OUTLI

NEOFCENTRALAFRI
CANHI
STORY

1.TheBant
uSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.
 Or
igi
nsoft
heBant
uSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.
 TheWayofLi
feoft
heBant
uSpeaki
ngPeopl
e.
 Causesoft
heBant
uMi
grat
ion
 Cour
se/
Rout
esoft
hemi
grat
ions

2.TheKat
angaKi
ngdoms.
 TheLubaKi
ngdom (
Ori
gins,
Dev
elopmentandDecl
i
ne)
 TheLundaKi
ngdom Mwat
ayamwv
o

3.TheLuba-
LundaMi
grat
ionbef
ore1800.
 Causesoft
heMi
grat
ions.
 Cour
se/
Nat
ure/
Dir
ect
ionoft
heMi
grat
ions.
 Resul
ts/
Eff
ect
soft
heMi
grat
ions.

4.Cent
ral
Afr
icanKi
ngdoms.
 TheLundaKi
ngdom ofMwat
akazembe.
 TheBembaKi
ngdom
 TheLozi
Kingdom.
 TheMar
avi
/Mal
awi
Kingdoms(
Kal
ongaandUndi
Kingdoms)
.
 TheMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom
 TheRozwi
Kingdom.

5.Nguni
incur
sionsi
ntoCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 TheNgoni
underZwangendaba.
 TheKol
olounderSebi
twane.
 TheNdebel
eunderMzi
l
ikazi
.

1
6.ThePor
tugueseAct
ivi
ti
esi
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 ThePor
tuguesei
ntheZambezi
Val
l
ey
 ThePr
azoSy
stem.

7.Mi
ssi
onar
yAct
ivi
ti
esi
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 Dav
id Li
vi
ngst
one.
(Backgr
ound,Ai
ms,Hi
sThr
ee Gr
eatJour
ney
sand
ef
fect
sofhi
sJour
ney
s)
 Lat
ermi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
es.
1.LondonMi
ssi
onar
ySoci
ety(
L.M.
S)
2.TheUni
ver
sit
iesMi
ssi
ont
oCent
ral
Afr
ica.(
U.M.
C.A)
3.ThePar
isEv
angel
i
cal
Missi
onar
ySoci
ety(
P.E.
M.S)
4.Fr
eeChur
chofScot
land.(
F.C.
S)
5.TheWhi
teFat
her
s

8.Br
it
ishI
mper
ial
i
sm i
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 JohnCeci
lRhodesandhi
sAi
ms.
 TheOccupat
ionofSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 TheOccupat
iononNy
asal
and
 TheOccupat
ionofNor
ther
nRhodesi
a.

9.Cent
ral
Afr
icanFeder
ati
on/t
heFeder
ati
onofRhodesi
aandNy
asal
and.
 Ar
gument
sforandagai
nstFeder
ati
on
 TheFeder
alConst
it
uti
on.
 Adv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofFeder
ati
on.

2
 1.THEBANTUSPEAKI
NGPEOPLE

DEFI
NITI
ON
 Thel
argestsi
ngl
egr
oupofpeopl
einCent
ralAf
ri
caar
eBant
uSpeaki
ngpeopl
e.
Theyar
eal
sof
oundi
nSout
her
nandEastAf
ri
ca.
 Thewor
dBant
uisal
sousedt
odef
ineCul
tur
eSi
mil
ari
ti
esamongt
hePeopl
esof
Cent
ral
,Sout
her
nandEast
ernAf
ri
ca.
 The Peopl
es oft
hese par
ts ofAf
ri
ca hav
e ov
er90% Si
mil
ari
ti
es i
nthei
r
l
anguages.
 Theconcl
usi
ont
her
efor
e,i
sthatt
heBant
uSpeaki
ngpeopl
ehadacommon
par
entLanguagecal
l
edPr
oto-
Bant
u.

ORI
GINSOFTHEBANTUSPEAKI
NGPEOPLE.
 TheBant
uSpeaki
ngPeopl
ewer
epar
toft
heEar
lyI
ronAgef
armer
sfr
om t
he
Mi
ddl
eEastf
rom t
hear
eaoft
heFer
ti
leCr
escentbet
weent
heTi
gri
sandt
he
Euphr
atesRi
ver
s.
 Theyi
nit
ial
l
yset
tl
edal
ongt
heNi
l
eRi
verandl
aterspr
eadt
other
estoft
he
Sahar
agr
assl
andsi
nNor
thAf
ri
ca.
 Howev
er,f
r he3rd cent
om t ury
,theancest
orsoft
heBant
usst
art
edmi
grat
ing
f
rom t
heSahar
aduet
othef
actt
hatt
heSahar
ast
art
edt
odr
yup.
 SomeGr
oupsmov
edupNor
thcr
ossi
ngt
heMedi
ter
raneanSea.Ot
hergr
oups
mi
grat
edsout
hoft
heSahar
atowar
dsLakeChad,Ni
ger
iaandt
heCamer
ooni
an
Hi
ghl
ands.
 Howev
er,
theMaj
orgr
oupi
stheonet
hatset
tl
edbet
weenNi
ger
iaandCamer
oon.
Thi
swast
hear
eat
hatwasr
efer
redt
oast
heBenueRegi
on.I
twasher
ethatt
he
Bant
uLanguageandcul
tur
eissai
dtohav
edev
eloped.
THEEARLYWAYOFLI
FEOFTHEBANTUSPEAKI
NGPEOPLE.
 Soci
alwayof
Lif
e.
 Soci
all
y,t
heBant
uspeaki
ngpeopl
ewer
eor
gani
zedi
ntoaf
ami
l
ywhi
chwast
he
basi
c uni
tofsoci
ety
.Sev
eralf
ami
l
ies f
ormed a f
ami
l
yhousehol
d.Sev
eral

