder nweaponst ocont rol
r evolt
s
andmai ntainl awandor derint heKi ngdom.
 Undi al sol ostcont rol ofther eligiousShr i
neandt heSpi rit
ual
center st oMakewanewhodecl aredheri ndependencewhen
Undi BecamePol i
ti
a\ call
yweak.Thi slossofr el
i
giouspower s
alsocont ribut edtot hedecl ineoft heKi ngdom.
2)Exter
nalFact or s.

19
  ThePor tuguesei llegal act ivi
tiesi nUndi ’
sKi ngdom wer eoneof
theext er nal fact or st hatl edt ot hedecl ineoft heKi ngdom.
Initially, thePor tuguesehadcomei ntot heKi ngdom i nsmal l
number sbutaf tert hedi scov eryofGol di nt heAr ea, the
Por tugueseandt hei rChi kundaagent scamemor eof tenand
stay edl onger .Theyst ar tedcar r
y i
ngouti llegal gol dmi ningand
av oidgi v i
ngUndi hisshar e.Thi sreducedUndi ’
seconomi c
power .
 Inaddi ti
on’ thePor tuguesebegant ogr abl andf rom t hel ocal
chi efsbymaki ngi l
legal deal s.Besi dest hel anddeal s, the
Por tugueseal sost ar tedmaki ngt radeagr eement swi thUndi ’
s
Sub- chi ef s.Asar esul t,Undi l
osthi st rademonopol yandt he
abi li
tyt ocol lectt ribut e.Thi sl e4dt ot hel ossofPol i
t i
cal and
economi cpower .
 ThePor tugueseagent st heChi kundasal sost artedcar r
yingout
i
llegal iv or yhunt ing.Tr adi tional l
y ,Undi wassupposedt or eceive
onei v oryt askf oreachel ephantki ll
ed.
 ThePor tugueseusi ngt hei rChi kundaagent sandt hePombei ros
star tedobt ainingsl av esi llegal lyfrom t heKi ngdom t hrought he
Sub- chi ef s.Thi sr esul tedi ntoconst antwar farei ntheKi ngdom
i
nor dert oobt ainsl av es.Wi tchcr aftaccusat i
onsal soi ncr eased
ast hosewhower eaccusedwer esol dassl aves.Lat er,the
Chi kundaandt hepombei rosst artedr aidi ngv il
lagesi nt he
Kingdom t oobt ainsl av es.
 ThePor tugueseal sost art edaddi ngpol itical powert ot hei r
economi cpower .ThePor tuguesewant edt of orm aPor t
uguese
Empi reacr osscent r al Af ricaf rom t hewestcoasti nAngol ato
theeastcoasti nMozambi que.Assucht hePor tuguesewant ed
togetr idofPower ful Af ricanKi ngdomsi nt hei nt erior.
 Ot heret er nal groupst hatl edt othedecl ineoft heKi ngdom wer e
theYaoandt heSwahi l
i whoal sost ar tedt radingdi rect l
ywi t
h
Undi ’
ssubchi efs.
 Whatl edt ot heFi nal col lapseoft heKi ngdom wer et heNgoni
i
nv asi onsbet ween1835and1840ont hei rNor thwar df l
ight
from t heMf ecane.TheNgoni sset tledont hewest er nbor dersof
theKi ngdom andcausedser iousdest ruct iont olifeandpr opert
y
after1835.Bet ween1870and1880ont hei rr eturnf rom t he
Nor th, Mpenzeni ,sNgoni ledt ot hef inal col lapseandt he
divisi onofUndi ,sKi ngdom i ntot wo.Onepar twasi n
Mozambi queandMal awi andt heot heri nZambi a.

QUESTIONS
1.Out li
netheori
gins,
devel
opmentandt hei
mport
anceofMal awiKi
ngdom
ofKalongainCentr
alAfr
ica.Expl
ainwhyi
tsi
mportancedecli
nedaft
erA.
D
1700.[14:6].
2.Gi veanaccountoftheHistor
yoftheBembaupto1900.(Payparti
cul
ar

20
 at
tenti
ont
otheori
gins,
pol
it
icaldev
elopment,
expansi
onanddecl
i
ne)
3.Writ
eonthef
oll
owingbyshowinghowt heyaf
fect
edtheHi
stor
yofCent
ral
Af
rica

THELOZI /LUYIKI NGDOM

Origins.
Accor dingt ohistori
calevidence, theLozi ori
ginatedf rom theLundaKi ngdom i n
theKat angar egi
onar ound1650.Howev er,t
heLozi beli
evedt hatt heywer edirect
descendant sofamancal l
edMbooMuy undawhowasbor nf rom auni on
betweenNy ambe(God)andawomancal ledMbuy uwamwambwa.Thi sst or
yof
origingi v
est heLozi r
ulersadi vineor igi
n,whichst rengthenst heirpoliti
cal
authority.
Historicalev i
dencesuggest sthatamancal l
edMul ambwaf rom t heKat anga
regionl edtheLozi .TheSmal lgroupoft heLozi latersettledint heNor thWest ern
Prov i
nceofZambi a.Hisdaught ercal l
edMbuy uwamwambwal atersucceeded
Mul ambwa.Butl ateroni tseemsshegav euphert hr oneinf avorofherson
MbooMuy unda.Ther ef
ore, MbooMuy undabecamet hefirstmal er ul
erofBul ozi
andassumedt hetit
leofLi tunga,whi chmeantKi ng.TheLozi dev elopedtheir
Kingdom i nt heZambezi Floodpl ains.

Expansi
onoft heKi ngdom.
TheLoziKingdom st artedexpandi ngdur ingt her uleoft he1stLi tungaMboo
Muyunda.Ther easonsf ortheexpansi onwer easf oll
ows;
 Conquest s-MbooMuy undaachi evedt hei ni
ti
al expansi onoft heLozi
Kingdom bysendi nghisownr el
ativest oconquerweakert r
ibes.These
rel
ativesi ncludedMange, Mwanambi ny i
,Kaput unguandI l
isua.Later
theser elati
v esr ebell
edagai nsttheLi tungaandest ablishedi ndependent
states.MbooMuy undatri
edt or econquert hear easf rom Mangeand
Mwanambi ny itof orm acent r
ali
zedsy stem ofGov ernment .Howev er,he
waski l
leddur i
ngt hesestruggles.
 Cent rali
sedSy st em ofGov ernment -TheCent rali
sationoft heLozi
th
Kingdom wasachi eveddur i
ngt her uleoft he4 Li tungaNgal ama.
Ngal amaachi ev edtheCent rali
sationoft heKi ngdom bydef eati
ng
MangeandMwanambi nyi
.Hecr eatedahi erarchyofr ulersasf ol
lows;

LI
TUNGA -st
rongandef
fi
cient

MULONGWANJICOUNCI
L-Toadvi
setheLi
tunga
-Tocar
ryoutorder
s

THEROTSE(
INDUNAS)

21
 LI
LALO(
DISTRI
CT)
--
-topr
ovideanar
myfortheLi
tunga
Toworkonpubl
icwor
ks.

VI
LLAGES

Theref
ore, by1800, theLozi haddev elopedoneoft hemostcent ralizedst atesi n
th
ZambianHi story.Toconsol i
dat et hecent ralizedst ruct ure, t he6 Li tunga
Ngambel ai ntroducedaco- rul eratNal olo.Hewasappoi nt edt or uleov ert he
defeat
edt ribesandhecamef rom amongt hedef eatedt ribes.
 Tribut eSy stem-Def eat edt ribest ot hewest ,sout handt heeastoft he
Kingdom pai dt ri
but et ot heLi t
ungaAmongt heset ribeswer et heTot ela,
Shanj iandMashi aswel last heTongaandt heI la.Tr i
but ewasi nf or m of
land, labourandcat tle.Thel abourwasusedf orpubl icwor kssuchbui l
ding
off ishdamsandi rrigat ioncannel s.Lat eron, othert radei temssuchas
ivoryandsl av eswer egi venast ribut e.
 RichNat uralResour ces-Theseal socont ributedt ot hedev elopmentoft he
Lozi Kingdom.TheKi ngdom wasendowedwi thr i
chnat ur al resour ces
basedont hel andscapeoft heKi ngdom.TheZambezi floodpl ainshad
veryf ert
il
eal luviasoi lsduet ot heannual floodi ngoft heZambezi Ri v
er.As
such, theLozi wer eabl et ogr owcr opssuchasmai zeandcor n.Assuch,
thear eacoul dsuppor tal ar gepopul at i
onandt hiscont ribut edt ot he
dev elopmentoft heKi ngdom
Nat ur alfl
oodi ngoft heZambezi allowedt heLi tungat ohav et wocapi t
als
Leal uiandMongu.TheLi tungamadet hisjour neyi nacer emoni alcanoe
knownast heNal ikwanda.Thi scer emonywasr ef erredt oast he
Kuomboka.Thi swasasour ceofuni tywithint heKi ngdom.
Besi dest hef er t
ilesoi ls, thewoodl andandt hef or est soft heKi ngdom
prov idedi vor y ’i
ronor eandbuckcl ot h.Thesenat ural resour ces
cont ributedgr eatlyt ot hedev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
 Trade-Thi swasanot herf act ort hatl edt othedev el opmentoft heLozi
Kingdom.Bef oret hei nt roduct ionoft heLongDi st anceTr ade, theLozi
engagedi nl ocal trade.Thi scont ribut edt ot hegr owt handUni tywi thinthe
Kingdom.Thi sdev elopi ngl ocal tradewaswhati nitiallyf or cedt heLi t
unga
toi mposeorst rengt hencent ral cont rol
.Howev er ,dur i
ngt her uleoft he6th
LitungaNgambel a, hei ntroducedandmonopol izedt heLongDi stance
Tradewi tht hePor tugueseont hewestcoast .Thi scont ribut edt ot he
dev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
 Rel i
gi ousPower s-TheLi t ungawasal soper cei vedt ohav ebeenasemi -
diviner uler .Itwasbel iev edt hather uledwi tht hehel pofDeadLi tungas’
aut hor i
tywhoact edasal inkbet weent heLi vingandNy ambe.Si ncet he
Litungawasconsi der edashav ingsuper nat ural power s, hecommanded
great erpol itical aut hor ity.

TheRuleof10thLi
tungaMulambwa1778-1830.
TheLoziKi
ngdom reachedi
tspeakdur
ingtherul he10thLi
eoft tungaMul
ambwa.

22
Duringhisr ule,
 Mul ambwai ntroducedanewcodeofLawf orallhi
speopl e.Thesel aws
wer econcer nedwi tht hef t
,adul t
eryandt hecompensat ionpft hosewho
dieddur ingwar s.
 Mul ambwaal sodeal tski ll
fullyandeffectivel
ywi t
htheMbundaar efugee
groupf r
om Angol a.Heset t
ledt hem betweenhi sKingdom andt heLuv al
e
slav er aidersasabuf fer.Howev er,headopt edsomemagi ciansand
medi cinemenaswel l assomedancer s.Thiscontri
butedtot he
dev elopmentofLozi cul ture.TheMbundaal sointr
oducednewweapons
tot heLozi Ki ngdom.
 Mul ambwaal sodeci dedagai nsttr
adingwi ththeMbar iandthe
Ov ambundawhower eper ceiv edtohav ebeenconmen.
 Pol i
tically,heappoi ntedhi sy oungersonMubukwanuashi sco-rulerat
Nal olo.Heal soappoi ntedhi seldestsonsi l
umelumeashi shei r
.
Howev er,af tert hedeat hofMul ambwa, ther
ewasaci v
ilwarthatbr okeouti nthe
Lozi Ki
ngdom.Thi swasbet weent het wosonsofMul ambwa.Thi scivi
l war
weakenedt heKi ngdom.Thi smadei tveryeasyf ortheKololoUnderSebi twaneto
takeovert heKi ngdom i n1835.

BULOZIUNDERKOLOLORULE1835- 1863.
TheKol oloofSebi twanewer eor iginal lyknownast heFokeng.Theyf ledfrom
SouthAf ricadur i
ngt heMf ecane.Ont heirwayt oapeacef ulCount r
y,theFokeng
conquer edanddef eatedanot hergr oupcal l
edt hePutting.Fr om thi
sgr oup,
Sebitwanemar riedawomanf rom t heKol oclan.Inhermemor y,sebitwane
renamedhi sgr oupast heKol olo.
Ont hei
rar rivalint heZambezi valley ,theKol olofoundadi videdLozi Kingdom
duet oasuccessi ondi sput eaftert hedeat hoft he10thLi t
ungaMul ambwa.The
Kololotookadv antageoft hesi tuationandconquer edt heLozi People.Reasons
thatledt ot hiseasyv i
ct orywer e;
 TheLozi kingdom wasv eryweakf rom successi ondisputes.Ther efor
e,
ther ewasl ittl
er esistancef rom t heLozi people.
 Sebi twane’ sski llfull
eader shi pandt heuseoft heassegai andNguni
fi
ght ingmet hods.
TheReact ionoft heLuy i totheKol ol oi nvasionwast hat ;
 Somepeopl eespeci all
yamongt hedefeatedtribesaccept edorsubmi tt
ed
toKol olor uleaswel lassomemember softhel oyalfami l
y.
 Ot her sfledt oNy engoi nt hewestandt oLukului ntheNor thandf ormed
impor tantcent ersofopposi tion.
Kololorulei nBul ozi wasdi vi
dedi ntot wo.Ther ul
eofSebi twaneandt heruleof
Sekeletu.

THERULEOFSEBI TWANE1835-1851.
Sebitwanewasaskil
lf
ul,
exper
iencedandf ai
rleader.Sebi
twane’
smainaimi n
Buloziwastobui
l
dauni t
edLoziNation.I
nordert oachiev
ethis,
hei
ntroduced

23
sev eral changes.Thesewer e;
 Hechangedt henameoft heKi ngdom f rom Luy itoLozi .Thiswasdoneas
auni fy i
ngf act or.
 Hei nt roducedSesot hoast heof fici allanguageoft heKi ngdom.Thi swas
alsomeantasauni fyingf act or.Howev er,hel ateral l
owedt heuseofbot h
Luy anaandt heSot hoLanguages.
 Sebi twaneal soal l
owedsomedef eat edLozi indunast omai nt aint heir
posi ti
ont hought heywer eexpect edt obel oy al t
ohi m.
 Theconquer edpeopl ewer er eferr edt oast heMakal aka.Howev er,they
wer et reat edf airl
yandSebi twaner eferredt ot hem ashi schi ldr en.
 Sebi twaneal somar riedwomenf rom bot ht heKol oandt hedef eated
groupst opr omot euni tyi nt heNat ion.
 Unl i
ket heLi t ungas, Sebi twanewasv er ycloset othepeopl eandwasnot
secluded.Heequal l
yadv i
sedhi sgov ernor snott oactasador mant
aristocr at.
 Hedi scour agedt heKol olof rom mi streat i
ngt hedef eat edpeopl e.
 Heencour agedt heMakal akaort hedef eatedpeopl et of reelyexpr ess
themsel vesoni ssuesaf fect i
ngt hem.
 Sebi twaneal soencour agedapol icyoff oodsecur i
tyi ntheKi ngdom.He
storedf oodi nt imesofpl ent yf ort imesoff ami neanddr aught s.Heal so
redistribut edt hisf oodt ot hepoorandt hest ar vi
ng
 Sebi twaneal soencour agedt heKol olot oleav eamongt heMakal akaand
tomi xf reelywi tht hem.
 I n1851, Sebi twanemov edhi scapi taltoLi ny at iduet oconst antNdebel e
raids.Thi swasbecauseLi nyat iwasaswampyar eaandi toff ered
protect ionf orhi speopl e.Howev er ,Linyati becameadanger ouspl ace
becausei twasmal ariai nfest ed.
In1851, Sebi twanemetandwel comedDav i
dLi vingst onei ntohi sKi ngdom.
Sebi t
waneal soagr eedt omakeBul ozi abasef orMi ssionar ywor ksi nCent ral
Africa.Dur inghi sr ule, Sebi twanemanagedt of urtherdev elopanduni tet heLozi
Kingdom.Sebi twanedi edon7thJul y1851.Accor dingt osomesour ces, hedi ed
afterf alli
ngof fDav idLi vingst one’ shor sewhi leLiv ingst onehi msel fwr otet hathe
diedf rom anol dbat tlewound, whi chwasmadewor sebymal ar i
af ev erandt oo
muchdaggasmoki ng.
Afterhi sdeat h,hi sdaught ercal l
edMamochi sanesucceededSebi twane.She
ruledf oronl y10mont hsandabdi cat edt het hronei nf av orofherbr ot her
Sekel etu.

THERULEOFSEKELETU- 1852TO1863
Sekelet
uwast heexactoppositeofhisfat
herSebit
waneasar uler.Hewasver
y
unfai
randunjusttotheMakal aka.Heissai
dt ohavebeenal eperandshort
tempered.Hewasal sochil
dish,cruel
anddistr
ustf
ulofthepeopl ewhohe
accusedofbewitchi
nghim.
 Sekel
eturemov edallt
heRot seandtheOldKololoGov er
nor sand
repl
acedthem withhisownagemat eswhower einexperienced.

24
  Heencour agedt heKol olot omi streatt heMakal akaandst artedsel ling
them assl aves.
 Hedi dnotmar ryfrom t hedef eatedt r
ibesashi sf atherdi d.
 Hewasnotapubl icf i
gur eanddi dnotal lowt hepeopl etoexpr ess
themsel vesf reely.
 Hedi dnotpr ovidef oodt ot hest arvingandpoori nst eadhewast edmuch
oft hef oodst or edbyhi sf atheronusel esspar ties.
 Heki l
ledmostoft heoldpeopl eint heKi ngdom bot ht heKol oloandt he
Makal akabecausehebel iev edt hatt heyhadbewi tchedhi m.
 Hesentt hosewhower er unni ngawayf rom Li ny at iduet ot hemal ariato
diet her e.
Ther efore, Sekel etut oal argerext entwasr esponsi blef ort hecol l
apseofKol ol
o
ruleinBul ozi.Thi swasbecausehel ostt het rustandt heconf i
dentoft hepeopl e
hel edbot ht heKol oloandt heMakal aka.Theyst artedl ooki ngf orachancewhen
theywoul dgetr i
dofhi m.Dur ingSekel et u’
sr ule, manyMakal akaf ledt oNy engo
andLukul uandr ei nforcedt heopposi ti
ont oKol ol orule.
Inaddi tion, Sekel etudi dnothav ef or esightandwast oosel fisht oputi npl acea
propersy stem ofsuccessi onaf terhi sdeat h.Ther efor e, afterhi sdeat h,ther ein
1863, theKi ngdom suf feredt woci vi
l war st hatledt ot heCol lapseofKol olor ul
e.
In1863af t
ert hedeat hofSekel etu, therewasaci vi
l waramongt heKol olot o
chooseasuccessor .TheLozi ort heLuy anat ookadv ant ageoft hisdi vi
si on
amongstt heKol ol ot oov erthrowt hem andr estor eBul ozi rulet ot heLi tungaand
gaint heiri ndependence.
Aftert heKol oloci v i
lwar ,amancal ledMpor olocamet opowerbuthewas
unabl et or estor eKol olor uleinBul ozi .Ther ef ore, i
nar ebel l
ionNgambel aNj ekwa,
SipopaoneofMul ambwa’ ssonswasr est oredast he1stLi tungaaf t
erKol olorule,
headedt hat .