3
 househol
dscombi
nedt
ofor
m acl
an.Anumberofcl
ansf
ormedv
il
lages.Sev
eral
v
il
lagescombi
nedt
ofor
m at
ri
beorachi
efdom/
kingdom.
 I
nBant
uSoci
ety
,Wor
kwasdi
vi
dedbet
weent
hemal
esandf
emal
es.Themal
es
hunt
ed,f
ished and her
ded l
i
vest
ock.The f
emal
es f
etched wat
er,f
ir
ewood,
cookedandcl
eanedhousesandl
ookedaf
terchi
l
dren.
 TheBant
uli
vedi
nhut
smadeofpol
eandmudandt
hat
chedwi
thgr
ass.These
hut
swer
ear
rangedi
naci
rcul
arf
orm andi
nthemi
ddl
ewast
heKr
aalt
opr
otect
t
heani
mal
s.
 Thedi
etoft
heBant
upeopl
eincl
udedpul
p,meat
,wi
l
dfr
uit
s,r
oot
sandv
eget
abl
es,
f
ish,
wil
dinsect
sandbeermadef
rom mi
l
letandsor
ghum.
 TheBant
ucel
ebr
atedi
mpor
tantmoment
sinl
i
feorr
it
esofpassagesuchasbi
rt
h,
puber
tyand mar
ri
ages.The Bant
u al
so co-
oper
ated dur
ing t
hese i
mpor
tant
moment
s.
 Cat
tl
ewer
econsi
der
edt
obeasy
mbolofweal
tht
houghi
twasuseddur
ing
r
eli
giouscer
emoni
esandf
orbr
idepr
ice.
 Rel
i
giousWayofLi
fe.
 The Bant
u bel
i
eved i
n a Supr
eme Bei
ng who cr
eat
ed al
lthi
ngs and was
addr
essed
Bydi
ff
erentnames.
 TheBant
ual
sobel
i
evedi
nawhol
erangeofspi
ri
tsf
ordi
ff
erentoccasi
onse.
g.
Ancest
ral
spi
ri
tsandr
ainmaki
ngspi
ri
ts.
 Thesewer
epr
ayedt
othr
oughPr
ophet
sandpr
iest
s.Sacr
if
icesofani
mal
s,beer
andot
herf
oodswer
emadeundert
heMsor
otr
ee,
hil
l
sori
nri
ver
s.
 Economi
cWayOfLi
fe.
 TheBant
uspeaki
ngpeopl
ewer
eagr
icul
tur
ali
stsandpast
oral
i
sts.TheBant
u
gr
ewcr
opsl
i
kebeans,
sor
ghum,
mil
l
etandgour
ds.
 Theyal
sokeptbot
hbi
gandsmal
lani
mal
ssuchasgoat
sandcat
tl
e.Besi
dest
he
abov
e,t
heBant
uwer
eal
sof
isher
men,hunt
ers,f
oodgat
her
ers,andi
ronsmi
ths
(
smel
ter
sofcopperandi
ron)
.
 Womenwer
eal
sopot
ter
ymaker
sofchannel
-decor
atedpot
s.TheBant
uwer
e

4
 al
sot
rader
swhousedt
hebar
tersy
stem i
nit
ial
l
y.
 Pol
i
tical
WayofLi
fe.
 Pol
i
tical
l
y,Bant
usoci
etywasor
gani
zedi
nsomef
orm ofahi
erar
chy
.Househol
ds
wer
eundert
hel
eader
shi
poft
heel
destmal
ememberoft
hehousehol
d.
 Thecl
anwascont
rol
l
edbyt
heel
destmal
emember
.Cl
ansf
ormedv
il
lagest
hat
wer
econt
rol
l
edbyav
il
lageHeadman.Vi
l
lagesf
ormedt
ri
bes,
whi
chwer
eher
ded
bychi
ef/
King.
 Chi
efsorKi
ngsi
nBant
usoci
etywer
econsi
der
edt
obeSemi
-di
vi
neandbecause
oft
his,t
heyhadal
otofaut
hor
it
y.Theyal
soact
edaspr
iest
sini
mpor
tant
cer
emoni
es.
CAUSESOFTHEBANTUMI
GRATI
ONS
 Thecausesoft
heBant
umi
grat
ionswer
ecompl
exandi
nter
-rel
ated,somewer
e
l
ongt
erm andgener
al,
other
swer
eshor
tter
m andspeci
fi
c.
 Av
ail
abi
l
ityofLar
geempt
yland:Thi
sencour
aged wi
despr
ead mov
ementof
peopl
ewho dev
eloped “
cul
tur
e”ofmi
grat
ions.Whenev
erand wher
evert
hey
want
edt
o.Gr
adual
l
ymy
ster
yofnat
uremadet
hem v
ent
urei
ntot
heunknownand
onemov
eledt
oanot
her
.
 Popul
ati
oni
ncr
ease:
Thei
ncr
easei
npopul
ati
onl
edt
otheemer
gencyofl
arge
communi
ti
es t
hatneeded mor
eland.The shor
tage ofl
and was sol
ved by
mi
grat
ingi
ntoempt
yspaces.
 Agr
icul
tur
alpr
act
ices:Someagr
icul
tur
alpr
act
icesl
i
ket
hegr
owi
ngofv
ari
eti
esof
mi
l
let
,legumes,pumpki
nsandt
ubercr
opsf
orcedpeopl
etomov
einsear
chof
sui
tabl
egeogr
aphi
cal
andcl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
ons.
 Di
sput
es:Successi
ondi
sput
es,f
ami
l
yquar
rel
s,ci
vi
lwar
s,r
ebel
l
ionset
c.l
edt
o
t
hemi
grat
ionsbyl
osi
ngpar
ti
es.
 Expansi
onoft
heSahar
a:Apossi
blesout
hwar
dexpansi
onoft
heSahar
adeser
t
br
oughtaboutcl
i
mat
icchangest
hatf
orcedpeopl
etomov
eawayt
otheSout
h.
 Mi
srul
ebysomechi
ef:SomeBant
uChi
efswer
ecr
uelt
othei
rpeopl
eandso,
someoft
hei
rpeopl
elef
tinor
dert
obef
reef
rom t
hem.
 Occupat
ionsofdi
ff
erentBant
upeopl
e:f
armer
smi
grat
edi
nor
dert
olookf
orl
and,

5
 t
rader
stot
radei
tems,
hunt
ersf
orani
mal
sandf
isher
menf
orf
ish.
 Tr
avelandadv
ent
ure:SomeBant
upeopl
emi
grat
edsi
mpl
ytoseeot
herpl
aces
andt
ost
artanewl
i
fesomewher
eel
se.