THELOZIKI NGDOM AFTERTHERESTORATI ON1864- 1919

st
Sipopat hereforebecamet he1 Li tungaaf tert herestor ation.Kolol
omenwer e
kil
ledwhi letheirwomenwer egi vent oLozi menaswi ves.Si popar ul
edupt o
1876butdur i
nghi srul
e, hef acedmanyi nternal problems.Si popawasaweak
l
eader .Inaddi t
ion,hef acedopposi ti
onfrom t heRot seinLukul uandNy engo.
Asar esul tofthesepr oblems, Mwanawi na, anot herofMul ambwa’ ssons,
overthrewSi popai n1876.Howev er ,
Mwanawi naruledupt o1878because
Lubosi mur deredhi m.Lubosi renamedhi msel fasLewani kaandher ul
edf r
om
1878t o1918.
Dur i
nghi srule,Lewani kaadopt edt heKol oloPol it
icalstr ucture.However,healso
facedal otofi nternalandext ernal probl
ems.Themai next ernalthr
eatsthat
Lewani kaf acedwer econst antat tacksfrom t heNdebel eandt heNgonisunder
Nxaba.
Inter
nal l
y ,Lewani kahadal otofenemi esf r
om amongt heRot seandmember sof
theMul ongwanj iCouncil.ThiswasbecauseLewani kawasaf r
aidofbeing
overthrown.Thi swasbel ievedt hathehadbeenamer ecommoneranddi dnot
qualif
yt obeaLi tunga.Hewentasf araski l
li
ngal lmal echi l
drenhebelieved

25
wer eat hr eatt ohi m.
Becauseofsuchpol i
cies,theMul ongwanj iCounci lheadedbyTat ilaAkuf una
tempor al l
yov er throwLewani kain1884buti n1885hecamebackt opower .
Lewani kat ri
edt osor touthi si nter nalproblemsbyconduct i
ngraidsont he
Tongasandt heI lasandgi vingthemember softheMul ongwanji Counci lmore
poli
tical power sespeci allyov erlandCont r
ol.
Howev er, Lewani kawasst il
l af
raidofl osinghi spower .Therefore,hedeci dedto
haveext ernal fri
endsf rom whohecoul daskf orhelp.Amongt hesewer e;
1.Chi efKhamaoft heNgwat oPeopl ewhoi nfl
uencedhi mtoseekBr i
ti
sh
prot ect ion.
2.Heal sobecamef r
iendswi thGeor geWest beechwhowasat rader.
3.Heal sobecamev erygoodf ri
endswi thFrancoisCoi l
l
ardin1884oft he
P.E. M. S.
4.Lewani kaal sost artedmaki ngtreatieswi t
hEur opeanse.g.i n1889, he
signedt heWar eConcessi onwi t
haGer manyt r
aderwhowasgi ven
per mi ssi ont oinTongal and.I n1890, Lewani kasignedanot hert r
eatywith
theB. S.ACompanyr epresent at
ivecal l
edFr ankLochnerandt hi
swas
calledt heLochnerConcessi on.
Bysi gningt heset r
eati
es, Lewani kaunknowi nglygav eawayt heCount rytothe
B.S.ACompany .By1916, Lewani kahadbecomeamar epuppetoft heBr i
ti
sh
colonizer s.

THEMWENEMUTAPAKI NGDOM
Accordingtohi st
oricalevidence,thef ounder softheMwenemut apaKi ngdom
origi
natedfrom theKat angar egionbef ore1500.Thi swasbasedont hepr esence
ofcopperar ti
factsthatwer efoundi ntheOl dZimbabwer ui
ns.Howev er,
accordingtoShona/ KarangaOr al Tradi
tions,thefounder
soft heMwenemut apa
Kingdom Originatedf r
om WestAf ricaduet opopul at
ioni
ncrease.
Shona/ Kar
angaOr alTraditi
onsal soment i
onst wonamesi nconnectiont othe
foundersoft heKingdom.Thesear eChikuraWady ambeuandMbi r
ebutnot hi
ng
muchi ssaidaboutt hem.Howev er ,t
hef oundersoftheMwenemut apaKi ngdom
wer etheShona/ Karangaandt heirrulerscamef rom theRoyalRozwiCl an.

ESTABLI SHMENTOFTHEKI NGDOM

Theest abl i
shmentoft heMwenemut apaKingdom tookplacedur i
ngt heruleof
Ny ansimbaMut ota(1420-1450) .Heestabli
shedt heKi
ngdom t hroughconquest s
amongt het ribesoftheZambezi Vall
eyi.
e.theTongaandt heTav ara.He
conquer edt heset ri
besbydest r
oy i
ngthei
rv i
ll
ages,sei
zi
ngt hei
rcat t
le,cropsand
enslavingpeopl e.Therefor
e,theTav arapeoplegav ehi
mt hepraiset i
tleof
Mwenemut apameani ng“Mast erofconquer edLandsorMast erPlunder er
”.
Ny ansi
mbaMut otabecamet he1stMwenemut apaandthisbecamet heof fi
cial
ti
tl
eoft heShona/ Karangarulers.
Mut otaf ull
yest abl
ishedhisKi ngdom bymov i
ngtheCapi t
alfr
om t heGr eat
Zimbabwei nt heSouthtoMountFur aneartheDandear eaintheNor th.The
reasonsf orthismov ewer e;

26
  Searchforfer
til
eland
 Searchforsal
tdeposits
 Desiret
opar t
ici
patei
nandcontr
oloftheLongdi
stancet
rade.
Theref
ore,
by1450, Mutotahadful
l
yest
abli
shedtheMwenemutapaKingdom.

REASONSFORTHEEXPANSI ONOFTHEKI NGDOM

TheMwenemut apaKi ngdom expandedduet ot hef ol lowi ngf act or s;
1.Rai ds-TheMwenemut apast artedexpandi ngdur i
ngt her uleoft heFi r
st
Mwenemut apaNy ansimbaMut ot aduet or ai dsandconquestofweaker
groups.Heexpandedt heKi ngdom t hroughconquer i
ngweakergr oups
suchast heTongaandt heTav ar apeopl ei nt heZambezi Val l
ey .
2.Cent ralisedPol i
tical Str uct ur e-Mut ot a’ssonandsuccessorMat ope
managedt oest ablishacent rali
zedpol itical sy st em.Bet ween1450and
1480, Mat opecont inuedwi thhi sf ather ’
sexpansi onoft heKi ngdom
throughr aids.Heconquer edot hergr oupssuchast heMany ika, Bar we,
Mt ene, Mbi reandt heGur uhuswa.ThePol i
ti
cal or ganizat ionoft he
Kingdom wassucht hatt heMwenemut apawast heov er all bossoft he
Kingdom.Het hendi v i
dedt heKi ngdom i nt oDi str i
ctseachheadedbya
j
uni orchi ef.Heal soappoi ntedasseni orchi ef shi sownhal fbr other s
TogwaandChanga.Togwawasi nchar geoft heMbi reint heNor thasal t
produci ngar eawhi l
eChangawasi nchar geoft heGur uhuswai nt heSout h
agol dpr oduci ngar ea.
Inaddi tion, theMwenemut apaal soappoi ntedot herof ficialssuchast he
chancel l
or;cour tChamber lain, t
hemi litarycommanderandot herl esser
offici
als.TheQueenmot herandt heMwenemut apa’ sni nepr i
nci pal wi ves
wer eal soani mpor tantpar toft hehi er archy .Howev er,theMwenemut apa
hadal lthepol itical andeconomi cpower s.
3.Tr ibut eSy st em-TheMwenemut apaal socol lect edt ri
but ef r om sub- chiefs,
whi chwasasi gnofl oy alty .Thi st ri
but ewascol lectedf rom t heconquer ed
peopl easwel l ashi sownappoi nt edr elat i
ves.Tr ibutei ncl udedgoodsl i
ke
salt,slav es,ivor yandespeci all
ygol df rom t heGur uhuswaar eaunder
Changa.Theenabl edt heMwenemut apat opar ticipatei nt heLong
DistanceTr adewhi chl edt ot hedev el opmentoft heKi ngdom.
4.TheLongDi stanceTr ade-Thi swasav er yimpor tantf act orf ort he
dev elopmentoft heMwenemut apaKi ngdom.Themov ef rom t hegr eat
Zimbabwet ot heDandear eaenabl edt heMwenemut apat opar t
ici pate
andt akeov ert heLongDi stanceTr adepr eviousl ybasedatI n’ gombeI llede.
Thisenabl edt heMwenemut apat ot radewi tht hePor tugueseatSenaand
Tete.
5.Ri chnat uralResour ces-t heKi ngdom wasal sor ichinnat ur al suchas
i
v ory,gol d,sal tandf ert
ilesoi l
s.Thi scont ri
but edt othedev el opmentof
theKi ngdom.
6.Awel lOr gani sedAr my -TheMwenemut apahadawel l
-or gani zedar my
whi chenabl edhi mt oexpandt heKi ngdom t hr oughconquest s.
7.Rel igiousPower s-TheMwenemut apawasal soconsi der edt ohav ebeena
semi -diviner uler .Hewasconsi der edt ohav ebeenamedi atorbet weent he

27
 l
ivingandt heNat i
onal ancest ralspiri
tscal l
edmhondor oandt hei
rGod
Mwar i
.Themhondor ower einvolvedi nthepol it
ical system oftheShona.
Thisgav etheMwenemut apapol i
ticalauthor ity.
8.Goodl eadership-Thiswasal sov eryimpor tantt ot hedev elopmentoft he
Mwenemut apaKi ngdom.TheKi ngdom dev el opeddur ingtheper i
od1420
to1480duet othegoodl eader shipqual i
tiesofMut ot aandMat ope.
Mut otaest abl
ishedt heKi ngdom andst ar t
edt hei niti
alexpansionoft he
Kingdom t hroughconquest s.Mat opecont i
nuedwi ththeexpansi onofthe
Kingdom andi ssaidt ohav ebeent hemostpower ful r
ulerinCent r
alAfri
ca
Sout hoft heZambezi River.Howev er
,aftert hedeat hofMat opein1480,
theKi ngdom st ar
tedt odecl inebecauset hesuccessor sdidnothav ethe
previoust woMwenemut apasabi lit
iesandqual i
ties.

DECLI
NEOFTHEKI NGDOM.
TheMwenemutapaKingdom decli
nedduetoi
nternal
andext
ernal
fact
ors.The
Ki
ngdom st
art
edtodecli
neduringther
uleofMatope’
ssonNyahuma.

I
nternalFact or
s
 WeakLeader ship-Ny ahumawasaweakl eaderduetot hef actt hathewas
youngandi nexper ienced.Ther ef ore, hecoul dnotef f
ect i
velycont rolthe
vastempi rebui l
tbyMat opeandMut ot a.
 Successi onDi sput es-Duet oNy ahuma’ sweakness, hewaschal lengedby
hisSub- chi efsTogwaandChanga.Thet woseniorchiefsst oppedpay ing
tri
but etot heMwenemut apaandbecamev erypower f
ul ast heyst arted
tradingdi rectlywit hthePor t
uguesei nSenaandTet e.Inar ebel l
ionledby
Changa, thet woSub- chiefsbr okeawayf rom theMwenemut apaKi ngdom.
Thet wohadpol i
ticalambi tionst ot akeov ertheKingdom.Aci vi
lwar
brokeoutandChangabr okeawayf rom t heMwenemut apaKi ngdom.
Ny ahumaKi ll
edChangawhowassuccededbyhi ssonChangaI I.
In1490, Ny ahumawaski ll
edbyChangaI Iwhot ookov erthe
Mwenemut apaKi ngdom andgav ehi msel ftheti
tl
eofChangami rewhi ch
meantt he“ unwant edone” .Howev er,in1494, Nyahuma’ ssonChi kuyo
revengedhi sfather ’
sdeat hbydef eat ingChangami r
e.Hemanagedt o
recapt uret heNor thernpar toft heKi ngdom whi l
etheSout her npar tbroke
awayunderChangami reI ’
ssonChangami r
eIIwhoest abli
shedt heRozwi
Kingdom whosecapi talwasatol dZi mbabwe.TheMwenemut apawas
splitintotwo.Thet woKi ngdomsengagedi nconti
nuouswar swi thmi lit
ary
helpf rom t hePor tuguese.Thesewar sf urtherweakenedt he
Mwenemut apaKi ngdom.

ExternalFactors.
TheMaj orexternalfact
orforthedecl
ineoft heMwenemutapaKingdom wast
he
Portugueseinterf
erenceintheKingdom.ThePor t
ugueseenter
edthe
Mwenemut apaKingdom around1516dur i
ngther
uleofChikuy
o.Theycame
thr
oughanexpl or
ercall
edAnt oni
oFer nandeswhowassentf r
om Tete.

28
ThePor tugueseent eredt heKi ngdom Undert hePr et extt hatt heyonl yhad
economi cint eresti nt heKi ngdom.Butt heyal sohadpol itical ambi tionst ocr eate
aPor t ugueseempi r
ei nCent ral Af ricabyconquer ingdi ffi
cul tchi ef s.
ThePor tuguesebef r
iendedMwenemut apaChi kuy obyof fer i
nghi mf inanci al and
mili
tar yhel pagai nstt heRozwi Empi re.Howev er,dur ingt her uleof
Mwenemut apaNegomo, i
n1560, thePor tuguesesentmi ssionar iest ot he
Kingdom underFat herP. JSi l
v era.Themi ssionar iesconv ertedNegomoand
someofhi sof ficial i
nt heKi ngdom t oChr istiani t
y.ThePor t
uguesebecame
extremel yinf l
uent i
al i
nt heKi ngdom.Thi smadet heAr absandt heSwahi li to
becomej ealous, ast heywer eaf raidofl osi ngal l t
radet ot hePor t uguese.They
conv incedMwenemut apaNegomot hatt hemi ssionar i
eshadcomeasspi est o
theKi ngdom.NegomoKi lledSi l
ver aandhi sgr oup.Hel at err ealizedhi smi st ake
andapol ogizedt ot hePor tuguese.Thi sl edt ot heSi gni ngofat r eat y.TheTer ms
were;
 TheMwenemut apagav et hePor tugueseast r i
pofl andf rom Tet et ot he
coast .
 Heal soal l
owedt hePor tugueset ocont rolsomegol dmi nesandl ookf or
mor egol di ntheKi ngdom. .
 TheMwenemut apaal soal lowedt hePor tugueset oopenagar ri
sonnear
hiscapi tal, whichcoul dhel phi m def endhi sKi ngdom enemi es, buti tcoul d
alsobeusedagai nsthi m.
Thist reat ygav et hePor tugueseal otoff r eedom andpoweri nt heKi ngdom,
whicht heyusedt of urtherunder mi net heMwenemut apa.Howev er ,the
Portuguesegov ernmentunderKi ngSebast i
andi dnotacceptNegomo’ sapol ogy
andbet ween1568and1600t hegov ernmentt ri
edt ocol oni set heKi ngdom but
fai
led.
ThePor tuguesecont i
nuedi nt erfer i
ngi nt hedur ingt her uleofMwenemut apa
GatsiRuser ewhosi gnedaneweconomi cal liancewi tht hePor tuguese.They
gavehi m mi li
taryai dandi nr eturnGat si Ruser egav et hem l andonwhi cht he
Portugueseest abl i
shedhugepl ant at i
onscal ledPr azoes.ThePor tugueseal so
madei l
legal l
andanddeal swi t
hsub- chief swhom t heygav egunsand
encour agedt or ebel agai nstt heMwenemut apa.Gat si Ruser ewascompl et ely
under mi nedbyt hePor tugueseandhi speopl edeci dedt oov er t
hr owhi m.Amor e
Mili
tantMwenemut apaKapar aridzer eplacedhi mi n1623.
Between1623and1628, Kapar aridzet ri
edt ogetr idoft hePor tuguesef rom t he
Kingdom.Hest oppedt r
adewi tht hem andst ar t
edat tacki ngPor tuguese
settl
ement s.I n1628, thePor tugueseki lledKapar ar idzeandr epl acedhi m wi tha
puppetMwenemut apacal l
edMav ur a.
Duringt her uleofMav ur a, thePor tuguesewer egiv enmor epol itical and
economi cpower s.Af terMav ura’sdeat hi n1665, theKi ngdom wast hr owni nt oa
civi
l warbet ween1665and1693.Af ter1693, anot hermi l
itantMwenemut apa
camet opowerandwant edt ogetr idoft hePor tuguese.Heenl ist edt hehel pof
Changami r
eDombooft heRozwi Empi re.Toget hert heydef eatedanddr ov et he
Portugueseawayi ntot heZambezi valley .Howev er, Changami r
eDombot ur ned
againstt heMwenemut apaanddef eat edhi m andmadet heKi ngdom i ntoasmal l

29
di
str
ictoftheRozwi Empi r
e.
Howev er
,between1695and1917, theMwenemut apaKi
ngdom conti
nuedto
decl
ineastheKi ngdom fel
lpreytoattacksf
rom theNdebele,
Ngoni,Nxaba,
s
Ngoniaswell astheSwahi l
i
,yahooandt hePortuguesesl
avetrader
s.The
Port
uguesekilledthelastMwenemut apain1917.Themar kedtheendofthe
Mwenemut apaKi ngdom asthetit
lewasabolishedin1917.

THEROZWIKI NGDOM
Origi
ns
TheRozwi Kingdom ori
ginatedfr
om t heMwenemut apaKi ngdom aftera
successf
ulrebell
ioninthe15thcentury.ThefounderoftheKi ngdom wasChanga
whosesonChangaI Iestabl
i
shedt heChangami redynastyorr ul
ingf
amily.
Changamirewhowasal soreferr
edt oast heMamboest ablishedhiscapit
alat
theOldGreatZimbabwe.

ExpansionandDev el opmentofTheKi ngdom.

Thef act
or st hatl edt ot hedev elopmentandexpansi onoft heKi ngdom wer e;
a)Conquest s-TheKi ngdom expandedt hroughconquest s.I niti
all
yt he
Kingdom hadcompr i
sedofGur uhuswaandMbi re.Butt hr oughconst ant
war swi tht heMwenemut apaKi ngdom, otherar eassuchasBar we, Utev e
andMany ika, whi chhadbeenundert heMwenemut apaKi ngdom, wer e
alsocapt uredt oexpandt heKi ngdom.
b)Cent ralisedPol iti
cal struct ure-TheRozwi Empi real sohadacent ralized
political struct ur ewi t
ht heChangami r
emamboast her ulerwi thabsol ute
political power .Heal soappoi ntedl esserchi efst obei nchar geof
conquer edar eas.TheQueenmot herandwi v eshadv er yspeci al r
ol est o
play .Changami realsoappoi ntedcour tof f
icials.Changami rewasal so
highl yrespect edandhadt obeappr oachedbysubor dinat escr awl ingon
theirst omachs.
c)Awel l-
or gani zedar my -Changami real sohadawel l
-or gani zedar my ,
whi chwasequi ppedwi thgunsandGunpowdersuppl iedbyt he
Por tuguese.Thi swasi mpor tanti nt hedev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
d)Rel igiousf act or-Changami r
emambowasper ceivedt ohav ebeenasemi
-diviner uler .Thi sgav ehi m al otofpol it
ical aut hority.Besi dest heShona
wer ev er yrel igious.Theybel iev edinanumberofSpi rits.Theyal sohada
rainmakercal l
edChi binukaandt wohel per sorpr ophet sKi gumbiandhi s
wifeNehenda.Thi swasasy mbol ofuni tyandcont r i
but edt othe
dev elopmentoft heKi ngdom.
e)Theeconomi cFact or.
-TheRozwi Kingdom wasv eryr ichi nNat ural
resour cessuchasf ertil
esoi l
s, goldandi vor y.Thegoodsoi lsenabl edt he
product ionofenoughf oodandwer egoodf orcat tl
ekeepi ng.Theot her
resour cesal soensur edt hatt heRozwi Empi repar ti
ci pat edi ntheLong
distancet r
adewi ththePor tuguese.TheKi ngdom r eachedi t
speak
dur i
ngt her ul eofChangami reDomboar ound1700.

30
Declineoft heKi ngdom
Thedecl ineoft heKingdom wasasar esul
tofweakleadershipaft
ert hedeat hof
Changami reDombo.Thesucceedi ngchangami resl
ackedt heabil
i
tiesofDombo
andcoul dnotcont r
olthev astRozwiEmpi re.
Howev er, ar
ound1834, constantNgoni att
acksunderZwangendabaf urther
weakenedt heKi ngdom.TheRozwi Kingdom wasf i
nal
lydefeatedatThabaZika
Mamboandt hecapitalwasl at
ercaptured.TheNgonistookov ert
heKi ngdom
butlatersuf f
eredaser iesofdefeatsfrom theNgonisunderNxaba.I tisst at
ed
thatthelastChangami reMambocal l
edChi ri
zamuluwaski l
ledanddr iedont he
mount aintopofThabaZi kaMambo.

NGUNII NCURSI ONSI NTOCENTRALAFRI CA

Ngunii ncursi
onsorSout hernBant umi gr ati
onsint
oCent r
alAf r
icawer easa
resul
toft heMf ecanet hattookpl acei ntheEast ernpartofSout hAfricabet ween
1816and1836.TheMf ecanesi mplymeant“ WarsofWonder ing”
.TheMf ecane
start
edi nSouthAf r
icamost l
yasar esultofl andshortagesintheNat al.Howev er,
theeffectsoft heMf ecanewer ef el
tasf arasCent ralAfri
ca.Thiswasbecause
mostNguniandSot hogr oupst hatwer erunni ngawayf rom theMfecanesuchas
theNdebel e,theKol oloandt heNgonil edt othedecl i
neofpr ominentCent ral
Afri
canKi ngdomsi .e.theRozwi ,Mwenemut apaandUndiKi ngdoms.I naddi t
ion,
theleadersoft hesegr oupswer eabl etoest abli
shEmpi resinCentralAf r
icaand
contri
butedgreat l
ytot hehistoryoft heregi on.