COURSEORROUTESOFBANTUMI
GRATI
ONS

Fi
g01.
(mapshowi
ngt
heBant
uMi
grat
ionsf
rom Camer
oon)

 Bant
umi
grat
ioni
ntocent
ral
Afr
icat
ookpl
aceusi
ngt
hreer
out
esasf
oll
ows:
 TheEast
ernr
out
ewasf
rom t
heBenuer
egi
onsout
hwar
dsandt
heneast
war
ds
f
oll
owi
ngt
heNor
ther
nendsoft
heequat
ori
alr
ainFor
esti
ntoEastAf
ri
ca.

6
  Someset
tl
edi
nEastAf
ri
cawhi
l
eot
her
smov
edf
urt
hersout
hwar
dsi
ntot
he
Cent
ral
Afr
icanSav
annah.
 TheCent
ralr
out
ewasf
rom WestAf
ri
capassi
ngt
hrought
heequat
ori
alr
ain
f
orest
.Usi
ngdugoutcanoes,
theywer
eabl
etocr
ossr
iver
sandt
omov
eusi
ngt
he
r
iver
sti
l
ltheyr
eachedt
heSav
annah.
 The West
ernr
out
e st
art
ed f
rom t
he Benue r
egi
on sout
hwar
ds and t
hen
west
war
dst
otheAt
lant
icOcean.
From t
her
etheymov
edsout
hwar
dsunt
ilt
hey
r
eachedt
heSav
annahr
egi
onandt
heneast
war
dsi
ntot
hehi
nter
landi
nthe
Sav
annahr
egi
on.
Int
hehi
nter
land,
thegr
oupsbeganmi
ningandi
nter–mar
ryi
ng
wi
theachot
herandwi
thot
herpeopl
es.
 Lat
er,
theBant
upeopl
eal
somi
grat
edf
rom t
heLuba–Lundaempi
resofKat
anga
i
ntoot
herar
easofcent
ral
Afr
icaespeci
all
yint
oZambi
a,Angol
aandMal
awi
.
RESULTSOFBANTUMI
GRATI
ONSI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA
 Thef
oll
owi
ngwer
ethemai
nresul
tsofBant
umi
grat
ionsi
nCent
ral
Afr
ica:
 Thef
ormat
ionofCent
ral
izedgov
ernmentsy
stems:Chi
efdomsandKi
ngdoms
wer
efor
medwher
epeopl
erespect
edt
hei
rrul
ersandpai
dtr
ibut
etot
hem.
 Thecomi
ngoft
hesemi
grant
sal
sol
edt
othei
ncr
easei
nthepopul
ati
onoft
he
ar
east
heyoccupi
ed,andt
hedi
spl
acementoft
heLat
eSt
oneAgepeopl
ebyt
he
Bant
u.TheBushmenf
ledt
othedr
ypar
tsoft
her
egi
on.
 Tr
adewasal
soi
ntr
oducedi
nCent
ralAf
ri
cabyt
heBant
u.Thi
sinv
olv
edl
ocal
t
radeamongstt
hemsel
vesandl
ongdi
stancet
radewi
tht
heeastandwestcoast
s.
 Al
so,t
heBant
umi
grant
sal
soi
ntr
oducedf
armi
ng.Theyi
ntr
oducedcul
ti
vat
ionof
cr
opssuchasmi
l
letandsor
ghum andkeepi
ngofani
mal
ssuchascat
tl
e,sheep
andgoat
s.
 I
ronsmel
ti
ngwasal
soi
ntr
oducedi
ncent
ralAf
ri
cabyt
heBant
uspeaki
ngpeopl
e
andi
ront
ool
srepl
acedst
onet
ool
s.
 Tr
ibali
dent
it
ies al
so r
esul
ted f
rom t
he Luba – Lunda mi
grat
ions.Peopl
e
i
dent
if
ied t
hemsel
veswi
tht
hoset
hatt
heymi
grat
ed wi
th and f
ormed t
ri
bes
whosel
anguageswer
esl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erentf
rom t
heor
igi
nal
Bant
ulanguage.

7
2.KI
NGDOMSOFKATANGA(
LUBAANDLUNDAEMPI
RES)