MZI LIKAZIANDTHENDEBELE.
Originsoft heNdebel e.
TheNdebel ewer eor i
ginall
ycal ledt heKhumal o.Theywer epar tofthe
NdwandweunderZwi de.Thel eaderoft heKhumal owasMzi l
ikaziwhodeci ded
torebel agai nstZwi deaf t
erZwi deKi lledhi sfatherMashobane.Mzi li
kaziandt he
Khumal oseekr efugeeamongt heZul uunderShaka.
I
nt heZul uNat i
on, Mzi l
il
kaziprov edhi msel ftobeanef f
icientwar r
iorandl eader.
HebecameShaka’ sfavoredI ndunaandgener al.Howev er, i
n1821, Mzi l
ikazi
rebelledagai nstShaka.AsoneofShaka’ smostt rustedgener als,Mzi l
i
kazi had
beensentt oraidSot ho-speakingpeopl et otheNor thwestoft heZul uKingdom.
Howev er ,
insteadofhandi ngov ert her aidedcat tl
et oShaka, hedeci dedt okeep
thecat tle.Forf earofShaka’ swr at hMzi likazimi gratedwi thhi sKhumal oCl an.
I
n1822, Mzi l
ikazi decidedt omi grat ef ur t
hernor thaf t
erhisKhumal ower e
defeat edatt heBat tleofNt humbaneHi ll
s.Usi ngt heirsuper iormi li
tarymet hods,
theKhumal ower eabl etodef eatmor eSot hogroupsandi ncor poratethem i nto
theKhumal or anks.Thedef eat edpeopl egav etheKhumal oani ckname
“Amat ebele”meani ng“ LongShi el ds” .TheNdebel ecrossedt heGr eatOl i
phant
Riverandset tledatapl acecal ledEkuPumul enimeani ng“ restingpl ace”.
Howev er ,
Ekupumul eniprovedt ohav ebeenunsui tableduet oi tspr oxi
mi t
yt o
ZululandandShakawhowasst il
l det ermi nedt opuni shtheNdebel e.Inaddi ti
on,
thegr azingwasnotgood.By1826, anewcapi talwasest ablishedat
Emhl ahl andel aaswel lasot hermi l
itaryt ownssuchasEndi naneni and
Enkungi qini.Int hi
snewar ea,theNdebel ecamei ntoconst antconf li
ctswithot her

31
groupssuchast hePedi ofNor ther nTr ansv aal,theSot ho, Kor a, Griquaandt he
Tswana.
TheNdebel eal socamei ntoconf lictwi ththeTr ekBoer sunderAndr i
es
th
Portigi
eteri nt heTr ansv aal overl and.Att heBat tl
eofVegkopof19 Oct ober
1836, t
heNdebel emanagedt odr i
v eawayt housandsofBoercat tlebutwer ebut
di
dnotmanaget ocompl etelydest r
oyt heBoer s.Howev er ,att heBat tleof
Mosegai n1837, theNdebel ewer edef eat edandf or cedt of leeacr osst he
Li
mpopoRi v erandi ntopr esentdayZi mbabwe.
NDEBELEMI GRATI ONSACROSSTHELI MPOPORI VER.
Duet oconst antat t acksf rom t heZul uandt heirdef eatbyt heBoer s, theNdebel e
decidedt omi gr atet omi gr ateacr osst heLi mpopoRi ver.Theymi gratedi ntwo
groups.
1.Thef i
rstgr oup, whi chwasal sot hemai ngr oup, consi stedofmember sof
theRoy alfami lyincl udingMzi li
kazi ’
ssonskhl umanewhowast hehei rt o
thet hroneandLobengul a.Thi sgr oupal soconsi stedofol dpeopl eand
childrenandt heani mal s.TheGr oupwasl edbyani ndunacal led
Gundwanewhowasal soknownasKal i
phi .Thi sGr oupf ollowedashor ter
anddi rectr out ei nt otheMat opeHi ll
sofWest ernZi mbabwe.They
establ i
shedt hei rcapi tal atapl acecal ledGi bi xhegui nmemor yofoneof
Shaka’ smi litaryt owns.
2.Mzi li
kazi whowasassi stedbyhi sseni ori ndunasandmost lycompr ised
ofhi swar rior sledt hesecondgr oup.TheGr oupt ookal ongerand
west war dsr out eint opr esentdayBot swanai nNgwat ot errit
or y.The
groupr eachedl akeNgami ont heedgesoft heKal ahar iDeser t.Duet o
theirconst antdef eatbyt heKol oloandt hef actt hatNdebel eCat t
ledied
from t set sef lybi tes, t
heNbebel edeci dedt omi gr atef ur t
hernor thont he
Zambezi River .Whi l
eont heZambezi Ri ver,Mzi l
ikazi goti nf ormat iont hat
thei ndunasoft hemai ngr oupt hathadset tl
edatGi bi xhenguwant edt o
appoi nthi ssonKhl umaneasKi ngbecauset heyt houghtt hathehaddi ed
wi t
hhi swar riors.Mzi li
kazi wentt oGi bixhenguandki lledhi si ndunasf or
treason.I tisst atedt hathi ssonKhl umanewasexi ledwhi l
eot herbooks
statet hathewaski ll
edsecr etly.Mzi l
ikazi est abli
shedhi scapi talatIny ati
.

Establi
shmentoft heNdebeleSt ateinZi mbabwe
By1840, theNdebeleshadf ull
yestablishedthemselvesi
nZimbabweby
conquer i
ngareasthathadbel ongedtot heAncientMwenemut apaandRozwi
Empi r
eundert heShona/Karangapeopl e.Thi
snewlandthattheyoccupi
edwas
nowr eferr
edt oasMatebeleland.TheNdebel esubduedtheShonawhonow
start
edpay ingtr
ibut
etothenewr ulersinform ofgr
ainandcattl
e.

Or
gani
sati
onoftheNdebel eSt
ate.
1.TheNdebel eorgani
zedthei
rArmyintoageregimentsandmaintai
ned
mostofthechar act
eri
sti
csofShaka’
simpis.Thear mywasalsodivi
ded
int
otwogr oups.Therewasthereser
vearmyt hatcompri
sedofret
ired

32
 impi sandcoul dbecal leduponwhenneeded.Theot herwast her egul ar
ar myt hatcompr isedofy oungmenbel owt heageof35whower enot
allowedt omar ry.Ther egul arar mywasal sor efer r
edt oast heMachacha.
TheMachachawer eusedt or aidMashonal andatwi llforgr ainandcat tle.
2.TheNdebel eciv i
l soci et ywasf urtherdi videdi nto3br oadsect i
onsor
cast es.TheFi rstcl asswasr eferredt oast heZansiCl ass.Thi sclan
compr isedoft heor i
gi nal Khumal oandt heot herNguni gr oupswho
for medt hehi ghestcl assort heAr ist ocr ates.TheSecondcl asswas
ref erredt oast heEnhl aCl ass, whi chcompr isedofal lthegr oupst hat
wer edef eatedandi ncor por at edi nt ot heNdebel er anksal ongt heway
from Nguni l
andandmost l
yf rom t heTr ansv aal.Thet hirdandl owest
gr oupcompr i
sedoft hedef eat edShonawhobecamemer esl av esf ort he
Ndebel e.Thi swascal ledt heHol iCl ass.I nt ermar ri
agesbet weent heZansi
andt heot hercl asseswer edi scour aged.Al l thepeopl ewer eencour aged
tospeakNdebel e.Thi swasasour ceofNat ional Unity.
3.Pol itical l
y ,Mzi l
ikazi est ablishedahi ghlycent ralizedsy st em of
Gov er nment .Asar esul toft hecl asssy stem, Mzi l
ikazi ruledaut ocr at ically
andwasext r
emel ypower ful.Al lthecat tlewassai dtobel ongt ot heKi ng
exceptt hosegi vent ohi sfav or i
tei ndunas.TheKi ngal sohadt hef inal say
onal l mat tersincl udi ngwar .Thet hr owi ngofaspeari nacer taindi rect ion
byt heKi ngi ndicat edwher ewarwast obewaged.
Dur inghi sl ifet i
me, Mzi l
ikazi wasabl et obui ldast rongNdebel est ate.Hewas
car eful nott oal lowi nterf erencef rom Eur opeansi nhi sKi ngdom.Mzi l
ikazi faced
al otofpr obl emsf rom t heBoer sint heTr ansv aal ar ound1847.Mi ssionar iesand
trader sal sot hreat enedt hei nternal st abilityoft heKi ngdom.Mzi l
ikazi deal twi th
them i nadi plomat icwayent eri
ngi nt oagr eement swi tht hem.Forexampl e,in
1859, heal lowedt heLondonMi ssi onar ySoci etyunderDr .Rober tMof fatt o
est ablishami ssionSoci et yatI ny at i
.I n1867, gol dwasdi scov er edont hebor ders
bet weenMat abel elandandNgwat ot err
itor y.Thi sr aisedt hev alueof
Mat ebel elandt ot heEur opeans.
Mz i
likazi di edi n1868andf orawhi l
et her ewasaci vilwari nt heKi ngdom.Aman
calledKabandaf rom Zul ulandcl ai medt ohav ebeent hehei rtot het hr oneby
claimi ngt obet heexi l
edKhl umane.Hewasf inal lydef eatedbyi nduna
Umv ombat e.Lobengul abecamet heNdebel eKi ngi n1870.

Lobengul a’ sRul e1870- 1894.

Lobengul aest abli
shedhi scapi t
alatBulaway o.Hi smai nconcernwast osecure
hisposi ti
onwi thintheKi ngdom.Hedef eatedar ebel l
iousindunacal l
edI mbigo.
Heal sogener ouslydistri
butedlandandcat tl
eamonghi speopleandi ndunasto
ensur eloy alt
y .
Howev er,Lobengul awasnotasgoodawar ri
orashi sfatherMzili
lkazi.Helost
control oft heI mpistohi sappointedwargener als.
Duringhi sr ule,Lobengul aalsofacedani nf l
uxofEur opeansinhi sKingdom.By
1868, thev al
ueofMat ebelel
andhadi ncreasedt ot heEur opeans.Thiswasa
resultoft hedi scov er
yofgol datTat iandhi stor
ical evidenceofgol dint he
Kingdom.Toi nsurehisposi ti
onandhi sKingdom, Lobengul awasf orcedtoenter

33
i
ntotreat
ieswit
hEuropeanswhowant edLandandmi neral
rightsint
heKi ngdom.
Forexample,i
n1887,hesignedt
heGrobblerTreat
y,i
n1888t heMoffatTreaty
andtheRuddConcessionof1890.Thesetreat
iescontr
ibut
edt othefinal
col
lapseoftheNdebel
eSt at
ein1894.

ZWANGENDABAANDTHENGONI
TheNgoni liket heNdebel eandt heKol ol
oal sohadani mpactont hehi storyof
Central Afr
ica.TheNgoni wereor i
ginallypar toft heNdwandweunderZwi de.
Howev er,
aft ert hedef eatofZwi debyShakaatt heBat t l
eoft heMl atuseRi ver
,
theNgoni deci dedt of l
eef rom Nguni land.TheNgoni fledi nsev eralgroupse. g.
theShanganeunderSoshangane, theNgoni underNxabaandt heJer eNgoni
underZwangendabawhower ethel argest .TheNgoni set tl
edforawhi lein
Souther nMozambi que.
Howev er,
inSout her nMozambi que, conf li
ctsst artedamongt heNgoni sov erl
and.
Ofall t
heNgoni Gr oups, t
heShanganeunderSoshanganeemer gedast he
str
ongest .Hewasabl et odefeatt heot herNgoni groupswhof l
edf urthernor t
h
i
ntoCent r
al Af rica.TheFi rstt
obedef eatedwer et heNgoni sunderZwangendaba
whof l
edintot hepr esentdayZi mbabwe.Theyi nt urnat tackedanddest royedthe
ancientKingdomsoft heMwenemut apaandt heRozwi by1834.Whi leont he
ZimbabwePl at eau, t
heJer eNgoni wer eattackedbyNxaba’ sNgoni whohadal so
fl
edf rom Sout her nMozambi queaf terbei ngat tackedanddef eat edby
Soshangane.TheNgoni sofZwangendabaf l
ednor t
heastacr osst heZambezi
River.Howev er ,oneSect ionoft heJer e-Ngoni underawomancal led
Nyamazanar emai nedi nZi mbabweandi ssaidt ohav ebeenr esponsi bleforthe
fi
nal defeatandt heKilli
ngoft hel astChangami reChi rizamul uwhoi ssai dt o
havebeendr iedont oofamount ain, whichwascal ledThabaZi kaMambo.The
Ngoni ofNy amazanawer elaterinco-oper atedi ntot heNdebel er anksunder
Mz il
i
kazi andNy amazanabecameoneofMzi l
ikazi ’
swi v es.

NgoniMi grationsacr osst heZambeziRi ver

Afterthedef eatofZwangedaba’ sNgoni sbyt heNxaba’sNgoni ,t
heywer eforced
tofleef urt
hernor thbycr ossingt heZambezi Ri v
er.TheNgoni scrossedt he
Zambezi Riveron19thNov ember1835dur i
ngt heecli
pseoft hesunnearZumbo.
TheNgoni sset t
ledi ntheEast ernPar tofPr esentdayZambi aamongt heNsenga.
Foralmost4y ears,theNgoni rai
dedt heNsengaandmar ri
edNsengawoment hi
s
l
edt ot helossoft heirori
ginallanguage.Dur ingt hi
speri
od, t
heNgoni also
disturbedt heChewaKi ngdom ofUndi .
TheNgoni ofZwangendabamov edf urthernor t
handendedupi nUf i
palandi n
West ernTanzani a.Howev er,in1848, Zwangendabadi edatMapupo( Dr eams)
wher ehehadest abli
shedhi scapi t
al.Thedeat hofZwangendabawasf oll
owed
byasuccessi ondi sputeamonghi ssev eralsonsandmember soft heRoy al
fami l
y.Thisl edt ot hespl i
tti
ngoft heNgoni int ofiv
egroups.Thesewer e;
 Thef ollower sofNt abeni whohadbeenZwangenba’ sseniori nduna
sett
ledi nSout hernTanz aniaandbecameknownast heTut a-Ngoni .
 GamaZul uoneofZwangendaba’ srelat i
vesledanothergroup.Hel edhis
groupi ntot heSongeadi stri
ctofTanzani aweretheybecameKnownas

34
 theGwangwar a-Ngoni
 Mbelwal edonegr oupi ntothear eaofMal awi andconqueredthe
TumbukaandKamanga.
 Anothersplitt
ergr oupwast hatofChi wereNdl ovuwhobr okeawayf rom
Mbelwa’sgr oupandset tl
edinCent ralMalawi.
 Maseko’sNgoni al
soset t
ledintheSout hernpartoflakeMalawi.
 Mpez eni’
sNgoni strav
el edsouthwestandendedupi nBembacount r
y
around1850.Af termanybi t
terfi
ght s,
theNgoni sofMpezeni were
defeatedandf ledsout heastintoChewaKi ngdom ofUndi .TheNgoni
settl
edinPet aukedi str
ictwher et heydefeatedandinco-operat
edt he
Nsengas.Theydef eat
edt heChewaofMkandai nChipatawheret hey
fi
nall
yset t
ledar ound1870.TheNgoni ofMpezeni wereresponsiblefor
thefinalcoll
apseofUndi ’
sKingdom.

Organi
sationoft heNgoni St ateofMpezeni .
1.TheNgoni sfoll
owedt heNguni -ZuluPol i
ti
cal sy stem.TheNgoni hada
centrali
zedpol i
ticalsy stem.TheyMpezeni cont rolledalltheaf f
airsoft he
Kingdom.TheMpezeni appoi ntedl esserchief sf rom amonghi srelatives
whohel pedhimr ul
e.Inaddi t
ion, heal socont rolledt heTr ibut ar
ychi efs
from amongt hedef eat edt ri
beswhower erequi redt opayt ributetohi m.
Thehi erarchyalsocompr isedofv il
lageheadmenandmessenger swho
woul densur eeffectivecommuni cationwitht hev ill
ages.Thepol i
tical
organizationalsocompr isedoft heCour tsyst em atev eryl evelofsoci et y.
TheKi ngcal l
edf oranannual meet ngorI
i ndabawher elawswer emadeor
amended.
2.TheNgoni salsohadapol i
cyofassi mi l
ati
oni nor dert oensur eunit ywithin
theKi ngdom.Thedef eat edpeopl ewer eassimi l
at edintot heNgoni ranks.
TheNgoni al
soadopt edt helanguageoft heLocal peoplechi nyanja, whi ch
waswi delyspokenwi thint heKi ngdom.TheOr iginal Ngoni l
anguagewas
useddur i
ngreli
gi ouscer emoni essuchast hei nc’wal a.
3.Mi l
i
taril
y ,
theNgoni soci et ywasal soor ganizedi ntoager egiment sand
impis.Thesei mpi swer eusedt ocar ryoutraidsonweakergr oupswho
wer einco-operatedi ntot heKi ngdom.
However,by1899, t
heNgoni poweri neast ernprov i
nceasdest r
oybyt heB. S.A
Companyt hathadmor eadv ancedweaponssuchast heMaxi m gun.

SEBITWANEANDTHEKOLOLO.
(Ref
ertot
henot
esont
heLoziKi
ngdom-Kol
olor
ulei
nBul
ozi
.)

MAP-(NGUNII
NCURSI
ONSI
NTOCENTRALAFRI
CA-AHI
SYORYOFSOUTHERN
AFRI
CA.BYN.EDAVI
S).

35
QUESTIONS.
1.Gi v
eanaccounti
l
lust
rat
edbyaSket
chmapoft heNguni
incur
sionsi
nto
t
h
Centr
alAf
ri
caint
hefi
rsthal
foft
he19 cent
ury
.

2.Descr
ibet
hePoli
ti
cal
,soci
alandeconomicorgani
zat
ionoft
heNdebel
e
Soci
etyi
nZimbabweinthePeri
od1840-1868.

3.Giveanaccountoft
hecareerofSebi
twaneoft
heKololoi
ntheZambezi
vall
eybetween1835and1851.WhydidtheKol
olofai
ltocr
eat
eastabl
e
stat
eintheZambeziVal
leyaft
erthedeat
hofSebit
wane?

4.ShowhowMzi l
i
kaziandhi
speoplesettl
edinCent
ral
Afr
ica.Gi
vet
he
resul
tsofhi
sar
riv
alandsubsequentset
tl
ement.

5.GiveanaccountofthecareerofSekel
etu.Towhatext
entwashe
responsi
blef
orthecoll
apseofKololorul
einBul
ozi?

6.Descr
ibetheWor
kandi
mpor
tancet
ohi
speopl
eofMzi
l
ikazi
oft
he
Ndebele.[
20]

7.Expl
aintheCircumst
ancesandtheresul
tsofZwangendaba’
sarri
valin
Cent
ralAfri
ca.Whathappenedt
ot heNgonipeopl
eafterZwangendaba’s
deat
h?[14:6]
.

THEPORTUGUESEACTI
VITI
ESI
NAFRI
CA

36
I
nt he2ndhalfofthe15thcentury,thePor t
uguesest art
edv oyagesofdiscov ery
wit
ht heaim ofexpl or
ingthecoastofAf ricaandfindingt heSear outetoI ndia.
Portugueseactivi
ti
esi nAfri
cawer emost lyconcentratedi nthreeareasandt hese
were;theZambezi Vall
ey/Mozambi que,Angolaandt heCongo.
REASONSFORTHEI RINTERESTI NAFRI CA
Economi creasons
 ThePor t
uguesewant edtof indasearoutet oIndiainor dertopart i
cipat
e
i
nthespi cet r
ade.
 Theyal sowant edtoestablishtr
adingpostsont hecoat sofAfrica.
 Theywant edt olookformi neral
resourcesint heinteriorofAfr
ica.

Rel
igi
ousr easons
 ThePor t
uguesewant edt ospreadChr ist
iani
tybyget t
ingridofI
slam in
Afri
ca.
 Theywer ealsolookingf oraChr i
stianKinginAf r
icabythenameof
PresterJohnwhot heywant edtouset ospreadChr i
sti
anityi
nAfrica.
Poli
ticalreasons
ThePor tuguesel aterdevelopedpol i
ti
cal ambiti
onsandwant edtocr
eat ea
Portugueseempi reinCent r
al Afr
icafrom theeastcoastt othewestcoast .
Thiswast obeachi evedt hr
oughget ti
ngr idofall
-powerfulAfri
canKingdoms
inCentralAf r
ica.

PORTUGUESEACTI VITIESINTHEZAMBEZIVALLEY
Portuguesepenet r
atedintotheZambezi vall
eyfrom theeastcoast.Ini
ti
all
y,t
hey
establishedthemselvesatPor tSofal
ain1505.In1507, t
heyoccupiedthe
Mozambi queIsl
ands.By1530, t
hePortuguesehaf ul
l
yest abl
ishedthetradi
ng
cent er
sofSenaandTet eont heZambezi River
.Itwasfrom thesetwoar easthat
thePor tuguesepenetrat
edintot heMwenemut apaKingdom andt heZambezi
Valley.