I
. THELUBAKI
NGDOM
 TheLubaKi
ngdom wasl
ocat
edar
oundt
heLuapul
aRi
vernearLakeKi
sal
ein
Kat
angaPr
ovi
nceoft
heDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo.
 ORI
GIN
 TheLubaKi
ngdom wasf
oundedi
nthe13th Cent
urybyKongol
o,whol
edt
he
Songy
eint
otheabov
ear
eandconquer
edt
hel
ocal
Kal
undwepeopl
e.
 Kongol
omar
redt
heQueenoft
heKal
undwe,t
ookov
ert
het
hronef
rom hi
swi
fe
andhi
snamebecomet
het
it
leofhi
ssuccessor
s.
 I
nthe15th Cent
ury
,Kongol
owel
comedI
lungaMbi
l
i,ahunt
erf
rom t
heKunda
peopl
e,andgav
ehi
m hi
shal
f-
sist
ersBul
andaandMabel
etomar
ry.
 Howev
er,I
lungadi
ff
eredwi
thKongol
o andwaschasedf
rom t
heKi
ngdom back
t
ohi
speopl
e.
 I
lungaMbi
l
i’
ssonkal
alaI
lungagr
ewupi
nKongol
o’sar
mywher
ehepr
ovedt
obe
agoodsol
dier
.
 Kongol
obecamesuspi
ciousofKal
alaI
lunga’
sambi
ti
onsandpl
ott
edt
oki
l
lhi
m.
 Kal
alaI
lungaescapedt
ohi
sfat
her
’spl
aceandcamebackwi
thanar
myt
hat
def
eat
edandki
l
ledKongol
o.Hence,Kal
alaI
lungat
ookov
erasKi
ngandt
hus
begant
heKundady
nast
yint
heLubaKi
ngdom.
 EXPANSI
ON
 TheLubaKi
ngdom expandedduet
oconquestofsur
roundi
ngt
ri
beswhower
e
f
orcedt
opayt
ri
but
etot
heLubaKi
ngsasasi
gnofl
oyal
tyt
othem.
 Forexampl
e,Kal
alaI
lungacont
rol
l
edev
ent
hear
eat
othewestofLakeKi
sal
e
and becamemor
epower
fult
han anypr
eci
ouschi
efi
n Congo especi
all
yin
mat
ter
soft
ri
but
e,t
radeandwar
.
 TheKi
ngdom waswel
lor
gani
zedpol
i
tical
l
y:Ont
opoft
hehi
erar
chywast
heKi
ng
orMul
opwe.
 Hewasassi
stedbyof
fi
cial
sathi
scour
twhower
eli
kegov
ernmentmi
nist
ers.
 TheMul
opweTwi
tewasi
nchar
geoft
hear
myandt
hepol
i
cyt
odef
endt
he

8
 Ki
ngdom andt
omai
ntai
nlawandor
der
.
 Mul
opweI
nabanzakeptt
hesacr
edspear
soft
heKi
ngandt
ookcar
eoft
heKi
ng’
s
spi
ri
tual
wel
l
-bei
ng.
 Mul
opweNsi
kal
awasl
i
keaPr
imemi
nist
er,
hepassedt
heKi
ng’
sor
der
stoot
her
chi
efs.
 Ther
ewast
heNsunguwhoact
edasKi
ngwhent
heKi
ngdi
edorwast
oosi
ckt
o
per
for
m hi
sdut
ies.
 Al
lchi
efshadt
ober
elat
edt
otheKongol
oort
oKal
alaI
lungaandso,
powerwas
kepti
nthehandsofaf
ewf
ami
l
ies.
 Ther
ewasachai
nofcommandf
rom sub–chi
efst
ovi
l
lageheadmen.
 Tr
ibut
emov
edupt
hehi
erar
chy
;fr
om headment
olocalchi
efs,t
hent
opr
ovi
nci
al
r
uler
sandf
inal
l
ytot
heMul
opwe.
 DECLI
NE
 TheLubaKi
ngdom decl
i
nedduet
othef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
 TheKi
ngdom hadaweaknessi
nit
spol
i
ticalsy
stem i
nthatwhenaki
ngdi
ed,al
l
of
fi
cial
swer
eexpect
edt
oresi
gnandt
henewki
ngwoul
dchoosehi
sowncapi
tal
andhi
sownof
fi
ci
als.
 Thi
sdi
dnotal
way
swor
kandi
tsomet
imesl
edt
osuccessi
ondi
sput
es.Someol
d
chi
efsr
efusedt
oresi
gnorsi
mpl
ymi
grat
edawaywi
tht
hei
rsuppor
ter
s.
 Somey
oungmenwhohadt
hehopeofbecomi
ngchi
efsbecamef
rust
rat
edand
l
eftt
heKi
ngdom wi
tht
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.
 Forexampl
e,Ki
bindaI
lungal
eftt
heLubaKi
ngdom and mi
grat
ed i
nto Luba
count
rywher
ehebecamechi
ef.
 Al
soLubaki
ngsdi
dnoti
ncor
por
atet
heconquer
edchi
efsi
ntot
heLubaKi
ngdom.
Theymer
elycol
l
ect
edt
ri
but
efr
om t
hem andt
hismadei
teasyf
orot
herchi
efst
o
br
eakawaywhenoppor
tuni
ti
est
odosocame.

THELUNDAKI
NGDOM OFMWATAYAMWVO
 TheLundaKi
ngdom ofMwat
aYamv
wowasl
ocat
edneart
heKasair
iveri
n
Kat
angar
egi
onoft
heDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo.

9
 ORI
GIN
 Thef
ounderoft
heMwat
ayamv
woKi
ngdom wasKi
bindaI
lunga,
ahunt
erwhol
eft
t
heLubaKi
ngdom af
terasuccessi
ondi
sput
ei he16thcent
nt ury
.
 Ki
bindaI
lungal
edhi
sfol
l
ower
stot
hebanksoft
heKasair
iverwher
eheset
tl
ed
andmar
ri
edLuej
i
,aqueenamongt
heLundapeopl
e.
 Tr
adi
ti
onal
l
y,Ki
bindaI
lungat
ookov
erasKi
ngf
rom hi
swi
feLuenj
i
 Lat
er,i
twasdi
scov
eredt
hatLuej
iwasbar
renandso,Ki
bindaI
lungat
ook a
secondwi
fecal
l
edkamongaRwasawhogav
ehi
m asoncal
l
edLusengi
.
 WhenhebecameKi
ng,
Lusengi
int
roducedLubamet
hodsofgov
ernmentsuchas
ast
rongchi
efsuppor
tedbyj
uni
orchi
efs.
 Lusengi
’
ssonNawej
iconquer
edmanynei
ghbor
ingt
ri
besandt
ookont
het
it
leof
Mwat
ayamv
womeani
ngt
heLor
dofv
iper
sormast
erofweal
th.
 Mwat
ayamv
wobecameat
it
lef
oral
lthel
aterr
uler
soft
heKi
ngdom.
 EXPANSI
ON
 TheKi
ngdom expandedasar
esul
toft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
 TheMwat
ayamv
woexpandedhi
ski
ngdom usi
ngconquest
s.Manynei
ghbor
ing
t
ri
beswer
eincor
por
atedi
ntot
heLundaKi
ngdom.
 Conquer
edchi
efswer
emadet
opayt
ri
but
etoMwat
ayamv
woasasi
gnofl
oyal
ty
t
ohi
m.Par
toft
het
ri
but
ewasr
edi
str
ibut
edamongt
hepeopl
ewhi
l
ethebul
kofi
t
wasusedi
ntr
ade.
 TheKi
ngdom haspl
ent
yofnat
uralr
esour
ceswhi
chenabl
edMwat
ayamv
wot
o
par
ti
cipat
eint
hel
ongdi
stancet
radewi
tht
heSwahi
l
i– Ar
absf
rom t
heeast
coastandwi
tht
hePor
tuguesef
rom t
hewestcoast
.
 Hi
scapi
tal
Musumbawast
hecent
eroft
hisl
ongdi
stancet
rade.
 Mwat
ayamv
woexchangedsl
aves,copper
,sal
tandi
vor
yforguns,gun-
powder
,
cl
oth,
beadsandot
herEur
opeanmanuf
act
uredgoodsf
rom t
hecoast
alt
rader
s.
 Hemonopol
i
zedt
het
radeandobt
ainedal
otofweal
thf
orhi
msel
fandhi
speopl
e.
Hence,
thet
erm mast
erofweal
th.
 Gunsenabl
edhi
mtoconquerhi
snei
ghbor
swhi
l
eot
heri
temswer
edi
str
ibut
ed
amonghi
sjuni
orchi
efst
owi
nthei
rloy
alt
y.