ThePor tugueser elat

ionshipwi ththeMwenemut apa
ThePor tuguesei nterestint heMwenemut apaKi ngdom star
tedduringther ul
eof
Mwenemut apaChi kuyoar ound1576.APor tuguesebyt henameofAnt onio
Fernadeswassentbyt hePor tuguesef rom Tet etotheMwenemut apaKi ngdom
tostarttrader elations.Chikuy osignedaTr eatywi t
hthePor t
ugueseandt he
termswer e;
1.ThePor tuguesegav eChikuyof i
nanci alandmi l
it
aryaid.
2.Chi kuyoal lowedt hePor tugueset ost arttr
adingintheKingdom.
Ther esultofthist r
eatywast hatthePor tuguesest art
edpenetrati
ngi nt
ot he
Kingdom andpr et endednott ohav eanypol iti
calambitions.
Mwenemut apaNegomoandt hePor tuguese.
After1560, anddur ingther uleofMwenemut apaNegomo, t
hePortuguese
changedst rat
egi es.Theysentami ssionarygr oup,whichwas, l
edFr .P.
JSi lv
era.

37
Sil
verabecamev erycl oset ot heMwenemut apawhowasconv er t
edt o
Christi
ani tyt oget herwi thsomeofhi scour tof ficials.Duet ot hiscl oseness, t
he
Swahi l
i andAr absbecamej eal ousandconv i
ncedNegomot hatt hePor tuguese
missionar ieshadcomet otheKi ngdom asspi es.I nhi sanger ,Negomoki ll
ed
Sil
veraandsomeofhi smen.Hel at erdi scov er edt hatt heAr absandt heSwahi l
i
hadt ri
ckedhi m.Negomoapol ogi zedt ot hePor tugueseanddeci dedt osi gna
tr
eat ywi tht hePor tugueset oshowhi sr emor se.Thet reatywassi gnedi n1573.
Thet ermsoft het reat ywer e;
 Negomogav et hePor tugueseapi eceofl andf r
om Tet et ot hecoast .This
i
showt hePor tuguesecamet opossesmostofwhati scal led
Mozambi quet oday .
 Negomoal sogav et hePor tugueset radi ngr ight sandal lowedt hem t o
set tleandest abl i
sht radi ngcent er si nt heKi ngdom suchasLuanzeand
Dambabar e.
 ThePor tuguesewer eal sogi venJudi cial Power sascapt ainsoft hegat es
thr oughwhi cht rader sent er edt heKi ngdom.
 ThePor tuguesewer eal lowedt oest abl i
shagar ri
sonatapl acecal led
Masopa, whi chwascl oset ot heMwenemut apa’ scapi t
al .TheGar rison
hadt wof unct ions.Thesewer et ohel pdef endt heKi ngdom agai nst
out si deat tacksandt obeusedt odef eatt heMwenemut apai fher ebelled
agai nstt hePor tuguese.
Ther esul toft hist r
eat ywast hati tgav et hePor tugueset oomuchpol iti
cal and
economi cpowerwi thint heKi ngdom.I twasbecauseoft hist reat yt hatt he
Portuguesest ar t
edf ull i
nterfer encei nt heMwenemut apaKi ngdom.
Despi t
eNegomo’ sapol ogy ’whi chwasaccept edbyt hePor tuguesel ocal ly,the
Portuguesegov er nmentt r
iedt ocol oni set heMwenemut apaKi ngdom bet ween
1574andear ly1600s.YoungKi ngSebast i
anofPor tugal sentsev er al expedi tions
totheMwenemut apaKi ngdom wi tht heai m ofcol oni zingi t
.
Thef ir
stexpendi t
ionwassentundert hel eader shi pofFr .Bar reto.Thi sf ai l
eddue
tothei nt erfer enceoft heMani candt hedeat hofFr .Bar ret
oduet omal ar i
a.
Around1575, anot herexpedi tionofabout400sol dier sunderVascoFer nades
Homem wassentt ocol oniset heKi ngdom.Howev er ,thi
sexpedi tional sof ai
led
duet ot hecar nivor ousWazi mbapeopl ewhower ecanni bals.
Mwenemut apaGat siRuser eandt hePor tuguese.
Duringt heRul eofGat siRuser e, thePor tuguesecont i
nuedi nterf eringi nt he
Mwenemut apaKi ngdom.Gat si Ruser esi gnedanot hereconomi cal liancewi t
ht he
Portuguese.Thet er msoft heal li
ancewer e;
1.Gat si Ruser ewaspr omi sedeconomi candmi lit
aryai dagai nsti nter nal
rebel l
ions.
2.I nt ur n, hegav ethePor t uguesemor et radi ngandmi ningr ight swi thinthe
Kingdom.
3.Heal sogav et hePor tuguesemor el andandt heyusedt hi slandt o
est abl ishPr azoes.
Ther esul toft hist r
eat ywast hatt hePor tuguesegai nedal otofPol itical and
economi cpower swi thint heKi ngdom.Theyusedt hesepower st of ully
under mi net heMwenemut apa.ThePor tugueseev ent ri
edt oov er throwt he

38
Mwenemutapabyenl
ist
inghelpfr
om Kal
ongaMansula.ThePeopl
eofthe
MwenemutapaKi
ngdom blamedGatsiRuserefort
hePort
uguesei
nter
fer
ence.
Kapar
ari
dzewhowasami li
tanti
n1623therefor
eover
thr
ewhim.

Mwenemut apaKapar idzeandt hePortuguese.

Duri
nghi srule,
Kapar aridzetri
edtogetridofthePor tuguesefr
om t
heKingdom.
Hest oppedtradingwi ththem andalsostartedatt
acki ngsomePort
uguese
sett
lements.In1628, heki ll
edaPortugueseof f
ici
al.Becauseofhi
shosti
li
ty
towardsthePor tuguese, thePort
ugueseov ert
hrewKapar idzei
n1628.

Mwenemut apaMav uraandThePor tuguese.

ThePor tugueser eplacedKapar ari
dzewi tht heirownPuppetr uleMav ura.The
Por t
uguesebapt izedMav uraandr enamedhi m asPhi ll
i
pe.In1629, Mav urawas
forcedt osi gnat r eatywi ththePor tuguese.TheTer msoft hist r
eatywer e;
i. Mav urawasor deredt oexpel theAr absandt heSwahi l
ifr
om theKi ngdom.
i
i. Mav uraal sogav ethePor t
ugueser i
ght st olookf ormineralswithinthe
Kingdom.
ii
i. ThePor tuguesewer ealsogi venj udicial power stoactaschi efsand
j
udges.
Ther esul tofthist reat ywast hatthePor tuguesecompl etelytookov erthe
runningoft heKi ngdom.Besi des,Mav uraallowedhi mselftolooserespectbef or
e
hispeopl eandt hePor tuguese.Consequent l
y, afterhisdeathi n1665, t
her ewas
aci v
ilwarunt i
l 1693.Dur i
ngtheper iodoft hesucessi oDispute,thePor tuguese
tookadv antangeoft hesi t
uationtof urtherunder mi netheKi ngdom.
Howev er,after1693, anot hermili
tantMwenemut apacamet opowerandasked
formi l
itaryhel pfr om Changami reDombooft heRowzi Empi retogetr i
doft he
Por t
uguesef rom.I n1695, Mwenemut apaandt heChangami redefeatedt he
Por t
ugueseanddr ovet hem awayf rom t heZambezi vall
ey.Thisreducedt he
polit
ical power soft hePor t
uguesei nt heZambezi vall
ey.

THEPRAZOSYSTEM
Prazoeswer elargelandgrantst hatwer egi
ventothePortuguesei ntheZambezi
valettoest abl
ishhugepl ant
at i
ons.Ther eweretwotypesofPr azoes.Thesewere;
PrivatePr azoeswhichwer egi vent ot hePort
uguesesettl
ersbyt he
Mwenemut apaandot herchiefsinr eturnformili
tar
yassistanceand
Crown/ GovernmentPr azoeswhi chwer eownedbyt hePor tugueseGov er
nment
andl easedt orichEuropeanindi viduals.ThePrazoownerswer er efer
redt
oas
Prazer osorSenhor s,whichmeantl andLords.Theseprazoowner shadboth
polit
ical andeconomi cpower s.

Ori
ginsofThePrazoes.
Theorigi
nspft
hePr azoescanbet
racedt
oMwenemut
apaNegomo’
str
eat
ywi
th

39
thePor t
uguesei n1573.I nthet reat y,
Negomogav eawayl andf rom Tet etot he
coast .From thenonwar ds, t
hePor tuguesecont inuedt ogetmor eland
concessi onsf rom weakerMwenemut apassuchasGat si Ruser einexchangef or
mi l
itaryassistanceandf inancial aid.Itwasdur ingt heruleofMwenemut apa
Mav urathatthePor t
uguesegai nedmor elandi nt heMwenemut apaKi ngdom.
Besi desget t
ingl andfrom t heMwenemut apas, thePor tuguesel aterst art
ed
i
llegal l
andgr abbi ngintheKi ngdom.I ni
ti
ally,t
heyst artedmaki ngi l
l
egal land
dealswi t
htheSub- chi
efs.Howev er,theylaterst artedusi ngt heirChi kunda
agent sandpombei rostor aidv il
lagesi ntheKi ngdom andgr abland.Ther ef
or e,
byt heear l
y1600s, thePr azoSy stem wasf ul
lyest ablishedi ntheZambezi vall
ey.
Someoft heNamesassoci atedwi t
ht heear l
yest abl i
shmentoft hePr azoSy st em
wer eDi egoSi moesMadei r
a, SisnondoDi asBay oandRodr igoLobo.The
Por t
uguesegov ernmentf ullysuppor t
edt heSy stem bygr anti
ngof ficial
recogni ti
onandl andtitl
est oowner sofbot hPr i
v ateandGov ernmentPr azoes.
ThePor tuguesegov ernmentwant edt ouset hePr azoSy stem tof acili
tatethe
Por t
uguesepol iti
calambi ti
onsi nCent ralAfri
ca.

Functi
onsoft hePr azoes
ThePrazoeshadbot hPol it
icalandeconomi cfunct ions.
Poli
ti
calFunctions.
 ThePr azoeswer esupposedt oactasagent sofPor t
ugueseci v i
li
zati
oni.e.
theywer et obeusedt ospr eadPor tuguesecul ture,
languageandr eli
gion.
 ThePr azoeswer etoactasagent sofcol onizati
onbyunder mi ningthe
Afri
canpol it
icalstructuresandpav ingwayf orthePor tuguesegov ernment
totakeov ercont r
ol ofthear eas.
 Prazoesal soactedaspol iti
cal enti
tiesi.e.theywer echi efdomswi thina
Kingdom.ThePr azoeowner sal soenjoy edsomeoft hepr ivi
legesof
Afri
canchi efssuchast hecol lecti
onofTr i
bute.
Assuch,thePr azoesunder mi nedt hepol i
ti
cal power sofAfricanKi ngdoms.
EconomicFunct i
ons.
 Prazoesact edasAgr icult
urecent ersi.e.t heywer esugarpl ant ati
ons.This
sugarwasexpor tedt oEur ope.
 ThePr azoesal soact edast r
adingcent er s.Init
ial
ly,
thePr azoesact edas
centersf orivoryandgol dtradebutl at
er, theybecamecent ersoft he
Profi
tablesl av eTrade.
Consequentl
y,t hePr azoowner sacqui redv astpol it
icalandeconomi cpower s
andstart
eddisr egar di
ngt hePor tuguesegov ernment .

DeclineofThePr azoSy st
em.
ThePr azoSy stem st art
edt odeclineattheendoft he18thcentury.Thi
swas
becauset hePr azoeshadf ail
edt operformthepolit
icalfuncti
onforwhi cht
hey
werecr eated.Insteadofbei ngcent er
sofci v
ili
zat
ion,theprazoeshadbecome
centersofcor rupti
on.Besi des,thePrazoowner shadacqui redtoomuchpower
andst art
eddi sregardingthePor tuguesegov er
nment .
ThePor tuguesegov ernmentt r
iedt orefor
mt hePrazoesy stem byintr
oduci
ng

40
newinheritancelawsbecausebyt hi
st ime, mostoft hePr azoowner swer enot
purePortuguesebutpombei r
os.Howev er,t
hi sfail
edandt hePr azoescont inued
todecl
ine.
ThePrazoesf i
nallydecl inedduet othef oll
owi ngr easons;
1.Ther ewasadecl ineofcommer ceandi ndustryont hePr azoes,ast hey
becamecent ersofsl avet radi
ng.
2.Afr i
canf armer sandsl avesont hepr azoeswer edemor alizedast heywer e
expl oit
edandf orcedt owor kwi thoutpayandt opayheadt ax.
3.Theabol it
ionofsl av eryandsl av etradingaf t
er1830i swhatl edtot hef i
nal
col l
apseoft hePr azosy stem.I n1836, thePor tuguesegov er
nment
bannedsl avet radi ngandsl averyi nall Portuguesear eas.Howev er,the
prazoowner sint heZambezi v alleyignor edthisban.Asar esult
,the
Por tuguesegov ernmental l
owedot herEur opeancount ri
esespeci all
yt he
Briti
shRoy al Nav yt osear chandar r
estanyPor tugueseshi powner s
car r
y i
ngsl aves.Ther efor e,by1880s, slavet r
adi ngandsl averyinthe
Zambezi vall
eydr asticallyreduced.Thi sledt ot hecol l
apseoft hePr azo
Sy stem becauset hesy stem dependedonsl avel abour .ThePor tugueseby
thist i
mehadl ostbot hpol iti
cal andeconomi cpoweri ntheZambezi vall
ey
andt ur
nedt heirat tentiont otheMwat akazembeKi ngdom.

PORTUGUESEI NTERESTI NTHEMWATAKAZEMBEKI NGDOM.

ThoughtheyPor tuguesehadconcent rat
edont heMwenemut apaKi ngdom inthe
th
Zambezivall
eysi ncethe16 cent ur
y ,theystartedt ohaveinter
estsint he
MwatakazembKi ngdom intheinter
iorofAf r
icaaf t
er1795.Thiswasduet othe
fol
l
owingreasons;
 ThePor tuguesehadl ostpoli
ticalandeconomi cpoweri ntheZambezi
vall
ey.
 ThePor tuguesealsowant edtopar ti
cipateintheivoryandcoppert radein
theMwat akazembeKi ngdom.
 ThePor tuguesealsowant edtof i
ndani nterconti
nentalr
out efrom the
westcoastofAf ri
catotheeastcoastbyusi ngtheMwat akazembe
Kingdom, whichwascent r
all
yl ocated.
 ThePor tuguesealsowant edtopr eventtheBr i
ti
shfrom takingov er
CentralAf r
ica,whi
chwoul dhav ebl ockedt hecreat
ionofaPor tuguese
EmpireinCent r
alAfr
ica.

Expedi ti
onst oMwat akazembe’sKingdom 1798-1831.
1stExpendi t
ion-1798.
Thef i
rstexpedi ti
ont otheMwat akazembeKi ngdom wasundertakeninJul
y1798.
Dr.Fr anciscodeLar cedawhowast hePortugueseGov er
norofSenaheadedt hi
s
mi ssion.Theai m ofthismissiontotheMwat akazembeKingdom wast o
conv i
ncet heMwat akazembet oall
owt hePor t
uguesetopart
ici
pateinthecopper
andi v
oryt rade.DeLar cedaalsowant edtopasst hr
oughtheKingdom and
est abli
shcont actwiththePortugueseont hewestcoast.
Ont hi
smi ssi on,DeLar cedatookwithhim 400slavepott
ers,
62sol di
ersand3

41
guides.Themi ssionf acedanumberofdi f
ficult
iese.g.mostoft hepot ters
deserted,mal ariakill
edmany ,
f oodwasscar ceandsomet ri
beswer ehost i
let o
thepar t
ysuchast heChewa.
Howev er,theexpedi ti
onr eachedt heMwat akazembeKi ngdom on3rdOct ober
1798.Byt hi
st ime, DeLar cedawasv eryil
lf r
om mal ari
a.Hedi edon18thOct ober
beforehecoul dmeett heMwat akazembe, Il
ungaLukwesawhowasi npower .De
LarcedawassuccededbyFr .Fr anci
scoPi nt owhomanagedt omeett he
Mwat akazembe.
Ther esultsoft hef i
rstexpedi t
ionwer e;
1.TheMwat akazembecoul dnotgr antt hePortugueseper missiont otrade
orpasst hrought heKi ngdom becausehewasaf raidthatt hePor tuguese
woul dt akeov ercont roloft heWestcoastLongDi stanceTr ade.Heal so
consi deredt hePor tugueset ohav ebeent r
aderivalssincet heywer ealso
interestedi nthecopperandi voryt r
ade.
Therefore, t
hisf i
rstmi ssi
ont ot heMwat akazembeKi ngdom wasaf ail
ure.Fr.
Pintoledt heremai ningmember soft hegroupbackt otheeastcoast
(Mozambi que).ThePar tyarrivedbacki ngNov ember1799.

2ndExpedit
ion.
The2ndExpedi ti
onwasunder takenfrom t heWestCoast( Angola)in1802.Thi s
wasanunof fi
cialexpediti
on.TwoPombei rosPedroBapt istaandAmar aJose
undertookit.Between1806and1810, t hetwomenst ayedi ntheMwat akazembe
Kingdom.Dur ingt heirst
ay, t
heymadei mportantobservationsont hepol i
tical
andEconomi cOr ganisat
ionoft heKingdom t hatwouldhel pthePor tugueset o
achievetheiraims.
Thet womenmadeobser vationsandr ecordeddetail
sofcoppermi ning,copper
andi v
orytradeandt heimpor tantroleoft heBisaintheLongDi stanceTr ade.The
Twowentbackt oLuandai n1811.
TheResul t
soft hisunof fi
cialexpeditonwast hati
tgav ethePor tugueseenough
i
nformat i
onont het r
adepat ternsintheKi ngdom.Thi smadet hePor tuguese
evenmor edet ermi nedtocont rolthekingdom.Theydeci dedt osendmor e
expediti
onst otheKi ngdom.

The3rdExpedi t
ion.
In1824, t
hePortugueset r
iedtotakeov ertheKingdom’sTrade.ThePort
uguese
acqui redsomel andfrom chiefMwaseofLundaz iint
heLuangwaVal l
ey.In1827,
ami l
it
arygarri
sonwasest abli
shedatFei ra.Thiswastobeusedasabasef or
furtherexpedit
ionstot heMwat akazembeKi ngdom.
TheResul toft
hisattemptwasal soaf ail
urebecausetheMwat akazembestil
l
resistedthePor t
uguese.Inaddi t
ion,theYaoandt heSwahil
ihadbecomet oo
strongandgav ethePor t
uguesest if
fcompet i
ti
on.Thei
r,1n1829,theLuangwa
valleypostwasabandoned.

The4thandLastExpediti
on.
Thel
astPor tugueseat
tempttotakeov
ertheKingdom wasdonein1831.Two
Armyofficer
sf r
om Mozambiqueunder
tookthi
s.ThesewereAntoni
oPedroso

42
Gammi t
toandJoseCor reaMont eir
o.
Theexpedit
ionalsofail
edbecausebyt histimetheSwahi l
ifr
om t heeastcoast
hadbecamev eryimportanti
nt heKingdom asTr aders.Inadditi
on,therul
ing
MwatakazembeKel ekalikeI
lungaLukwesabef orehim didnottrustthe
Port
ugueseandsawt hem asat hreat.Kelekafor
badet hePortuguesefrom
tr
adi
ngintheKingdom andr efusedt hem topasst hr
ought heKingdom tot he
westcoast.

Reasonsf orthePor tugueseFai l

ureintheirMissi
ons.
 TheSwahi liusuallycamei nsmal lnumbersandwer ewil
li
ngtol i
v eand
lear
nt helocal peoples’
languageandcust omsunl i
kethePortuguesewho
werear r
oganthencet heywer ereject
edbyt helocals.
 ThePor tugueseal socamewi t
hahugemi li
taryforceasthought heywere
comi ngtoinvade.Thi sdisadvantagedthem andt heywererej
ect ed.
 TheSwahi liwer ealsoseent ohav ebeenbettertrader
sthanthe
Portuguese.
Therefore,aft
er1831, t
hePor t
ugueseabandonedt heiratt
emptstoest abli
sha
tr
ans-continentalt
rader outefrom theeastcoasttot hewestcoastthrought he
Mwat akazembeKi ngdom.

QUESTIONS.
1.I l
l
ustrat
ehowthearri
valoft
hePortuguesemissionari
esi
nt heZambezi
Vall
eyledt
otheint
ensif
iedPort
ugueseacti
vit
iesintheareabetweenthe
th
secondhal
fofthe16thcent
uryuptothefir
sthalfofthe19 century
.[20]
.

2.Descr
ibetheRelat
ionshi
pbetweenthePor
tugueseandt
heMwenemut
apa
i
nthe16thandthe17thcent
uri
es.[
20].

3.Showhowt hePort
uguesepenet
ratedtheareabetweentheZambeziand
theLimpopor i
ver
s.Whatnewagricul
turef
eaturesdi
dtheyint
roducei
nthe
area?[10:
10].

4.(a)Descr
ibethePort
ugueseexpedi
tionstotheMwatakazembeKi ngdom
between1798and1831.
(b)Whywer ethePor
tuguesenotsuccessfuli
nthi
sarea?[14:
6].

MI
SSI
ONARYACTI
VITI
ESI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA

DAVIDLIVI
NGSTONE
Bef
orethe1800s,
ther
ewer
emanyEur
opeanexpl
orer
swhov
ent
uredi
ntoCent
ral

43
Afr
ica,especiall
yt hePor t
uguesewhoexpl oredtheI nter
iorofCentralAfr
ica.
Howev er,aft
er1850,Dav i
dLi vi
ngst
onebecamet hemostwel lknownexplorer
andmi ssionar
yincent r
alAf ri
ca.Thi
swasbecauseheshar edhi
sKnowledgeof
CentralAfri
cathroughProducingReport
s,pamphlets,
booksandgi vi
ngspeeches
andl ect
uresonhi sexplorati
onsofCentralAfri
catoEur opeansociety.David
Li
vingstoneGreatlycont
ributedtotheHi
storyofCentr
al Afr
ica.

Dav i
dLi vi
ngst one’sbackgr ound
Dav idLivi
ngst onewasbor ni nasmal lvill
ageofBl antyr
einGl asgowi nScotland
i
n 1813.Fr om 1823,hewor ked acot ton f actoryand di d nightschooland
correspondencest udies.I n1840,hegr aduat edasamedi caldoct or.In1841,he
camet oAf r
icaf orthef irstt imeasami ssionar yunderDr .Rober tMof fatofthe
LondonMi ssionarySoci ety( L.M. S).
From 1841t o1849,hewor kedwi thMof fatatt heKur umanMi ssionamongt he
Tswanapeopl e.Howev er, hedeci dedtoest abli
shhi sownmi ssionst ati
onamong
theGr i
quapeopl eatKol obengMi ssion.Howev er,Dav i
dLivi
ngst oner eali
zedthat
hecoul dcont ributemor et omi ssionarywor kbyexpl ori
ngthei nteriorofCent ral
Afri
caandopeni ngitupf ormor emi ssionar ywor k.
In1851,Li vi
ngst oneVi sit
edBar otselandandMetSebi t
wanet her uleroft heLozi
Kingdom.Sebi twaneagr eedt omakeBar otselandt heBasef ormi ssionar ywor k
i
n cent ralAf ri
ca.Thi s mar ked t he Begi nning ofLi vi
ngstone’s car eeras an
exploreraswel lasami ssi onar y.

Davi
dLivingst one’sMaj oraim.
 Hewant edtoexpl oretheint
eri
orofAf ri
cawi t
hthemaj oraim ofopeningit
upf orothermi ssi
onar i
esandtraders.
 Heal sowant edt ospr eadChristi
anitysincehewasf i
rstandf oremosta
mi ssionary.
 Heal sowant edt ointr
oducelegiti
mat ecommer ceandt r
adetor eplacethe
evil sl
avet r
ade.
 Dav idLiv i
ngstoneal sowantedt obringci v
il
izati
ont oAfri
cabyintroducing
l
iteracy( t
he3Rsi .
e.Reading,aRet hematicand wRi ti
ng)and t eaching
met hodsofHy gi
ene.
Davi
dLivingst one’sWor k.
Dav
idLiv ingstone’swor ki nCent r
alAf r
icacanbedi videdintohisthreegr eat
j
ourney
s.Thesewer eunder takenbetween1852and1873.

Fi
rstJourney1852- 1856.
TheaimsofLi v
ingstone’sf
irstj
ourneywereto;
 Expl or
et heZambeziRi verandfi
ndouti fitwasnav
igabl
eanddetermi
neif
itcouldbeusedasani nl
ettoCentralAfri
ca.
 Est abl
ishami ssionstati
oninBulozi.
TheJour neyst art
edi nJune1852.Li vingstonestart
edhisjour
neyfr
om Cape
Townt oKur uman t oKol obeng.In1853,her eachedthecapi
taloftheLozi

44
Kingdom Li nyat i
.Howev er,hef oundt hathi sf ri
endSebi t
wanehaddi edt he
prev iousy earandhadbeensuccededbyhi ssonSekel etu.Af t
ersi xmont hsin
theLoziKi ngdom,Li vingstonelef tbecausehecoul dnotconv er tSekeletuand
fail
edt oest ablishami ssionstation.
Livingst one t hen t rav el
ed west war ds f oll
owi ng the ZambeziRi verpassi ng
throught heLundaKi ngdom ofI shi inde.Dur inghi swest war dsj ourney,heal so
wi t
nessedt heact i
v i
tiesoft heLuv aleSl aver aidersandt heef fects.InMay1854,
Livingst oner eachedLuandaont heWestcoast .
ByOct ober1855, Livingstoner et
ur nedt ot heLoziKi ngdom.Hel efttheKi ngdom
i
nNov emberanddeci dedt oexpl oret hear ea.Hesaw t heVi ctori
aFal l
sand
travel edt hroughTongal andwher ehemetChi efMonze,t heRai nmaker .Het hen
travel edeast war dsal ongt heZambeziRi verunt ilhereachedQuel i
maneont he
eastcoasti n1856.Fr om Quel i
mane, hewentbackt oScotl
and.
Resul tsoft he1stJour ney .
Thej our neywasaf ail
ur ebecauseDav idLi vi
ngst onefail
edt oest abli
shami ssion
stationatLi ny atiandheal sofailedt oconcl udewhet hertheZambezir i
verwas
Nav igabl eornot .
Effect soft heJour ney .
Ont heposi tivesi de,Li vi
ngstonewasabl et oar ousei nt
er estofEur opeansi n
Cent ralAf ri
cabecausehegav espeeches,mader eportsandpubl i
shedabook
entitledMi ssi onaryTr avels.Thenegat i
veef fectofhi sjour neywast hati tledto
ani ncr easei nsl av et r
ading and r ai
ding becauseLi vi
ngst oneuni nt
ent i
onall
y
prov idedi nf ormat i
ononsl avestradi ngar easandr outesinhi swr i
tings.

2ndJourney1858- 1864.
Duringhi s2nd jour ney,theQueenandt heBr iti
shgov er nmentsuppor tedDav id
Livi
ngstonemor al l
yandf i
nancial l
y.Hewasal sogi venast eam shi pt obeused
ont heZambeziRi v er
,whi chhenamedMaRober t.Thi swasbecauset heL. M. S
hadwi thdrawnt hei rsponsor shipaf teradi sagr eementwi t
hLi vingstone.
Theai msofLi vi
ngst one’s2ndJour neywer e;
 Toopenupcommuni cationi nCent ralAf ri
cabyf ull
yest ablishingwhet her
theZambezi Ri
verwasNav i
gableornot .
 Toest abl ishcont actwithAf ri
canr ulersi nthei nter i
orofCent r
al Af r
ica.
The2nd Journeyal soi ncludedanumberofot herwhi t
emi ssionar i
essuchasDr .
nd
JohnKi rkandThomasBai nest houghLi vingst onewast hel eader .The2 j ourney
start
edf rom Quel imaneont heeastcoasti n1858.Heexpl oredt heZambezi
Riverfrom theEastcoastandsoondi scov eredt hatt heRi verwasnotnav i
gabl e
duet othePr esenceoft heCar bor aBasaRapi ds.
Livi
ngstoneal soexpl oredt heShi reRiv erandal sodi scov eredt hati twasnot
navigablebecauseoft heMur chisonRapi ds.Howev er,heal soexpl oredt heShi re
vall
eyandhi ghlands,whi chheconsi der edt ohav ebeensui tablef orhuman
settl
ementatt het ime.I n1860,hewr otear eportandi nv i
tedmi ssionar i
est o
comeandsetupami ssionst ation.In1861,t hemi ssionar i
esoft heUni v er
sities
Mission to Cent ralAf rica (U.M. C.A)came undert he l eader ship ofBi shop
Mackenzi eandsetupami ssionst ati
onatMagomer o.
The2ndJour neyf acedal otofPr oblemsi .
e.Li v i
ngstonepr ov ednott ohav ebeen

45
agoodl eader,manydi edofMal ariaincludi
ngLivingst one’
swi f
eMar yandBishop
Mackenzie.
In1863,bothLi vi
ngstoneandt heot hermissionarieswr otereportstotheBr i
ti
sh
Government .Inr esponset ot heser epor
ts,whi ch wer enegat ive,theBr i
ti
sh
Governmentcal l
edof fthe2ndJour neyin1864.
Resul
tsoft he2ndJour ney.
The2ndJour neywasal soafail
ur ebecausebot ht heZambeziandt heShir
eRi ver
werenotnav i
gabl
eduet orapids.TheMagomer omi ssionwasunsui tabl
eduet o
malari
aandt heYaosl averai
der swhoconst antlydi st
urbedmi ssionarywork.The
eff
ectsofthe2ndJour neywer et hesameast hoseoft he1stJourney.

3rdJour ney1866- 1873.

Livingst oneunder t ookhi sthir
dandl astjourneyusi nghi
sownr esour ces.Hewas
notsuppor tedbyt heBr i
ti
shGov ernmentandhadnocompani ons.Theai msof
his3rdj ourneywer et o;
 Makesci ent if
icandgeogr aphicaldiscoveri
esbyexploringt hemai nri
v ers
andl akesofCent ralAfrica.
 Fi ndt hesour ceoft heNi leRiver
 Fur therexposet hesour ceoft heNi leRiver
rd
Hest artedhi s3 j our neyf r
om Zanzi bari nMar ch1866.Heexpl oredmostoft he
mai nRi versandl akesi nCent ralAfri
caSuchast heLuapula,Congo,Ni l
e,Lake
Bangweul u,Mwer u,Tangany ikaandLakeVi ctori
a.Howev er
,in1871Li vi
ngstone
fellsickandwentt oUj ij
itorecov er.WhileatUjiji
,hemetHenr yMol t
enSt anl
ey ,a
repor terwhohadbeensentbyt heBr i
ti
shGov ernmenttolookf orLi vi
ngstone
whohadbeenawayf oral ongt imewi thoutanynews.
Livingst one choose t o continue his Jour neyagai nstthe advise ofSt anley.
Livingst oneal sowi tnessedt hewor stev il
soft heSl aveTradedur i
nghi sthird
Jour ney .In1873, Livingstonedi edatChi tamboVi llageSout
hofLakeBangweul u
amongt heLal apeopl e.

MAP-
(DAVI
DLI
VINGSTONE’
SGREATJURNEYS)

46
Cont
ri
butions/impor tanceofLi vingstone’ sWor kinCent r
alAfrica
a)Li vingstoneCont ri
butedt ot heendoft heSl aveTr ade.Thoughhedi dnot
hav eani mmedi ateeffectonsl avet radedur i
nghi sti
me, hiswrit
ingsand
speechesmade manyhumani tar
ianst o condemn t he t
rade and its
dest r
uctiveef fectsafterLi vi
ngst one’ sdeat h.
b)Li vingstone’swor kalsocont ributedt othecol oni
zationofCent r
alAf r
ica
becauset hroughhi sexpl orat i
onsandwr it
ings, heopenedupt heinteri
or
ofCent ralAf ricanotonl ytomi ssi
onar i
esbutal sotobusi nessmenand
thispav edwayf orcoloni zation.
c)Asanexpl or e,Livi
ngst oneal socont ri
butedt omappi ngoutmostof
Cent ralAf ri
ca and pr ov i
ded a l otof Geogr aphi caland sci ent
ifi
c
i
nf ormat i
on.
d)Thr ough Li vingstone’sj ourney s,books speeches and appeal s,he
encour agedandi nspiredmanyot herexpl orerstocomet oAfricae.g.
Henr yMol t
enSt anl
eyandFr edr i
ckSel ouswhowasusedbyt heB. S.A
Companyi nCent ralAfrica.

LATERMI SSIONARYACTI VITIESI NCENTRALAFRI CA.

LondonMi ssionar ySoci et
y( L.M.S).
TheL.M.Swasoneoft hefirstmi ssionar ysocietiestoent erCent ralAfrica.This
wasaMi ssionarysoci etywi t
hor iginsf r
om Br it
ain.
Leadi
ngMi ssionar i
es.
i
. Rober tMof fat-Hewast hePi oneermi ssionaryoft heLMSi nCent ral
Afri
ca.Hef irstestabli
shedhi mselfatt heKur umanMi ssioni nBot swanai n
1841.Butasear lyas1828,hewasanactMi ssionar yinSout hAf r
icain
TheTr ansvaalar ea.Itwasher et hathebecamef r
iendswi thMzi l
ikaziof
theNdebel e.In1859,hesentThomasMor gan,Wi ll
iam Sy kesandhi sson
JohnSmi tht oest abli
shami ssionst ati
oni nmat ebel el
anddur ingt herule
ofLobengul a.
ii
. JohnSmi t
hMof fat-Att heageof24,hewassentt oest ablishami ssion
stationinMat ebelel
and.I n1860, heest abli
shedami ssionst ati
onatI nyati
buti twasnotsuccessf ul
.Ther efore,her eturnedt oKur umani n1870t o
replacehisf atherwhohadr etired.
i
ii
. Dav idLivi
ngst one( Ref ert
onot esonhi sBackgr ound) .

Wor koftheLMS.
Thef i
rstmi ssionarywor koft heLMSi nCent ralAfricawasi nMat ebel
eland.
RobertMof fatwhowasaf ri
endtoMzi l
ikazistartedthismi ssi
on.TheMi ssi
on
wasf i
rstest abli
shedatI nyati
,theNdebelecapi tal.Thismi ssi
onwasnotv ery
successfulbecauset heNdebeleKi ngwasr eluctantt oal l
ow hi
speoplet obe
convert
edt oChr i
stiani
ty.
TheSecondmi ssionstati
onwasest abl
i
shedatLi ny
at i
,thecapit
aloftheLozi
Kingdom.Thi swasasar esultoftheFri
endshipandagr eementmadebet ween

47
Li
vingstoneandSebi twane.Duri
nghist i
me,Livingst
onewasnotsuccessf uli
n
establ
ishingami ssi
onstati
oninBul
ozi.In1860,Livi
ngstone’
sfol
lower sHelmore
andPr i
cewi tha110ot her
ssetupami ssi
onstationinBulozi
.Thismi ssi
onwas
notsuccessf ulbecauseofSekelet
u’snegativ
echar acterandf actthatLinyati
wasmal ar i
ainf
ested.
Pri
ceest abli
shedanothermissi
onstati
onatUj i
jiin1877.Thismi ssi
onwasv er
y
successfulandhedeci dedtoext
endhiswor kintoLunguandMambwear easof
North-
east er
nRhodesia.Healsoest
abli
shedtheFwamboMi ssi
on.

Expansi
onoft heWor koftheLondonMi ssi
onarySoci
ety.
Othermissi
onst hatwereopenedupwer e;
 Niamkol oMissi
onnearMpul unguwhichwasopenedupi n1885.
 KawimbeMi ssi
oninMpor okoso,whi
chwasest abl
ishedin1890.
 KashindaMi ssi
on,whichwasopenedi n1899inMpor okoso.
 Mber eshiMissi
onwasest abli
shedin1900i nMwat akazembeareain
Luapula.
 Mabl e Shaw Mi ssi
on wher et he f
ir
stgirl
s’secondar y schoolwas
establi
shedinNor t
hernRhodesia.

I
nfl
uence/impactoft heWor koft heLMS.
a.Theyt ri
edt ospr eadChr istianit
ydespi t
eal otofObst aclesandchal l
enges
especiallyamongt heShonaandt heNdebel ewhohadst rongtradit
ional
reli
gionst hati
nfluencedal laspectsoflife.
b.The LMS was al so influent i
alpol i
ti
call
y.The Mi ssionari
es acted as
adviserst oLobengul aandCeci lRhodesi nt heirconcessionsigningi .e.
TheMof f
atTr eatyof1888,RuddConcessi onofOct ober1888andt he
LippertConcessi onof1891.
c.TheLMSwasal soi nfl
uent ialinit
scampai gnsagai nstslaver
yandsl ave
Tradeandt ri
edt osubst i
tut eitwithlegi
ti
mat et r
adeingoods.
d.TheLondonMi ssionarySoci etyalsoimpr ovedt hesoci alwelf
areoft he
peopl ebybui l
dingpr i
mar yandsecondar yschool saswel lasclini
csand
hospi t
als.

THEUNI VERSITIESMI SSI

ONTOCENTRALAFRI CA(UMCA).
TheUMCAwasf ormedi nresponsetoDavidLiv i
ngst
one’
sappealt
ostudent
sat
Cambr i
dge Uni ver
sit
y t o consider missionary worki
ng Afri
ca as thei
r
responsi
bil
i
ty.TheFirstMissi
onarygroupoftheUMCAar r
ivedi
nMalawii
n1860.

Leadi
ngMi ssi
onar
ies.
a)BishopMackenzie-Hewast heLeaderoft hefir
stmissionar
ygroupthat
ar
ri
v edi
nMal awiandsetupami ssi
onatMagomer o.Howev er
,in1862,
Bi
shopMackenziediedofMalari
af ever
.
b)BishopTozer -
Het ookoverleadershipoftheUMCAaf tert
hedeathof
Bi
shopMackenzie.Helat
erestabl
ishedami ssi
onst
ationatZanzi
bar.

Wor
koft
heUMCA.

48
BishopMackenzi eest ablishedt hef i
rstmi ssionatMagomer oin1861.Howev er
,
the mi ssion was a f ailure because oft he Yao Slaver ai
ders and because
Magomer owasmosqui t
oi nfestedandi tmi ssionworkdisruptedafai
lure.
The second mi ssi
on wor k was atZanzi barand Bi shop Tozerl ed it.He
est abli
shedt hismi ssionamongt hef reedsl avesi
n1863.I n1873,hebui l
ta
cat hedralwher ethebiggestsl av emar ketinEastAf r
icahadbeen.Thi swasaf ter
ther ulerofZanzi barSul tanBar gashwasper suadedtocl osetheSlavemar ketin
1870.
Howev er ,after1875,t heUMCAr eturnedt oMal awiandest abli
shedachai nof
mi ssions.Thi swasasar esultoft het ravelsofW. P JohnsonandChauncy
Mapl esar oundLakeMal awi .In1885,aper manentmi ssionwasest abli
shedat
Likoma.Usi ngast eam boatcal ledChar lesJansen,Johnsonest abli
shedmor e
mi ssion st ations such as Bandawe and suppl i
ed them wi th allrequired
necessi t
iesi.e.medicines.

ExpansionoftheWor koft heUMCA.

Thought heUMCAwasmost lybaseinMal awiandont heeastcoastofAfri
ca,i
ts
workalsospreadintoZambi a.Themi ssi
onsthatwerelaterestabl
ishedwer
e;
 Li nvi
ngstoneMi ssionestabl
ishedin1901byBi shopHi ne.
 TheMpanzaMi ssionamongt heTongathatwasest abli
shedbyBishop
Hine.
 TheMsor oMi ssionest abl
ishedi n1911amongt heKundapeopl eof
Chipata.
 Bi shopopenedt heChi pil
iMissionnearMansaMay .
 TheKat et
eMi ssion,whichwasopenedi n1947.

I
nfl
uence/I
mpactoft heUMCA.
 TheUMCAspr eadChristiani
ty .Thi
swasespeci all
yachievedthroughthe
coloni
sati
onoft heAfri
canCl ergy.
 TheUMCA al sobui l
tschool st or educei l
l
iter
acyandt aughtPr acti
cal
Subjectssuchascar pent ryandbr icklaying.TheUMCAal sobui l
tcli
nics
andhospital
s.
 TheUMCAcampai gnedagai nstsl av etr
adeandof f
eredrefugeetomany
runawayslavesandespeci al
lyatLikoma.
 TheUMCAwasal soinfluentialinlocalpol i
ti
cswer ewarli
ket r
ibeswer e
pacifi
edwhilecruelcustomswer eabandoned.

THEPARI SEVANGI LI
CALMI SSIONSOCIETY( PEMS)
ThePEMSwast hesecondmi ssi
onar
ygroupt hattr
iedtoestabl
ishitsel
finBul
ozi
.
Thegr ouparri
vedinBulozii
nAugust1878.In1878, thePEMScoul dnotestabl
ish
thei
rmi ssioni
nBul ozibecauseofpoli
ti
calinstabi
li
tyintheKi ngdom.Howev er
,
theyretur
nedtot heKingdom i
n1885andwer eabl etoestabl
ishami ssi
on.