10
  Al
so,t
heKi
ngdom hadagoodpol
i
ticalor
gani
zat
ionwi
tht
hel
ocalpeopl
eatt
he
bot
tom l
i
vingi
nvi
l
lagesr
unbyv
il
lageheadman.
 Vi
l
lageswer
egr
oupedi
ntodi
str
ict
sandeachdi
str
ictwasr
uledbyachi
efknown
ast
heKi
l
olo.
 Abov
ethe Ki
l
olo was a Commi
ssi
onercal
l
ed t
he Yi
kezi
? The Yi
keziwas
appoi
ntedbyt
heMwat
ayamv
wot
osuper
viseaKi
l
olowhom Mwat
ayamv
wodi
d
nott
rust
.
 DECLI
NE
Mwat
ayamv
wo’
sKi
ngdom begant
odecl
i
nei
nthe17thcent
uryasar
esul
toft
he
f
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
 Somesub–chi
efswer
eunwi
l
li
ngt
ocont
inuepay
ingt
ri
but
etoMwat
ayamv
wo
andso,
theyl
eftt
heKi
ngdom wi
tht
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.
 Thesl
avet
radebr
oughti
nsecur
it
yint
heKi
ngdom.I
tbr
oughtt
ri
balwar
sand
somepeopl
elef
ttheKi
ngdom f
orf
earofbei
ngsol
dassl
aves.
 Al
so,Luej
i
’sbr
other
sKi
ngur
iandChi
nyamacoul
dnotaccept
.Lubadomi
nat
ion
amongt
heLunda.Chi
nyamaandhi
sfol
l
ower
smi
grat
edsout
hwar
dsi
ntonor
th–
west
ernZambi
a.Theyspl
i
tint
omanygr
oupssuchast
heLuv
aleandt
heChokwe.
 Theymi
grat
edawayf
rom t
heKi
ngdom wi
tht
hei
rfol
l
ower
s:Ki
ngur
iledhi
speopl
e
i
ntoAngol
awher
etheybecameknownast
heI
mbangal
a.
 Thesemi
grat
ionspar
aly
zedMwat
ayamv
wo’
ski
ngdom andmadehi
mlosehi
s
weal
thandpower
.Hencet
hedecl
i
neoft
heKi
ngdom.
 Hi
sdescendant
slat
erbui
l
ttheKasanj
eKi
ngdom neart
heKwangor
iver
.

2.THELUBA–LUNDAMI
GRATI
ONS

 DEFI
NITI
ON
 Luba–Lundami
grat
ionsordi
sper
salr
efer
stot
hemi
grat
ionsofv
ari
oust
ri
bal
gr
oupsf
rom t
heLubaandLundaKi
ngdomsofKat
angat
oot
herpar
tsofCent
ral
Af
ri
caespeci
all
yZambi
a,Mal
awi
andAngol
a.
 Thesemi
grat
ionst
ookpl
acemai
nlydur
i he17thand18thcent
ngt uri
es.

11
CAUSES
 TheLubaLundami
grat
ionswer
ecausedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
 Shar
ppopul
ati
oni
ncr
easei
nKat
angacausedbyt
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofnew cr
ops
whi
chi
mpr
ovedt
hedi
etheal
thandf
ert
il
it
yoft
heLuba–Lundapeopl
es.
 Shor
tageofl
andf
orcr
opcul
ti
vat
ionandani
malpast
uresr
esul
ti
ngf
rom ashar
p
popul
ati
ongr
owt
h.Hence,
peopl
ebegant
omi
grat
einsear
chofl
and.
 Successi
ondi
sput
esaf
tert
hedeat
hofsomechi
efscr
eat
eddi
scont
entamong
l
osi
ngcandi
dat
eswhomov
edawayt
oest
abl
i
sht
hei
rownchi
efdomsel
sewher
e.
 Somepeopl
emi
grat
edawayf
rom t
hei
rhomel
andsaf
terquar
rel
i
ngwi
tht
hei
r
r
elat
ives.
 Al
so,somepeopl
ewer
echasedorl
eftont
hei
rownaf
teraccusedofpr
act
ici
ng
wi
tchcr
aft
.
 Toexpandt
hei
rki
ngdoms,someki
ngssentsomeoft
hechi
efsonconquest
mi
ssi
onsandsomeoft
hem mi
grat
edt
otheconquer
edar
easwi
tht
hei
rfol
l
ower
s.
 Somepeopl
emi
grat
edaf
terf
ail
i
ngt
opayheav
ytaxesandt
ri
but
eimposedon
t
hem byt
hei
rrul
ers.Suchpeopl
eal
sol
eftt
oav
oidbei
ngsol
dassl
avest
othe
sl
avet
rader
s.
 Cr
uelchi
efsal
somadesomeoft
hei
rsubj
ect
stomi
grat
etoot
herpl
aceswher
e
t
heycoul
dbef
reef
rom t
hei
rcr
uel
ty.
 Somepeopl
elef
tasar
esul
toft
rav
elandadv
ent
ure.Theysi
mpl
ywant
edt
osee
ot
herpl
acesandt
ryl
i
esomewher
eel
se.
 GENERALNATURE
 Mi
grant
sfr
om Lubacount
rymost
lyset
tl
edi
nZambi
a’
sNor
ther
n,Copper
bel
tand
Lusakapr
ovi
nces.
 Exampl
esi
ncl
udet
heBembaoft
heBenaNg’
anducl
an,t
heChi
shi
nga,Ungaand
Ushi
oft
heNgomacl
an,
theLal
aandot
her
s.
 TheChewaofkal
ongaMkanda,MkandaandUndial
somi
grat
edf
rom t
heLuba
Ki
ngdom dur
ingt
hel
ate1500s.
 Mi
grant
sfr
om Lunda count
ry set
tl
ed most
lyi
n nor
th – west
ern Zambi
a.