Leadi
ngMi ssi
onary.
Theleadi
ngmi ssi
onaryofPEMSwasFr
ançoi
seCoi
ll
ard,
aFr
enchmi
ssi
onar
y.He

49
wassenttoBarotsel
andfrom Botswanawher
ehewor kedamongt heNgwato
wherePEMSwasi ni
ti
all
ybased.Coil
l
ardest
abl
i
shedhi
sf i
rstmissi
onatSef
ulai
n
1885.HeconvertedLewanika’
ssonLi t
iaandbecameaf r
iendandpersonal
advi
sert
oLewanika.

Wor kofthePEMS.
Thef i
rstMi ssionofPEMSwasest abli
shedin1885atSef ul
a.Thi swasdespit
e
thefactt hatthePEMSmi ssionari
eshadar r
ivedintheLoziKi ngdom i
n1878.
Therewaspol iti
cali
nstabi
l
ityintheKingdom.TheSecondmi ssionstat
ionwas
establ
ishedatLeal uiin1892.In1887,theMwandiMi ssi
onwasest abl
ishedi
n
Seshekeandi n1894,theNalol
oMi ssi
onwasest abl
i
shed.

Expansi
onoftheWorkofPEMS.
i. TheMabumbuandSenangaMi ssi
onswereestabl
ishedi
n1898.
i
i. TheLukomami ssionwasopenedin1905.
ii
i. In1934,theLi
mulungaMissi
onwasestabl
ished.
iv. I n1955,
theMuoyoMi ssi
onwasopenedin1955

I
nfl
uence/Result
s/Impactoft hePEMS.
a)Ther ewasspr eadofChr i
stiani
tyasev identfrom t henumberofmi ssi
ons
thatwereest abl
ishedandt hetranslationoft hebi bleint
olocallanguages.
ThePEMSal sot rai
nedt heAf ricancl ergy.Thesef act
orsfacil
it
atedt he
spreadofChr ist
ianit
y .
b)ThePEMSal soi mpr ovedt hesoci alWel l
-beingofAf ri
cansbybui lding
hospit
alsandschool s.
c)The PEMS was al so v eryi nfluentialpol i
t i
call
y.Fr ançoi
se Coi l
lard
especial
ly became a per sonalf r
iend and adv i
sert o Lewanika.He
negoti
atedf orLewani kawi thconcessi onseeker sandi nfl
uencedhimt o
seekBr i
ti
shPr otecti
oni n1890.

WHI TEFATHERS.
ThiswasaRomanCat hol
icorder
,whichwasf oundedin1848byaFr ench
CardinalLav
iger
ie.I
tsai
m wastospreadChri
sti
ani
tyandcampai
gnagai
nstthe
sl
avet radeNort
hoft heZambeziRiv
er.Thi
swasoneoft hemostsuccessful
missionsoci
eti
esinNort
hernZambi
a.

LeadingMi ssionary.
TheLeadi ngmi ssionar
yoft heWhitefat
hersinCentralAf
ri
cawasFat herDupont
who was ofFr ench ori
gin.He was t he one who was responsibl
ef orthe
establi
shmentofmostmi ssi
onstati
onsi nnorthernZambia.Heal sobecame
veryinfl
uentialinthePoli
ti
csoft heBembaKi ngdom asapol i
ti
caladvi
sertothe
Chiti
mukul u.Hel aterbecamet heBishopofMbal aandwasni cknamedMot to
Mot t
obyt hel ocalpeopl
e.

50
Wor koftheWhi teFat her
s.
Thef i
rstmi ssionar ywor koft heWhi teFather
si nAf r
icast ar
tedin1878. Themai n
areaofconcer nf orthismi ssionarysocietywast heGr eatLakesRegi oni .
e.the
areaofLakeVi ctor i
aandUj ij
ionLakeTangany ika.Thei rworklaterextendedt o
Uganda, CongoandTanzani a.
Thesecondmi ssi onarywor koftheWhi t
eFat herswasi nZambi a.After1891,
FatherDupontest ablishedsev eralmi ssi
onstationsi ntheNor thernProv i
nce.In
1891,Fat herDupontest abl i
shedMambweMi ssion,in1895,heest abli
shedt he
KayambiMi ssionandChi lubulaMi ssionwhi chmeanta“ Pl
aceofEscapeor
Refuse”in1897.Thi swasbecauset heplacebecameapl aceofr ef
ugeesf or
thoseescapi ngf rom aci v
ilwaraf terthedeat hofMwambaChi poya.Afterthe
MwambaChi poy aappoi ntedDupontashei rtohi st hrone.Thisgav eDupont
powert oest ablishmi ssi
onst ati
ons.

Expansi
onoftheWhi t
eFather ’
sWor k.
Othermissi
onsthatwereest abli
shedwere:
 In1903,
ChilubiMissi
ononChi l
ubiI
slandbyFr .Dupont
.
 In1905,
LubweMi ssionwestofBangweul u.
 In1910,
theIpusukil
oMi ssionwasopenedi nLuwi ngu.
 In1936,
ChasaMi ssionwasest abl
ishedi nKatete.
 In1914,
theMal ol
eMi ssionwasest abl
ishedinNor t
her
nPr
ovi
nce

I
nfl
uence/Resul t
s/Impactoft heWhi t
eFat her
s.
1.TheWhi teFat her sfoughtagai nstbadcust omsi .
e.witchcraf
t.Fr.Dupont
eventlear ntt heski llofwi tchcraf tsoast ounder standt hecommuni t
y
better.
2.Ther ealsot hespr eadofChr i
st i
anitythrought heest abli
shmentofmany
missionst ationsandt heTr anslationofthebi bleint
olocal l
anguages.
3.TheWhi teFat herswasoneoft hef i
rstmi ssionsoci et
iestoest abli
sh
formalEducat ionf orAf r
icans.TheWhi tef athersalsobui l
tmanyschool s
andhospi tals.
4.Whi tef atherswer eal sov eryinfluenti
alinl ocalpolit
ics,especial
lyfat
her
Duponthi msel f .Hehadbecomeaf ri
endandper sonaladv i
sertoMwamba
Chipoyaandl aterChi ti
mukul uSampawhoheadv isedt oseekBr i
ti
sh
protecti
oni n1893.

FREECHURCHOFSCOTLAND( FCS).
TheFCSwasanot hermi ssionarysoci et
yapartf
rom theUMCAt hatwasactiv
ei n
Malawi.ThisMi ssionsoci etywasf oundedinresponsetoDav i
dLivi
ngstone’s
chal
lengeandi nspirationt oEur opeanChr i
sti
anLeaders.Theideatoestablish
theFCS mi ssi
onst ationsi nMal awiwasi nit
iat
ed byDr .JamesSt ewartof
Lovedale.Hewant edt heFCSt opreserveLi
vi
ngstone’snameandidealst
hrough
anactivememor i
al,ami ssionstationthatwascalledtheLiv
ingst
oniaMission.
TheMi ssionwasest ablishedi n1874i nMalawi.

51
Leadi
ngMi ssi
onary.
Dr.Rober
tLawswast heleadi
ngmi ssi
onaryoft
heFCS.Hewasamedi caldoct
or
whowasspeci ali
zedinthesurgi
calDepartment
.Hehadastrongpersonali
tyand
wasacour ageousanddet er
minedindi
vidual
.Heledt
heLiv
ingst
oniaMi ssi
onfor
52years.

Wor kofTheFr eeChur chofScot l

and.
TheFr eeChur chofScot landwasest abli
shedatCapeMacl earandt hi swas
calledt heLi vi
ngstoniaMi ssion.Dr .RobertLawsest ablishedt heMi ssi
on.The
LivinstoniaMi ssionwasest ablishedont hesouthernshor esofLakeMal awi.It
wasbot haseducat ionalandi ndust ri
altrai
ninginsti
tution.Itwasest ablishedt o
teachbot hthegospel andciv i
lizedwayofl i
fetotheAf ri
cans.
Howev er,CapeMacl earpr ovedt ohavebeenunsui tableasami ssioncent er.The
LivingstoniaMi ssionwasmov edt oBandaweamongt heTongapeopl ein1881.
TheMi ssi
onar i
eswer eal soabl et opersuadeMbel wa’ sNgonipeopl et ost op
rai
dsonot hergroupst of acil
itatet hewor kofthemi ssion.Theyal somanagedt o
openmor emi ssi
onst ationse. g.in1879, Blantyr
eMi ssionwasest abli
shed.
In1894,Anot herLivingstoniaMi ssi
onwasest abli
shedi nNor thernNy asal and.
Thisbecameani mpor tantcent erofLear ni
ngandt rainingoft hecl er
gyf orbot h
Ny asalandandNor t
her nRhodesi a.

Expansionoft heFCS.
1.I n1907,ami ssionstati
onwasest abl
i
shedatChitambov i
l
lagethedeath
place ofDav i
d Li v
ingst
one.Mal com Mof f
atand Dr .HebertWilson
establ
ishedthismi ssi
onstati
on.
2.I n 1913,Dav i
d Kaunda est abl
ished the Lubwa Missi
on in Nor
thern
provi
nceofZambi a.
3.Chansef uMissionwasal soestabli
shed.

I
nfl
uence/Resul ts/Impactoft heFreeChur chofScot land.
i
. TheFCSl edt ot hespr eadofChr isti
anitythr ought heest abli
shmentof
missionst ati
onsandt het ranslationoft hebi blei nt
ol ocall anguages.The
FCSal soAf ri
cani sedt hechur cht hrought hetr
ai ningoft heAf r
icanCl ergy.
ii
. TheLi vingst oniami ssional socont ributedpol itical
lybypr epar i
ngAf r
ican
l
eader sf orindependencebypr ov i
dingt hemostadv ancededucat ional and
professional training.Thi scontributedt ot heriseofAf ri
canNat ionali
sm.
i
ii
. TheMi ssi onariesal socont ri
butedt onew met hodsoff ar minge. g.t he
i
ntroduct ionofpl oughs, newf ruitsandv egetabl es.
i
v. TheMi ssionar i
esal soi nt
roducedhospi talsandcl i
nicst hati mpr ovedt he
socialwel fareoft hepeopl e.

CONCLUSI ON.
Latermi ssionaryacti
vi
ti
esinAf
ri
cawer easar esul
toftheexplorat
ionworkthat
DavidLivingstonedid.Thoughhewasnotsuccessf ulduri
nghi sti
me,t hel
ater
missionariesachievedmostofLi v
ingstone’
sai ms.Posit
ivel
y,themi ssi
onary

52
act
ivi
ti
esl edt oimprovedli
vesforAf r
icansthroughthepr ovi
sionofeducation
andheal t
hf aci
li
ti
es.Theyal soledt otheabol i
ti
onofsl aver
yandsl av
et r
ade
whi
lebadcust omssuchast herai
dingofot hergroupsandbur ni
ngofwi t
ches
were discouraged.On the negati
ve side,mi ssi
onaries act
ed as agents of
col
onizati
oni nCentr
alAfr
icabecauseoft hei
rpoli
ti
calinfl
uenceonAfr
icanrulers.

QUESTIONS.
1.Whower etheleadi
ngfi
guresoftheLivi
ngst
oni
aMi
ssi
on?Descr
ibet
he
aimsandachi
evementsoft
heMission.[
20]
.

2.GiveanaccountoftheWor
kandi
nfl
uencei
nCent
ralAf
ri
cai
nthe19th
centur
yofTwoofthefol
l
owi
ng:

a)TheLondonMi ssi
onarySociet
y.
b)TheUniver
siti
esMi ssi
onToCentralAfr
ica
c)TheLi
vingstoni
aMi ssi
on
d)ThePari
sEv angel
icalMissi
onSociet
y
e)TheWhiteFathers[10:
10].

3.Wri
tebrieflyont heimport
anceoft hefol
lowingintheHist
oryofCentral
Af
ri
ca.
a)Rober tandJohnSmi thMoffat
b)Rober tLaws
c)BishopTozer[ 7:
7:7]
4.
(a)Namef iv
eChr i
sti
anMissionar
ySociet
iesActi
veinAfr
ica.
(b)Ment iononeleaderf
oreachMi ssi
onarySoci
etymenti
oned.
(c)Giv etheaimsandbackgr oundhistor
yofDav i
dLivi
ngstonebef
ore
1852.[ 5:5:
10]

5.Wri
teshor
taccountsontheact i
viti
esandi mport
ancetoCentralAf
ri
caof
t
hefol
lowi
ngChrist
ianMissionar
ies.
a)ThePar i
sEv angel
icalMi ssi
on.
b)TheLondonMi ssi
onar ySociet
y
c)TheUni v
ersiti
esmi ssiontoCentr
alAfr
ica.[
7:7:
7]

6.Di
scusstheworkofDavidLi
vingst
onetoCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Whatwast
he
ef
fectofhi
swor
kinCent
ralAf
ri
ca?[16:
4].

7.Descr
ibetheJour
neysofDr.Davi
dLi v
ingst
oneinAfr
icabet
ween1849
and1873.Whatwer
ether
esult
softheseJourney
s?[
16:4]
.

BRTI
SHIMPERI
ALISM I
NCENTRALAFRI CA
Thet
erm“i
mper
ial
i
sm”r ef
erst
othepenetr
ati
onofEur
opeani
nfl
uencesi
nthe

53
under dev elopedar easofAf ricaandAsi af oreconomi c,socialandpol i
ti
cal
benef i
ts.I nt he 1870s,i mper i
alism was char acteri
zed byt he revivalof
colonialexpansi on.Thi snewi mper ial
ism wasspear headedbyBr i
tainduet o
herindust ri
aldevelopment .Theacqui siti
onoft err
it
or i
esinAf ri
cawasai med
atprov idingr awmat eri
alssuchasr ubber ,cocoaandmi neralores.Col onies
also pr ov i
ded mar ketsforsur plus fini
shed goods f rom Eur ope.Sur plus
capitalfrom Eur opewasal soinv estedinAf r
ica.
JohnCeci lRhodespl ayedav eryi mpor t
antr ol
eint heBr i
ti
shi mper i
ali
sm i n
Souther n and Cent r
alAf ri
ca.He i s known t o hav e been t he gr eatest
i
mper i
alisti nSouther nandCent ralAfrica.Ceci lRhodeswasbor ni n1853i n
England.I nthe1860s,hecamet oSout hAf ricatoleav ewithhisbr otherona
farm duet ohi sillhealth,whi chneededwar m weat her.Int he1880s,he
domi nat edt heDeBeer sDiamondCompany ,theGoldConsol idatedMi nesand
theB. S.ACompany .Rhodesal sobecameapower f
ulpol i
ti
calfigureinSout h
Afri
cai .e.hebecamet heCapePr i
meMi nister1890.

CECI
LRHODES’ AIMS.
Ceci
lRhodes’ ai
msi nCentr
alAfr
icawer e;
1.Hewant edt ocreateaBr iti
shEmpi r
efrom theCapet oCai
roby
extendingBr i
ti
shColoni
alr uleinAfri
caandbui l
dingarai
l
wayli
ne
fr
om t heCapet oCair
o.
2.Heal sowant edt osigntreati
eswi t
hAfri
canChi efsi
ntheCent
ral
Afr
icat ogaincontr
olofter
ritor
iesi
nCentr
alAfri
ca.
3.Rhodesal soaimedatusingf or
cewherenecessar
y.

THEOCCUPATI ONOFSOUTHERNRHODESI A
TheOccupati
onofSouthernRhodesiawasachievedi
nt wophases.Fi
rstthe
occupat
ionofMashonal
and,whi chwasdonethroughthesigni
ngoftreat
ies
andtheoccupat
ionofMatebel
eland,
whichwasachievedthr
oughwarin.

Occupat ionofMashonal and

CecilRhodeswasi nter
est edinMat ebelelandbecauseofi tspotentialasa
goldpr oducingareabecauseoft hemi nordi scoveriesofGol datTat iandt he
evidenceofGol dattheZi mbabwer uins.Inaddi t
ioni twaspar tofhisCapet o
Cairo dream.I n 1887,Ceci lRhodes became awar et hatBoer s oft he
Transvaal underPaul Kr
ugerwer eal sointerest edinMat ebeleland.
TheNdebel eKi ngLobengul awasal sounderal otofpr essuref r
om t he
Europeanswhobecamei nterestedi nhi sKi ngdom.I naddi ti
on,Lobengul a
want ed to secure his posi t
ion wi thint he Ki ngdom.Ther efor
e,i n 1887,
Lobengul a signed a treaty witht he Boer s oft he Tr ansv aalwho wer e
representedbyPi etGrobbl er
.Thi swasat reatyoff riendshi pbetweent he
Ndebel eandt heBoer softheTr ansv aal.Byt hisTr eaty,Lobengul aall
owedt he
Boer stohuntonhi sLand.Thi sTr eatywasr ef er
redt oast heGr obblerTreaty
of1887.
The si gning oft he Gr obblerTr eatyf orced Rhodes t o send hi s own

54
 repr
esent ati
vet onegot iatef orat r
eat ywi thLobengul a.HesentJohnSmi th
Moffatwhowast heHi ghCommi ssi onerofBechuanal andandaper sonal
Chil
dhoodf ri
endt oLobengul a.Thisl edt ot hesi gni ngoft heMof fatTr eatyof
Februar y1888.Byt hist r
eat y ,Lobengul aPr omi sedt heBr i
tishnev ert osign
anyt reatieswi thanyot herEur opeansapar tf rom t heBr iti
sh.Thi st r
eaty
securedt heBr iti
shr out et ot heNor th.
Howev er,CecilRhodeswasnotsat isfiedwi tht heMof fatTreat y.Hedeci ded
tosendChar lesRuddt oNegot i
atef oranot herTr eatywi t
hLobengul a.This
led t
ot he si gning oft he Rudd Concessi on ofOct ober1888.i nt hese
negotiationRuddwasaccompani edbyJamesMcGui reandFr ankThompson
whowasanexper ti nnat iv elanguages.Thet er msoft heRuddconcessi on
were;
 Lobengul agav et heBr i
ti
shMi neralr ight si nMashonal andandhe
agr eedtoal lowaf ewBr iti
sht oent erhi sKi ngdom andl ookf orGold
 TheBr i
ti
shwer eal sogr antedhunt ingr i
ght sonLobengul ahi sland.
 Lobengul awast or eceiv edagunboatont heont heZambeziand1000
ri
f fl
eswi t
h100000r oundsofammuni t
ion.
 Lobengul awasal sot or eceiveamont hlyal lowanceof100pounds.
 Lobengul aal sopr omi sedt ouphol dt heRuddConcessi on.
TheRuddConcessi onl edt ot hecol onizat i
onofSout hernRhodesi a.Lobengul a
signedtheRuddconcessi onwi thoutknowi ngt hef ullextentoft het erms.Ev en
thoughhel at erreal
izedhehadbeent rickedt herewasnot hinghecoul ddot o
stoptheBr i
ti
sh.

THEB. S.ACOMPANYCHARTER
Aftert he signing oft he Rudd Concessi on,Rhodes deci ded t o est abli
sh a
companyt hathewoul duset ocol oniseCent ralAf ri
ca.Heai medatusi ngt he
moneyf r
om hi smi ningcompani est oexpandBr i
tishCol oni alr ul
ei nCent ral
Afr
ica.Ther efore,theB. S.
ACompanyChar terofOct ober1889wasadocument
beari
ngt heQueen’ ssi gnat urethatgav eCeci lRhodesper mi ssi ont ocol onise
CentralAfr
icaonbehal foft heBriti
shgov er nment .Thet er
msoft heChar t
erwer e;
i. TheCompanywasgi vent her i
ghtt o admi ni
stercer taint err
it
or i
esi n
Cent ralAf r
ica.
i
i. The Char teral so gav et he Companymi neraland l and r ightsi nt he
occupi edt errit
or ies.
ii
i. I talsogav et heCompanyt herighttot axt hel ocalpeopl e.
iv. I talsogr antedpowert otheCompany ’
sboar dofdirect orst opassl aws
thatwoul dpr eser vel awandor der.
v. Thechar terwasal lowedt heCompanyt oest ablishasuppr essiveforceof
Policement hatwoul dmai ntainandenf orce.
Aft
erobt ai
ni ngt heB. S. A.Companychar ter,Ceci lRhodesst ar tedr ecruit
ingt he
peoplewhower et obet hef i
rstset t
lersofMashonal and.ThePi oneerset t
lers
hadtobeofbot hAf ri
kanerandBr i
ti
shor igin,hadt obebel owt heageof35and
hadtohav eav ar i
et yoft r
ades.Eachoft he200menwer epr omi sed3000acr es
ofland and 15 gol d cl aims upon r eachi ng Mashonal and.The Gr oup al so
compr i
sedof400sol di ersandabout1000ser vant sf r
om theNgwat opeopl eof

55
Bechuanaland.Thisgr oupwasr ef
err
edt oast hePioneerColumn.TheGr oup
mov edfrom Bechuanal andt hroughMat ebel
elandandset t
ledinMashonaland
wheretheyest abl
ishedt hemselvesatFor tVictor
iaandFor tSal
isbur
y,which
becamet heircapit
al.
The Ndebele di d notfightt he Bri
ti
sh astheyent er
ed and passed t
hrough
Matebelel
andt hought heimpishadwant edto.