12
 Exampl
esi
ncl
udet
heLoziofMwamba,t
heChokwe,t
heLundaofChi
nyamaand
Musokat
andaandmanyot
her
s.
 TheLundaofLuapul
aal
soor
igi
nat
edf
rom t
heLundaKi
ngdom i
nKat
anga.
 RESULTS
 Ther
esul
tsoft
heLuba–Lundami
grat
ionswer
easf
oll
ows:
 I
tledt
othef
ormat
ionofcent
ral
i
zedst
atesi
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Ki
ngdomsand
Chi
efdomswer
efor
medi
nCent
ralAf
ri
cawher
eki
ngsandchi
efswer
egi
venal
ot
ofr
espect
.
 Thesy
stem ofpay
ingt
ri
but
etochi
efsandki
ngswasst
art
ed.Peopl
epai
dtr
ibut
e
i
nfor
m ofi
temssuchasgi
ven,
sal
t,mi
ner
alsandot
her
s.
 The comi
ng of
ten Luba – Lunda mi
grant
s al
so l
ed t
o an i
ncr
ease i
nthe
popul
ati
onofCent
ralAf
ri
ca,andt
hedi
spl
acementoft
heLat
eSt
oneAgepeopl
e
byt
heBant
u.TheBushmenf
ledt
othedr
ypar
toft
her
egi
on.
 TheLuba–Lundami
grant
sal
soi
ntr
oducedt
radei
nthenewl
yoccupi
edar
easof
Cent
ralAf
ri
ca.Thi
sinv
olv
edl
ocalt
radeamongstt
hemsel
vesandl
ongdi
stance
t
radewi
tht
heeastandwestcoast
s.
 Al
so,f
armi
ngwasi
ntr
oducedi
nthesear
easwher
etheBant
ust
art
edcul
ti
vat
ing
cr
opssuchasmi
l
letandsor
ghum andkeepi
ngani
mal
ssuchascat
tl
e,sheepand
goat
s.
 The Luba – Lunda mi
grant
sint
roduced a sy
stem ofshi
ft
ing cul
ti
vat
ion
commonl
ycal
l
edChi
temeneamongt
heBembapeopl
eofZambi
a.
 I
ronsmel
ti
ngwasal
soi
ntr
oducedi
nCent
ralAf
ri
cabyt
heBant
uspeaki
ngpeopl
e
andi
ront
ool
srepl
acedst
onet
ool
s.
 Tr
ibali
dent
it
iesi
nthenewl
yoccupi
edar
easal
sor
esul
tedf
rom t
heLuba–Lunda
mi
grat
ions.Peopl
eident
if
iedt
hemsel
veswi
thst
onet
hatt
heymi
grat
edwi
thand
f
ormed t
ri
bes whose l
anguages became di
ff
erentf
rom t
he or
igi
nalBant
u
l
anguage.

QUESTI
ONS.
1.Gi
ve(
a)t
hecausesand(
b)t
heef
fect
soft
heLuba-
Lundadi
sper
sioni
nCent
ral

13
 Af
ri
ca.
[
14,
6]
2.Gi
veanaccountoft
hecausesandr
out
esoft
heBant
uMi
grat
ionsi
ntoCent
ral
Af
ri
cabef
ore1800.[
12,
8]
3.Whatwer
ethecausesoft
heLuba-
LundaDi
sper
sal
?Descr
ibet
hegener
alnat
ure
andt
hei
mpor
tantef
fect
soft
hisdi
sper
sal
inCent
ral
Afr
ica.[
8,6,
6]-
2005.
4.Gi
ver
easonsf
orandadescr
ipt
ionofBant
uMi
grat
ionsi
ntoCent
ralAf
ri
cabef
ore
1800.[
8,12]
-2006.
5.(
a)Li
stdownt
hemai
nBant
u-speaki
ngpeopl
esofZambi
abyt
heMi
d-Ni
net
eent
h
Cent
ury
.
(
b)Wher
edi
dtheycomef
rom?
(
c)Anywhydi
dtheymi
grat
e?[
5:5:
10]
-2002.