Occupati
onofMat ebelel
and
TheoccupationofMat ebel
elandcompletedtheBrit
ishoccupationofSouthern
Rhodesi
a.The Occupat i
on ofMat ebel
eland wasachieved t
hrough war.The
Bri
tishr
eal
izedthatLobengul
awasnotgoi ngtowill
i
nglyhandov erMatebel
eland
tothem.Theref
ore,t
heonlyopt i
onopentothem wasthroughwar.

Causesoft heAngl o-Ndebel eWarof1893

i
. TheBr i
tishwer edi sappoi nt edbyt hefactt hatt heydidnotf indanygol din
Mashonal and.Theyt houghtt heywoul di n Mat ebel eland.The Br it
ish
star tedlooki ngf oranex cuset odecl arewaronMat ebeleland.
ii
. TheBr it
ishoccupat ionofMashonal andal sol edt ot he1893war .The
occupat ioncr eat edpol iticali nstabili
tyint heKi ngdom.Thi swasbecause
theNdebel ei mpi scoul dnol ongerr aidt heShonasast heywer eunder
British Pr otection. The Ndebel e I mpis had al way s consi der ed
Mashonal andast hei rr aidi nggr ounds.Somet imes,t hei mpi scar r
iedout
raids on Mashonal and wi thoutLobengul a’s per mi ssion.Thi s creat ed
tensi onwi ththeBr i
tishset t l
ers.
i
ii
. TheBr iti
shf av or i
ngoft heShonaov ert heNdebel eal so anger edt he
Ndebel e,ast heNdebel eper ceived t hem Shona asbei ng slavesand
inferior.Inaddi tion, theShonawer esomet imesusedast ransl atorsbyt he
Britishaut horiti
es.
i
v. The Ki l
ling of t he Shona sub- chi
ef s Lomagunndiand Chi vial so
cont ributedt ot heout br eakofwar .Thet wo Subchi efshadst opped
pay ingt ri
but et oLobengul a,ast heyf eltsaf eunderBr itishpr otect i
on.
Lobengul asenthi simpi st oki llthet woandgr abt heircat tle.Thi sannoy ed
theBr it
ishAut hor iti
esi nMashonal and.
v. Thei mmedi atecauseoft hewarconcer nedt hecut tingof500met ersof
tel
egr aphi cwi rebyt heShonaunderChi efGomal a.Jamesondemanded
thatchi efGomal asur rendert hecul pri
tsorpayaf i
nei nfor m ofcat tle.The
Chi efchooset opayt hef i
nei nfor m ofcat tle.WhenLobengul aheadt his
hesenthi si mpi st opuni shChi efGomal asi ncebyt radi t
ion, allthecat tlein
theKi ngdom bel ongedt ot heKi ng.ManyShonaswer eki ll
edwhi l
eot hers
seekr efugeeatFor tVi ct oria.TheI mpisdemandedt hatt heMagi strateof
For tVi ct oriaLendyhadt o sur rendert her efugees.Thi sdemandwas
turneddown.Lendyi nfor medJamesonwhowasatFor tSal i
sbur yoft he
sit
uat i
on.
However,t heBr iti
shsaw t hisconf r
ont ati
onasaexcuset ost artwarwi tht he
t
h
Ndebel
eanddest r
oyt hepowerofLobengul a.On14 Jul y1893,t heB. S.A.
Companypol i
ceshotdead30i mpi swhohadnotcompl iedwi tht heor dert o

56
l
eav
et heFor
tVi
ctor
iaar
ea.Thi
sinci
dentwasr
efer
redt
oast
heFor
tVi
ctor
ia
I
nci
dent.

Course/Stagesoft heAngl o-Ndebel eWarof1893

 Fr om 14th Jul yt oOct ober1893,bot hsi desst art
edpr epar ingf orwar .The
Ndebel ewer e18000i nnumberwhi l
et hewhi teset tlerswer eonl y3500but
had an adv ant age i n mobi li
tyas t heyused hor ses and had moder n
weaponssuchast heMaxi m gun.
Jamesonst ar tedor gani zinganar myandr ecruiti
ngt heset t l
ers.Hesi gned
anagr eementwi tht heset tlersonbehal foft heB. S.ACompanycal l
edThe
VictoriaAgr eement .Thi swasasecr etagr eementt hatst atedt hataf ter
thedef eatoft heNdebel eal lwhopar ticipat edwoul dbegi v en2, 700acr es
ofland, 20gol dcl aimsandashar eofLobengul a’
scat tl
e.
TheB. S.A.Companyt roopswer eor gani sedi nt
ot hreecol umns.TheFor t
VictoriaandFor tSal isbur yt roopswer el edbyAl lanWi lsonandMaj or
Wi l
li
am For besr espect i
v ely.Thet hirdcol umnwasf r
om Tat iandCapt ain
Raafcommandedi t.
 Bef or e24thOct ober1893, theBr i
tishandt heNdebel ef oughtmi norbat t
les.
th
Howev er ,ont heni ghtof24 Oct ober ,thef irstmaj orbat tl
et ookpl aceon
thebanksoft heShaaganiRi v er.TheNdebel eattackedt heBr it
ishl aager
atandki ll
edmanyoft heAf ri
canr efugeeswhower esl eepi ngout sidet he
l
aager .Bymi dmor ning,t heBr it
ishhadki lledmanyNdebel ei mpi susi ng
theMaxi m gun.TheBr itishsuf feredf ewcasual ti
es.
 Thesecondmaj orbat tlewasf oughton31stOct oberal ongt heMbembesi
nd
River.TheNdebel ewer edef eatedagai n.Ont he2 ofNov ember1893, the
Brit
isht roopsr esumedt hei radv anceofBul away oLobengul a’scapi t al
.
The ai m was t o capt ur et he Capi taland ar restLobengul a.Howev er,
Lobengul aabandonedandbur nthi scapi talandf lednor thwar dst owar ds
theZambezi River .
 On4th Nov ember1894,t heBr i
tishoccupi edBul away oandhoi stedt he
Brit
ishf l
ag.Thi scompl etedt heBr i
ti
shoccupat i
onofSout her nRhodesi a.
TheBr itisht roopswer esentt of ollow andcapt ureLobengul aundert he
commandofMaj orFor bes.I tissai dt hatLobengul at ri
edt osur r
enderand
offered2bagsofgol dt obet akent oJamesonasapeaceof feri
ng.
th
Howev er ,thet wot rooper swhof oundhi m ki lledhi m ont he4 ofJanuar y
1894andst olet hegol d.TheBr i
t i
shl eader sinfor medt heNdebel et hat
theirKi nghaddi edofSmal lpoxandbef orehedi edhest atedt hathe
want edt hem t ost opf i
ght i
ngandl eav ei npeacewi ththeBr iti
sh.

Resul
tsoftheWar
a)TheNdebel ewer edefeat
edandbecameBr i
ti
shsubj
ects
b)Theyl osttheirlandandcattl
etotheB.S.A.Company.
c)Theywer er elocatedtotheShaaganiandGwai iNativ
eReserves,
whi
chwer esmal landhadinfer
ti
lesoi
ls.
d)Mat ebelel
andandMashonal andbecameoneandt heterr
it
orywas
cal
l
edRhodesi ainMemor yofCecilRhodes.

57
 e)TheMatebel
elandOr
der
-i
n-Counci
lwaspassedt
oadmi
nist
ert
he
newt
err
itor
y.

THEBRI TISHOCCUPATI ONOFNYASALAND

TheBr itishoccupat ionofNy asal andwasasar esul toft hemi ssi onaryact iviti
es
andbusi nessmenwhohadr espondedt oDav i
dLi vingst one’ sappeal stoest abl i
sh
mi ssionst at ionsandr epl acet hesl av etradewi t
hl egiti
mat etradeandcommer ce.
Byt he1880s,Scot ti
shMi ssi onar ygr oupssuchast heFr eeChur chofScot land
hadest abl ishedmi ssi onst ations.Whi l
ebusi nessmenopenedupcompani es
suchast heLi vingst oni aCent ralAf ricanCompany ,whi chwasl ater, r
eferredt oas
theAf r
icanLakesCompany .
Howev er ,t he wor k oft he mi ssionar i
es and t he Busi nessmen wer e bei ng
disturbedbyt heAct i
v i
tiesoft heYaoandt heSwahi l
isl av er aider s.Theyasked
theBr i
tishGov ernmentt oi nter venei nt hear ea.TheAngl o-Swahi liwarof1887t o
1889conv incedt heBr i
tisht obr i
ngNy asal
andandcol oni al r
ule.
TheBr itishoccupat ionofNy asal andwasachi ev edt hrought hesi gni ngoft reat i
es
withSwahi lil eader ssuchasMl ozi.Themanwhopl ay edamaj orr olei nt he
Briti
shoccupat i
onofNy asal andwasHar r yJohnson.Hewasal soast aunched
i
mper ialistl ikeCeci lRhodeswhowant edt oexpandBr itishcol onial ruleinCent ral
Africa.Johnsonhadt rav eledt omanypar t
sofAf ricaandwasast udentof
Africansoci et i
esandl anguages.
Johnsonachi ev edhi si mper iali
stmov esonBehal foft heBr i
tishGov ernment
throught hesi gni ngoft reat i
eswi thAf ri
canChi efsandheadmen.Thet reatieshe
negot iat edf orwer egener allyr ef err
edt oast heJohnsonTr eat i
es.Theai msof
theset r eat i
eswer eto;
 Est abl i
shsomesor tofl egalbasi sf ort akingawayl andf rom t heAf r
ican
Chi efs
 Toacqui relandandmi ner alrightsf orEur opeanCompani es.
 Toenabl eBr iti
shagent st oendt hesl avet r
ade.
Har ryJohnsonal sowor kedi ncl osecol l
abor ationwi t
hCeci lRhodewhowant ed
toPr ot ectCent ralAf ricaf rom Ger manandPor t
uguesei mper iali
sm.I n1890t he
twometi nLondonanddi scussedhow t heywoul dwor kt oget hert oensur e
Briti
shCont rolI nCent ralAf ri
ca.Howev er,Johnsonf acedanumberofPr oblems
witht hePor tugueseandNgoni sinSout hernMal awi .
Ther efor eJohnsondeci dedt oappoi ntamanbyt henameofSi rAl fredShar peas
hisv icet oassi sthi mi nhi st askoft reatymaki ng.Hi smai nar eaofconcer nwas
theLowerLuangwav alley ,whi chwaspar tofNor th-east ernRhodesi aorpr esent
dayEast ernPr ov i
nceofZambi a.

OCCUPATI ONOFNORTHERNRHODEDSI A.
TheBriti
shoccupati
onofNor t
hernRhodesiawasachievedintwophasesfr
om
twodirect
ions.TheOccupat
ionofNor th-west
ernRhodesiawasachi
evedfr
om
theSouthi.
e.MashonaandMat ebel
eland.Whil
etheoccupati
onofNor
th-
east
ern
Rhodesiawasachiev
edfrom Nyasal
and.

58
TheOccupat i
onofNor th-East er nRhodesi a.
TheBr iti
shOccupat i
onofNor t h-ast er nRhodesi awasachi ev edf rom Ny asaland
asar esul toft heext ensi onoft het reat ymaki ngact i
v i
tiest hatwer est ar t
edby
HarryJohnson.I n1890,Johnsonr ecr ui tedAl f
redShar peassi sthi mi nt hear ea
ofthel owerLuangwav alley .Anot hermanwhowasi nf luent i
alint heoccupat i
on
ofNor th-easternRhodesi awasJosephThompsonaper sonalr epresent ativeof
Cecil Rhodes.Hewasanexper ienceAf ricanexpl orer.
TheBr itishOccupat ionofNor th-east ernRhodesi awasachi evedl atert owar ds
theendoft he19th cent ur y.Thi swasbecausebot hRhodesandJohnsonwer e
busyi nS.Rhodesi aandMal awir espect ively.Inaddi t
ion,power fulgr oupssuch
ast heNgoniofMpenzeni ,theLundaofMwat akazembe,andt heBembaunder
Chiti
mukul uoccupi edt hear eas.TheBr i
tishr ealizedt hatt hesewar riorgr oups
werel ikel ytoresistandt her ef or ef or cemi ghtber equi red.
From Januar y1890,Al fredShar pt riedt onegot i
at ef ort reat i
eswi thchi efand
headmenoft helowerLuangwav alleyar ea.Hewasnotv erysuccessf ul because;
a)TheNgoniChi efMpezeniwasf ri
endl ybutsuspi ciousofwhi t
emen’ s
mot i
ve.Inaddi t
ion,Mpezeniwasconf i
dentt hathi sst r
ongNgonist ate
woul dnev erneedBr iti
shpr ot ect ion.
b)ThePeopl ei nt heLuangwaar eawer eal soaf raidandsuspi ciousoft he
act iv
iti
esoft heChi kundaandPr azoowner sofZumbodi str i
ctoft he
Zambezi vall
ey .
Theref ore, Mpezeni r
ef usedt osi gnanyt reat i
eswi tht heB. S.A.Companyof f
ici
als.
Howev er ,Mpezeniwasv er yf riendl ywi thaGer manadv ent urercalledCar lWi ese
andgav ehim aconcessi onofmi ner alr ight sov er2590000hect aresi nr eturnfor
PortuguesePr otectionagai nstt heBr i
tish.I n1891,Wi esesol dhi sconcessi ont o
aPor tuguesecompanycal l
edMozambi queGol dLandandConcessi onCompany .
Thisf or cedt heBr i
ti
sht ocl aimt hatt hei rconcessi onseeker swer ef i
rstint he
terr
itoryt hought heydi dnotobt ainanyconcessi onsf rom Mpezeni .
TheBr i
tishf ormedaRi v alCompanycal ledt heNor thChar ter
landExpl orati
on
Companywher emostoft heShar eswer eownedbyt heB. S.ACOMPANY.The
Companyst art
ednegot iatingwi tht hePor tuguesecompanyandobt ainedsome
ofthemi neralri
ght s.
Mpezenit ri
edt or esistthei nf l
uxofEur opeansi nt heKi ngdom especi allyhisson
Nsinguwant edt odr iveoutt heBr i
tishbyf orce
Howev er ,byDecember1897t her elat ionbet weent heNgoniandt heBr it
ishhad
deteriorat edandbot hsi deswer epr epar i
ngf orwar .By1900, t
heNgonihadbeen
defeat edandsubdued.For tJamesonwasest ablishedast hecol onialcapi talof
Northeast ernRhodesi a

Treat
ieswit
htheMwat akazembe.
I
nt heLuapulaval
leyofPr esentdayZambia,Al
fredSharpemanagedtosi
gn
tr
eati
eswithNsamaoft heTabwaandt heMwat akazembe.TheTermsoft
he
Treat
ywiththeMwatakazembewer e;
 TheMwat akazembeaccept edBri
ti
shProtecti
onfrom theSwahi
l
iwho

59
 wer eint
erferingi ntheKingdom.
 TheMwat akazembegr antedtheB.S.ACompanyMi neralandlandri
ghtsin
theKingdom.
I
n1899,t heB.S.ACompanydeci dedtodest roytheMwat akazembepowerand
ful
lyoccupyt hear eat hought heyhadearlyest abl
ishedapostatMower sin1895.
I
nOct ober1899aBr i
tishforceunderCapt ai
nE. C.Mar gesssonmat chedint
ot he
Mwat akazembeKi ngdom butmetl it
tl
er esistancebecauset heKingdom had
great
lydecl i
nedduet oi nt
ernalandexternalfactors.

TreatywiththeBembaKi ngdom
TheBembaki ngdom wascol oni
zedasar esul
toft heInternalproblemsoft he
Kingdom thatf orcedtheChiti
mukul utoaskforBri
ti
shpr ot
ect i
on.AftertheDeat h
ofChi t
imukul u Chitapankwa,t here was a succession dispute bet ween his
successorSampaandSeni orChiefMwambaChi poy a.Throught hei nfl
uencea
WhitefathersMi ssionar
yBi shopJosephDupont ,theChi ti
mukul urequestf or
Brit
ishProtection,whichwasgr antedtohim.Therefore,t
heBr it
ishoccupat i
onof
theBembaKi ngdom wasmetwi t
hlitt
ler
esist
ance.

TheBr it
ishOccupat i
onofNor t hwesternRhodesi a.
TheAf ri
canRul erwhowasr esponsiblef ort heBr iti
shOccupat i
onofNor t
h-
WesternRhodesi awasLewani kaoft heLoziKi ngdom.Lewani kahadf acedal ot
ofinternalandext ernalpr oblemssi ncehecamet opoweri n1878.Hef aced
probl
emsf rom member soft heMul ongwanj iCounci l.In1884,member soft he
councilledbyTat il
aAkuf unat emporar i
lyov erthrewhi m.Whenhewasr estored
topower ,hedi dev erythi
ngpossi blet ohol dont opower .Inadditi
on,Lewani ka
wasal soaf r
aidofext ernalt hreat
si .
e.t hepossi bleat t
ackf r
om t heNdebel e
UnderMzi likaziandt heEur opeanswhower eencr oachingonhi sKi ngdom i .e.
TheGer mans, thePor tugueseandt heBr itish.
Therefore,Lewani ka Made f ri
ends wi th out siders who woul d hel p him.He
becamef r
iendswi thami ssionaryFrançoi sCoi ll
ar doft hePEMS, ChiefKhamaof
theNgwat oofBechuanal andandGeor geWest beechaGer manTr ader .Chief
Khamai nPar t
icularPer suadedLewani kat oseekBr it
ishpr otect
ionsincehehad
thepreviousy ear.Asar esul t
,Lewani kasi gnedsev eral t
reatieswiththeBr it
ish.

TheWar eConcession-1889
Bri
ti
shcoul drespondt ohisr equestforprotecti
on,Lewani
kasignedt heWar e
Concessionwi thaGer mant r
aderHenr yWar einJune1889.Thet ermsoft he
WareConcessi onwere;
 War ewasal l
owedt opr ospectformineral
sinTongalandandi ffoundto
mi neforaperiodof20y ears.
 Lewani kawast orecei v
eanannualamountof200poundsasmi neral
royalt
ies.
I
nt histreat
y,Lewanikahadexagger atedthear eaofLoziPol i
ti
calcont r
olto
i
ncludetheIlaandTongaar easintheSout handasf arasKat
angaint heNorth.

TheLochnerConcessi
on-
1890.

60
AfterCecilRhodeshear doft hesi gningoft heWar eConcessi on,Hedeci dedt o
persuadeHenr yWar et osel lhimt heConcessi on.Ceci lRhodesdeci dedt obuy
theWar eConcessi onbecausei twaspar tofhisai mt oachi evet heCapet oCai ro
Dream.I naddi tion,hewant edt ocont r
olthecopperpr oduci ngar eaintheNor th,
whichLewani kacl aimedt obeunderLozi contr
ol.
Rhodessenthi sper sonal represent ati
veFr ankLochneri near l
y1890t oLewanika.
Hewast oinfor m Lewani kat hatt heWar eConcessi onhadbeenboughtbyt he
B.S.A Company .Hewasal sot ogi veLewani kat hei mpr essiont hathewas
dealingdirectlywi t
ht heBr i
tishGov ernment .Wi ththeencour agementofChi ef
Khamaoft heNgwat oandFr ançoi sCoi l
l
ar dwhohadbecomeaper sonalfri
end
andadv iser,Lewani kasignedt heLochnerConcessi oni n1890.Thet ermswer e;
1.Lewani kagav et heBr it
ishexcl usivemi neralandl andr i
ghtsinr i
ghtsi n
Tongal and.
2.Lewani kaal sopr omi sednev ertomakeanyt reat ieswi thotherEuropeans.
3.Lewani kawasi nt urnpr omisedanannualsal aryof2000poundsand
mineral royal t
ies.
4.Hewasal sopr omisedpr otecti
onagai nstNdebel eat tacks.
5.Lewani kawasal sot oallowaBr iti
shRepr esent ativer esidentatLealui.
6.TheB. S.ACompanywast obui l
dschool sf orLozichi l
drenandpr omot e
tr
adeandi ndust r
yinBul ozi.
Howev er,forov er7y ears,theBr it
ishdidnotf ollowuponsomeoft hetermsof
theLochnerConcessi onespeci all
yt hesendi ngofar esidentr epresent
at i
vet o
Lealui.

TheLawl eyTr eatyof1898.