2.CENTRALI
ZEDKI
NGDOMS
I
. THEKALONGAKI
NGDOM
 ORI
GIN
 Thef
ounder
soft
heMal
awiKi
ngdom ofKal
ongawer
eledf
rom t
heLubaEmpi
re
byMazi
ziKal
ongai
nthe13thcent
ury
.
 Mazi
ziKal
ongadi
edont
hewayandhi
ssuccessor
stookont
het
it
leofKal
onga.
 Thesemi
grant
sent
eredt
hear
eaar
oundl
akeMal
awiandset
tl
edal
ongsi
det
he
Chewahunt
er– gat
her
ersandsubsi
stencecul
ti
vat
orswhohadoccupi
edt
he
ar
eaear
li
er.
 Theyl
aterf
ormedt
hemanydi
ff
erentgr
oupsoft
heMal
awipeopl
enamel
ythe
Chi
kunda,
Chi
pet
a,Mang’
anj
a.Mbo,
Ntumbu,
Nyanj
a,Ny
asa,
NsengaandZi
mba.
 Apar
tfr
om t
heNsenga,t
heMal
awipeopl
eal
lspokeNy
anj
a,t
hel
anguageoft
he
l
ake.
 Kal
onga’
speopl
eest
abl
i
shedt
hemsel
vesasr
ulesov
ert
heChewapeopl
eand
i
ntr
oducedagoodpol
i
tical
syst
em.
 I
n1580,Lundubr
okeawayandest
abl
i
shedt
heKi
ngdom ofBor
orot
otheSout
h
ofKal
onga.

14
 Fi
g02.(
MapShowi
ngt
heext
entofKal
ongaKi
ngdom)

EXPANSI
ON
 Dur
ingt
hel
ate16th cent
ury
,thepoweroft
heKal
ongaf
ami
l
ybegant
oincr
ease
andt
heybegant
ocr
eat
eauni
fi
edchi
efdom.
 Themostpower
fuloft
hei
rrul
erswasKal
ongaMasur
a,whor
uledf
rom 1600–
1650andmadeanal
l
iancewi
tht
hePor
tuguese.
 I
n 1608,he sent 4000 Mal
awisol
dier
sto hel
pthe Por
tuguese def
eat
Mwenemut
apaGat
siRuser
e.
 I
nret
urn,
thePor
tuguesehel
pedMasur
atoconquerhi
sri
val
Lundu.
 Kal
onga Masur
athen t
ri
ed t
otake cont
roloft
he gol
d and i
vor
ytr
ade i
n
Mwenemut
apa’
sKi
ngdom buti
nvai
n.
 TheKi
ngdom expandedt
hroughconquest
s.Masur
abui
l
tapower
fular
myof
about10000Mal
awisol
dier
swhi
chheusedt
oconquert
heChi
pet
a,Mbo,
Zimba
15
 andChewa.
 Theconquer
edt
ri
beswer
emadet
opayt
ri
but
etoKal
onga,whi
chheusedi
nthe
l
ongdi
stancet
rade.
 Masur
asol
div
oryandsl
avesandobt
ainedguns,gunpowder
,beads,cl
othand
ot
herl
uxur
iousgoods.Cont
rol
oft
radet
othenor
thoft
heKi
ngdom hel
pedhi
mto
expandhi
sKi
ngdom.
 He used hi
s weal
tht
orewar
d hi
s war
ri
ors and sub-
chi
efs whi
l
e guns
st
rengt
henedt
hemi
l
itar
yposi
ti
onoft
heKi
ngdom.
 Kal
ongausedhi
sweal
tht
owi
nthel
oyal
tyofhi
ssub–chi
efsandsubj
ect
s.He
di
str
ibut
edhi
sweal
thamonghi
ssub-
chi
efswhoi
ntur
nredi
str
ibut
edt
hem t
o
t
hei
rpeopl
e.
 Ther
eli
giousf
act
orwasal
soi
mpor
tanti
nthedev
elopmentofKal
ongaki
ngdom.
TheKal
onga f
ami
l
ywasconsi
der
ed t
o besemi
-di
vi
neand wasbel
i
eved t
o
possessr
ainmaki
ngpower
s.
 DECLI
NE
Anumberoff
act
orshav
ebeenat
tri
but
edt
othecol
l
apseoft
heKal
ongaKi
ngdom.
Thesei
ncl
udes:
 Kal
ongaf
ail
edt
obui
l
dahi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zedpol
i
ticalst
ate,
unl
i
kemostoft
heLuba
-Lundacount
erpar
t.Thesubor
dinat
echi
efswer
egi
vensomuchaut
onomyt
hat
t
heywer
eabl
etocommandaf
oll
owi
ngoft
hei
rown.
 Af
tert
hedeat
hofMasur
a,Undibr
okeawayf
oll
owi
ngasuccessi
ondi
sput
eand
t
ookwi
thhi
m cl
osemember
soft
heKal
ongawhi
chl
eftt
her
uli
ngKal
ongawi
th
noappar
enthai
rtot
het
hrone.
 Anot
hercont
ri
but
ingf
act
orwast
hef
ail
ureoft
her
oyalMbonar
ain-
cul
ttocr
eat
e
uni
tyamongv
ari
ousChewapeopl
ewhi
chl
edt
ofur
therbr
eakawaygr
oups.
 Ext
ernal
l
ytheki
ngdom suf
fer
edf
rom Yaoat
tacks.
 TheYaot
rader
sal
sot
radeddi
rect
lywi
tht
hel
esserchi
efs.Thust
heyst
opped
f
ear
ingKal
ongaast
heynol
ongerdependedonhi
m.
 Theki
ngdom cont
inuedt
odecl
i
neunt
ilt
heki
l
li
ngoft
hel
astKal
ongabyt
heYao
i
nthe1860s.