Thistreat ywasmer elyar evi
sionoft heLochnerConcessi onof1890.I twas
si
gnedbet weenLewani kaandAr thurLawl eywhowasaBr it
ishAdmi nistratorof
Matebel eland.Thet ermsoft heTreat ywer e;
 Rev isedt hetermsoft heLochnerConcessi onandaddi t
ionwer emade.
 TheTr eat yal l
owedt heB. S. ACompanyadmi nistr
ativeaut horityov eral l
ar easthatwer ecl aimedtohav ebeenunderLewani ka’sr ule
 TheWest ernbor der soft heKi ngdom wer ealsoext endedandmor el and
takenaspar toftheLozi Kingdom.
Howev er ,thist r
eatywasnev ersi gnedbecauseBr i
tishdeci dedt oexer tmor e
poli
ti
calcont roli n areas wer et he B. S.A Company oper ated.The Br iti
sh
Governmenthadl ostconf i
denceint heB. S.A.Companyr uleaf t
erev entst hathad
beenHappeni ngi nSout hernRhodesi ai
.e.t heNdebel eandShonaUpr isings.The
Bri
ti
shpassedaspeci all awcalledTheBar otsel
andOr der-i
n-Counci l
.Undert hi
s
l
aw,Bul oziwasnow t obecal l
edNor t
hWest er
nRhodesi aorBar otseland.The
Lawalsopr ov
idedf oranAdmi nistratorwhowasnomi natedandappoi ntedbyt he
Company but appr ov ed by t he Br i
ti
sh Gov ernment t hr ough t he Hi gh
Commi ssi oneratt heCape.TheFi r
stadmi ni
str
atorofBar otsel andwasRober t
Coryndon.

Vi
ctor
iaFal
l
sTr
eat
yorTheCor
yndonTr
eat
y-1900.

61
Thistreatywassi gnedbet weent heNew admi nistr
at orRober tCor yndonand
Lewanika.Theai m oft hi
st reat
ywast oclari
fyandconf ir
mt het ermsoft he
LawleyTreat ythatwasnotsi gned.Thet ermsoft histreat ywere;
i
. TheB. S.A.Companywasgi v
enr ighttogi vel andgr antst oEur opean
Sett
lersi nanypar toft heLoziKi ngdom apar tfrom Bar otselandProper
(t
heor iginal areaoft heLuy irulersint hefl
oodpl ains).
i
i
. TheCompanywasal sogi v enjudi cialpowerst ot rycasesespeci all
ythose
concer ning Wi tchcraf tin anypar toft he LoziKi ngdom butnev eri n
Barotselandpr oper.
ii
i
. Undert hist reaty,Lewani ka’sannualal l
owancewasr educedf rom the
Agreed2000poundst oonl y850.
Thesigningoft histreatyl edt ot hel ossofpol it
icalpowerandi nfl
uencef or
Lewanika.Hel ostcont rolov ertheTr ibut east heconquer edchi efswer enow
underBrit
ishPr otectionandwer er equiredt opayt axtot heCompany .Inaddit
ion,
theBriti
shst ar tedi nter
feri
ngi nt heaf fairsofBar otselandpr oper .Thisfurt
her
weakenedLewani kaasapol iti
cal fi
gur e.

TheLewani kaTr eatyof1916.

Thiswasat r
eatyt hattheBrit
ishSouthAfri
canCompanyf orcedLewanikatosign.
Bythistreaty,Lewani kawasf or
cedtoclaimt het
erri
tor
yft heLambapeopl ein
theCopperbel tar ea.Thiswasaf t
erthediscover
yofcopperi nthearea,which
theCompanywant edt ocl
aim.
By1916,Lewani kahad l ostallhispoliti
caland economicpower sand had
becomeamer epuppetoft heBr i
ti
sh.Bythisti
me,theBrit
ishhadful
lyoccupied
Norther
nRhodesi a.

QUESTI
ONS
1.Whatwerethecauses,
event
sandt
her
esul
tsoft
heNdebel
eWarof1893
t
o1894?[
20].

2.Show how andwhyLobengulagrantedconcessi

onstotheBr
it
ishSout
h
Afr
icanCompanyandot heragenciesintheperiod1870to1890.Who
gai
nedmostf r
om t
heseagreementsandwhower ethel
oser
s?[
20].

3.How didtheBri
ti
shSouthAfr
icanCompany(
B.S.
A.Co)gai
ncont
rolof
Nor
th-wester
nRhodesi
a?[
20]
.

4.Descri
betheNegoti
ati
onbetweenLobengulaandtheConcessi
onseeker
s
andthesubsequentoccupat
ionofMashonalandbet
ween1870and1890.
[20]

5.Di
scusshowthefol
lowi
ngt
reat
iescont
ri
but
edt
otheoccupat
ionofNor
th-
west
ernRhodesi
a.

62
 (
a)TheWareConcessionof1889.
(
b)TheLochnerConcessionof1890
(
c)TheLawleyTreatyof1898
(
d)TheCoryndonConcessionof1900
(
e)TheOrder-
in-
Council
(
f)TheLewanikaTreaty.

6.Expl
ainhow t
heBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
canCompanyOccupi
edNor
th-
east
ern
Rhodesi
a.[
20]
.

THECENTRALAFRI CANFEDERATI ON
TheCent r
alAfri
canFederati
onwast hei nco-operationoruni tingofNor t
hern
Rhodesia,Souther
nRhodesi aandNy asalandi ntoonet erritor
yunderone
gover
nment ,whichwasr ef
erredtoast heFeder alGov ernment .Howev er,
eachstatewassupposedt ohav eit
sowngov ernmentt odeci deoni tsaffai
rs.
TheFeder ati
on wasal so r
eferr
ed to ast heFeder ati
on ofRhodesi aand
Nyasalandanditcamei ntoexist
encei n1953.Howev er,t
heFeder at
ioncame
toanendi n1963duet ostrongAfricanopposi t
ion.Thiswasbecauset he
White minori
tyf r
om Sout hern Rhodesi a most ly cont rol
led t he Federal
GovernmentandAf r
icansdidnotbenef i
tmuchf rom t heFeder ati
on.

REASONSFORFEDERATI ON
Theideat oamal gamat eNor thernandSout hernRhodesiastartedasear l
yas
1930sbyt hewhi teset tl
er sinbot har eas.Ther ewer ebotheconomi cand
pol
it
ical r
easonsf oradv ocat i
ngforf eder at
ion.Thesewer e;
 Whi tesi nNor thernandSout hernRhodesi awantedt omai ntai
nwhi t e
domi nationi nbot ht erri
tori
es.
 Thewhi t
eset t
lersal sowant edt oachi ev eeconomicinter-dependence
ofthet hr eet erritori
es.Thi swasbecauseeachoft het
hr eet err
it
ories
produced di fferentcommodi ti
es i.e.f ood,coaland t obacco f rom
Souther nRhodesi a,copperf r om Nor t
hernRhodesi aandl abourfrom
Nyasaland.
 Whi teset tlersi nSout hernRhodesi awant edtohav econt roloft he
copperi nNor ther nRhodesi a.
 TheWhi teset tlersi nNor ther nRhodesi ahat edthePol i
cyofAf ri
can
Paramount ancy ,whi chwasi ntroducedi nthe1930sbyt hePassi fied
Memor andum.Theywant edt ogetr i
doft hi
spoli
cybyjoi ningwi t
ht he
sett
lersinSout her nRhodesi a.
 Feder ation woul d al so lead t o co- operati
on in many ar eas e. g.
tel
ecommuni cations,hy droelect ri
cpower ,researchanddev el
opment
i
nf i
eldsofheal th, agr i
cult
ure, industryandeducat ion.

ARGUMENTSFORANDAGAI NSTFEDERATI
ON
Thewhi
teset
tl
ersbot
hinNort
her
nandSouther
nRhodesi
aandsomeAf
ri
cansi
n

63
SouthernRhodesi
awhower eattr
actedtothepromisedpolicyofpar
tner
ship
argued forthe f
ormat
ion ofthe feder
ati
on.However,Afri
cans i
n Nort
hern
Rhodesia as wel
las the Bri
ti
sh Governmenti
nit
ial
ly opposed t
he i
dea of
federat
ion.

Ar
gumentsf orFederati
on
1)Federat i
onwoul dbri
ngeconomi cpr osperi
tytoallthethreeareas, asthey
woul dcompl ementeachot hereconomi cal
ly.
2)Allthreest at
eswouldshar eint heeconomi cbenef i
tsfrom theGol dand
coppermi nesinSouther
nandSout hernRhodesi a.
3)Federat i
onwoul dleadt oast rongerBr it
ishStateinCent r
alAf ricathat
woul dcheckorst opthespreadofSout hAf ri
canRacialpoli
cies.
4)Afri
cansi nSout her
nRhodesi aSuppor tedFeder at
ionbecauset heywer e
attr
act edtotheconceptofPar tnershipasopposedt othepol i
cyofr aci
al
di
scr i
mi nati
onthathadexistedearli
er.

Argument sAgai nstFeder ation

TheAf ri
cansi nNor t
hernRhodesi aandNy asalandopposedFeder ationbecause;
i
. Si ncet hetwower epr otectoratesoft heBr i
ti
shgov ernment ,theywer e
used tot hepol i
cyofAf ri
canPar amount ancyand wer eawar et hata
feder
at i
onwoul dbecont roll
edanddomi nat edbyt hewhi test hatwer ei n
themi nori
ty.
ii
. Theyal sodi dnotwantt hepol i
cyofr aci aldi scri
mi nationt hatpr evailedi n
SouthernRhodesi at obei ntroducedi nNor thernRhodesi aandNy asal and
aswel l.
i
ii
. Somewhi teset tl
er sinSout her nRhodesi apr eferredauni onwi t
hSout h
Afri
car athert hanaf eder ati
onwi thNor thernRhodesi aandNy asal and
becauset heywant edt ocont inuewi t
ht hei rracialpol i
cies.
i
v. Thej oiningoft het woRhodesi asandNy asal andwoul dhav ebeendi f ficult
duetot hef actthatSout hernRhodesi awasacol onyandf ollowedapol i
cy
ofDirectrulewhi leNor thernRhodesi aandNy asalandwer ePr otector ates
andfol l
owedi ndirectrule.
v. TheBr i
ti
sh opposi t
ion Labourand Li ber alPar t
iesopposed f eder at i
on
becauset heydi dnotwantt of orceAf ri
cansi nt
oit.
vi
. Af ri
canswer eal soskept icaloft hepr oposedpol i
cyofPar t
nershipand
beli
evedt hatt heonl yki ndofpar tnershipt hatwoul dev erexi stbet ween
thetwor aceswoul dbel i
ket hatof“ ar i
derandahor se”.
Despitetheopposi tiontot heFeder ation,itwasi nt roducedi nOct ober1953.Thi s
wasbecausei twasdeci dedt hatt hear gument sf orfederat i
onout weighedt hose
against.

64
THEFEDERALCONSTI TUTI ON
Inor dert opr epar ef ort hef eder ationconst itution,therewer esev eralmeet ings
thatwer eheldbet ween1949and1953.I nFebr uary1949,r epr
esent ativesf r
om
thet hreet err
itor iesmetatt heVi ctori
aFal l
sConf erencet omakepr oposal sf or
thef ormat i
onoft heFeder ation.Howev er,theLabourPar tyGover nmentr ejected
thePr oposal sbecauseAf ri
canswer enotr epresent ed.
In1951, theConser vat i
vePar tycamet opoweri nBr i
tainunderWi nstonChur chill
.
Hewassy mpat hetict ot hewhi teset t
lerswi shf oraFeder ati
on.Int hesamey ear,
anotherconf er ence was hel d att he Vi ctor i
a Falls.Al though Af r
icans wer e
represent ed,theydi dnotagr eet ot hepr oposedconst i
tuti
on.
In 1952,t he Conser vativ
e Gov ernmentunderChur chillcalled foranot her
confer encei nLondont of i
nal i
sedi scussi onsont heFeder alconst i
tuti
on.Att his
confer ence,al lwer er epresent edincludingAf ri
cans.TheAf ri
canr epresent at i
ves
sti
llpr otestedagai nstt heFeder alconst i
tution.Howev er,theBr i
tishgov er nment
sentaconser v ativepol iti
ciant oCent ralAf ricat ofi
ndoutt heAf ri
canv i
ewson
Feder ation.Hef alselyr epor tedt hatAf ri
canswer eforFeder at
ion.Ther ef ore,i n
October1953,t heBr it
ishGov ernmentappr ov edt hef ederalconst it
utiont hatl ed
tothef ormationoft hef eder ation.
SirGodf r
eyHuggi nswhohadbeent hePr imemi nisterofSout hernRhodesi a
becamet heFir stFeder al PrimeMi nister.

Ter
msoft heFeder alConst i
tut i
on.
 Theconst itutionpr ov i
dedf oraf eder alpar l
iamentt obebasedi nSalisbury,
whi chwast hef eder alcapi t al.TheFeder alPar li
amentwoul dconsi stof36
member sofpar liament ,18f rom Sout her nRhodesi a,11f r
om Nor t
her n
Rhodesi aand7f rom Ny asal and.Oft he36, onl y6woul dbeAf r
icans.
 TheConst i
t utional sopr ov idedf oraFeder alGov er
nmentt hatwoul dbe
basedi nSal isbur yandi n1954,Si rGeof freyHuggi nsbecamet heFi rst
feder al Gov er nor /Pr i
me mi nister . The Feder al Gov er nor was al so
responsi bl
ef ort heappoi nt mentofaf eder al cabinet .
 TheFeder alConst itutional sopr ov i
dedf oranAf r i
canAf fairsBoar d.Thi s
boar dwasmadeupof3Eur opeansr epr esent ingAf ricansand3Af ri
cans
from t het hr eet err i
tories.Thedut iesoft heAf ri
canAf fairsBoar dincluded
prot estingagai nstanybi llsegr egat i
ngagai nstAf ricans.
 Franchi sewasgi ven t o al lwhi teset tlersofv ot i
ng agebutv eryf ew
Af r
icanswer eal lowedt ov ot e.
 TheFeder alGov ernmentwoul dcont rolFi nance,t rade,communi cation,
i
ndust ryanddef ense.Whi let het err
itoriesandt heirl ocalgov er
nment s
woul dber esponsi blef orEducat i
on, l
and, agr icult
ur eandheal th.
 Feder alRev enuecamef rom i ncomet axf rom al lthreet errit
oriesbutt he
bulkcamef rom Nor ther nRhodesi ancopper .TheRev enuewasdi vi
ded
i
nt o;60% f ort he f eder algov ernment ,17% f orSout her n Rhodesi an
Gov ernment ,17% f ort heNor ther nRhodesi anGov ernmentandonl y6%
per centf orNy asal and.
 TheFeder alConst itutionwast ober ev i
ewedwi thin7y ear s.Ifitwor ked
wel l,t he Feder at ion woul d be gi ven i ndependence f rom t he Br i
ti
sh

65
 Gover
nment .
 TheBrit
ishGovernmental
soret
ainedsomepower
sov
ert
her
evi
ewoft
he
const
it
ution,
Afr
icanaff
air
sanddefense

ADVANTAGESANDDI SADVANTAGESOFFEDERATI ON.

Nor thernRhodesi a.
Adv antages.
Economi cally
,federati
onledtoani ncr
easeinemploymentandt hi
sr aisedthe
st andar dsofl iv
ingformostAf r
icans.Nort
her
nRhodesiaal
sobenef i
tedf rom t
he
cheaphy dro-el
ectr
icalschemeatKar i
baandt hi
sboostedpr oductioni nthe
mi nes.Nor thernRhodesianagri
culturewasal
soboostedwit
hthewheatandr i
ce
gr owi ngschemesont heKafueFlats.
Pol i
ti
cally,Federat
ionwasadv antageoustoNort
her
nRhodesiainthatitledtothe
rise of Af r
ican Nat i
onal
ism.Thi s was a posi
tive movet owards Af ri
can
Independence.

Disadvant ages.
Federationl edt oal ackofbr oadbasedeconomyf orNor t
hernRhodesi aasmuch
emphasi swaspl acedont hepr oduct
ionofcopperwhi chwasawast i
ngresour ce.
Besides,mostoft hei ncomef r
om Nor t
hern Rhodesi a wentt o devel
op t he
FederalGov ernmentandSout hernRhodesi a.ThiswaswhyAf r
icansinNor thern
RhodesiaandNy asal andr eferredtoSout hernRhodesi aasBambaZonke,whi ch
meant ,“takeal l”
.
Educationi nNor thernRhodesi awasal soneglectedandt hi
sledt olackoftrained
manpoweratt het i
meofi ndependence.Raci aldi
scriminati
onwasal soont he
i
ncreasei nthemi nes, shopsandhot els.
Besides,Nor thernRhodesi adi dnotbenef itasmuchasshewassupposedt o
fr
om t heHy dro-electri
calpoweront heKar i
baDam.I twouldhav ebeenmor e
advantageousi ft hePowerst ati
onhadbeenont heKaf ueRiver
.

Ny asal and.
Adv ant ages.
TheFeder ationledt oimpr ov ement si nAgr icultureinNy asalandi .
e.t heTea
growi ng scheme and t ea became t he mai n cash crop ofNy asaland.The
Feder ati
onal socreat
edj oboppor tuni
tiesf orthepeopl eofNy asalandwhowent
towor kinthecoppermi nesofNor thernandSout hernRhodesia.
Mostpeopl efrom Nyasalandal sobenef i
tedf rom thefeder ati
onbyi mpr ovi
ng
theireducat i
on in Souther n orabr oad.Li ke N.Rhodesi a,Ny asaland also
benef it
ed f r
om t he Feder ation pol i
ticall
y as i tled t
ot he r i
se ofAf ri
can
Nat ionalism.TheFeder alGov ernmental sopassedl awsthatcont ri
butedt othe
gaini ngofi ndependencef orNy asaland.
Disadv antages.
Feder ati
ondel ayedthedev el opmentofNy asalandasshewasusedasamer e
l
abourr eservoirforNor thernRhodesi aandSout her
nRhodesi a.Thisl ackof
dev elopmentwasal soasar esul tofthei nsuffi
cientshareoft heFeder alincome,
whi chwasnotadequat ef ordev elopment .AfricansinNy asal andhadl i
mited

66
voti
ngri
ghtsintheFeder
alandter
rit
ori
alel
ect
ions.TheFeder
ati
onalsodel
ayed
the i
ndependence ofNyasal
and as mosteducated Af
ri
cans l
eftforbett
er
economicopportuni
ti
esi
nN.andS.Rhodesi
a.

SOUTHERNRHODESI A.
Advantages.
Southern Rhodesia benefit
ed mor ef rom the Federati
on than the t
wo ot her
ter
ri
tori
es.SouthernRhodesi agotal argerpercentageoft heFederali
ncomei .e.
60% fort he FederalGov ernmentbased atSal isburyand 17% f orSout hern
Rhodesiaasat erri
tory.Thi
sCont ri
butedtothedev el
opmentofI nf
rastr
ucture.
Afri
canswer ealsoencour agedtoputi ntopracti
cet heypoli
cyofPar t
nershipby
all
owing some Af ricans t
o Partici
patei n el
ecti
ons.Sout hern Rhodesi
a al so
benefi
tedmor efrom theHy dro-
electr
icalpowerstati
on.

Disadvant ages.
The di sadv ant
ages were minimalf or Southern Rhodesi
a.The t wo main
di
sadv antages wer ethatFeder at
ion contri
buted to an increase i
nr aci
al
di
scrimi nati
onandi tal
sogreatl
ydel ayedSouthernRhodesianindependencei
n
compar isont otheot
hertwoterr
it
ori
es.

Thef
ederat
ionofRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andcamet
oanendasar
esul
tofPr
otest
s
fr
om Af
ri
cansin1963.

QUESTIONS.
1.Li stt
het er
msoftheConsti
tut
ionoft
heCentr
alAf
ri
canFeder
ati
on.What
advantagesdi
dtheFeder
ati
onhaveonNor
ther
nRhodesi
a?[
10:
10].

2.Discuss t
he for
mation ofthe Feder
ati
on ofRhodesi
a and Ny
asal
and
(Centr
alAfri
canFederati
on)
.Whatwer ethemaintermsoftheFederal
consti
tut
ion?[
12:8]
.

3.Whatweretheadvant
agesanddi
sadv
antagesforei
ther(
a)Mal
awi,or(
b)
Zambia as members of Cent
ralAfr
ican Feder
ati
on? Why di
dt he
Feder
ati
onBreakup?[
14:6]
.

4.Whatwer
ethear
gument
sforandagai
nstt
heCent
ralAf
ri
canFeder
ati
on?
[
12:
8].

5.(
a)Whatr
easonsweregiveni
nfavoroffeder
ati
on?
(
b)Whydi
dAf r
icansopposei
t?[
10:10]
.

THEEND

67
68