16
UNDI
’
SCHEWAKI
NGDOM
 ORI
GIN
 TheChewaKi
ngdom ofUndior
igi
nat
edasar
esul
tofasuccessi
ondi
sput
e.Undi
br
okeawayf
rom t
heKal
ongaKi
ngdom i
npr
esentdayMal
awi
around1700.
 Undiest
abl
i
shedhi
sCapi
talatMano,sout
hofTet
edi
str
icti
nMozambi
que.Hi
s
Ki
ngdom wentasf
arassout
hofKat
etei
nZambi
a’
sEast
ernPr
ovi
nce.
 Hespr
eadhi
scont
rolt
hroughoutt
heKat
eteandChadi
zaar
eas.I
nthesear
eas,
t
heconquer
edl
ocalgr
oupssuchasMkanda’
sChewa,t
heNsengaofPet
auke
andt
heChewaofTet
e.Hewasgi
vent
hepr
aisenameofGawaUndi
.“Gawa”
meant“
shar
e”.Thi
swasbecauseUndishar
edt
heLandamonghi
ssubor
dinat
e
chi
efs.GawaUndi
becamet
heof
fi
cial
tit
leoft
heChewaPar
amountChi
efs.
 DEVELOPMENTOFUNDI
’
SKI
NGDOM
Thef
act
orst
hatl
edt
otheDev
elopmentofUndi
’
sKi
ngdom wer
e:
 A wel
l-
organi
zed pol
it
icalst
ruct
ure-
Undior
gani
zed a cent
ral
i
sed pol
i
tical
st
ruct
ureascompar
edt
otheKal
onga,sKi
ngdom.Heor
gani
zedt
heKi
ngdom
accor
dingt
olev
elsofHi
erar
chyofr
uler
si.
e.
UNDI
-wast
heov
eral
lboss

SUBORDI
NATECHI
EF-
fr
om t
hePhi
riandBandaCl
ans

TRI
BUTARYCHI
EFS-
fr
om t
heconquer
edpeopl
e

HEADMEN-f
rom t
hev
il
lages.

ORDI
NARYPEOPLE

 Thi
sensur
edt
hatUndi
hadf
ir
m cont
rol
ofpol
i
tical
aff
air
sint
heKi
ngdom.
 Rel
igi
ous Power
s-Undiwas al
so per
cei
ved t
o be a semi
-di
vi
ne r
uler
.He
cont
rol
l
ed t
he i
mpor
tantr
ainmaki
ng Shr
ine.He al
so est
abl
i
shed a f
emal
e

17
 r
ainmakercal
l
edMakewane,whowasi
nchar
geoft
heShr
ine.Thi
scont
ri
but
ed
t
othepol
i
tical
powerofUndi
andi
twasal
soav
eryi
mpor
tantf
act
ori
nuni
ti
ngt
he
Chewapeopl
e.
 Rai
ds-Thi
swasani
mpor
tantf
act
ori
nthedev
elopmentoft
heKi
ngdom.
Undi
conquer
edandassi
mil
atedweakergr
oupssuchast
he,Nsenga,Chewaandt
he
Tumbuka.These wer
eincor
por
ated i
ntot
he Ki
ngdom.Ati
ts hei
ght
,Undi
,
s
Ki
ngdom was v
ast
.Iti
ncl
uded t
he East
ern Pr
ovi
nce ofZambi
a,par
ts of
Mozambi
que’
sTet
edi
str
ict
sandpar
tsofMal
awi
.
 Theconcent
rat
ionofPoweri
nthePhi
riCl
an;Undigav
epost
sofSub-
chi
efst
o
member
soft
hePhi
riCl
an.Heal
soencour
agedt
hemember
soft
hecl
ant
o
i
nter
mar
rywi
thwomenf
rom ot
hercl
ansandt
hedef
eat
edt
ri
bes.Thesub-
chi
efs
wer
eloy
alt
oUndibecauseofFami
l
yrel
ati
onshi
pti
es.I
nthi
sway
,Undiwasabl
e
t
omai
ntai
nUni
tyi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Nat
uralResour
ces;Undi
’
sKi
ngdom wasal
sov
eryr
ichi
nNat
uralResour
ces.To
begi
nwi
th,
Undi
,sar
eawaswel
lwat
eredandhadf
ert
il
esoi
l
s.Besi
dest
her
ewer
e
ot
hernat
uralr
esour
cessuchassal
t,i
ronor
e,i
vor
yandgol
d.I
naddi
ti
on,bymi
d
1700,t
he mi
ning ofGol
dint
he Ki
ngdom byhe Por
tuguese became v
ery
i
mpor
tant
.ThePor
tugueseandt
hei
rChi
kundaagent
smi
nedt
hegol
dgott
hei
r
shar
eandgav
eaper
cent
aget
oUndi
.Al
lthesenat
uralr
esour
cesenabl
edUndit
o
par
ti
cipat
eint
heLongDi
stanceTr
ade.
 Tr
ibut
e Sy
stem;Tr
ibut
e was col
l
ect
ed f
rom t
he def
eat
ed chi
efs and t
he
subor
dinat
echi
efsasasi
gnofl
oyal
tyt
oUndi
.Thi
str
ibut
ewasi
nfor
m ofi
vor
y,
sl
avesandgol
d.Thi
sal
soenabl
edt
heUndit
opar
ti
cipat
eint
heLongDi
stance
Tr
ade.
 Monopol
yoft
heLongDi
stanceTr
ade;
Ther
ichnat
ural
resour
cesandt
heTr
ibut
e
Sy
stem enabl
edUndit
opar
ti
cipat
einandl
atermonopol
i
set
heLongdi
stance
Tr
ade.I
nexchangef
orl
ocalpr
oduct
ssuchasi
vor
y,gol
dandsl
aves,Undiwas
gi
veni
temssuchasguns,gunpowderandbeads.Thi
seconomi
cfact
orgr
eat
ly
cont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentofUndi
’
sKi
ngdom.
 Sl
aveTr
adi
ng;i
tal
socont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentoft
heKi
ngdom.Atabout

18
 t
hesamet
imet
hatGol
dmi
ningwasati
tspeak,t
radei
nsl
aveshadal
sost
art
ed
andwashi
ghl
ypr
ofi
tabl
e.Manypeopl
ewer
esol
dassl
aves.Thi
sledt
oan
i
ncr
easei
nUndi
,
sEconomi
cpower
.Thi
shumanl
abourwasneededf
ort
hehuge
pl
ant
ati
onscal
l
edt
hePr
azoesi
ntheZambezi
val
l
ey.
 DECLI
NE
Af
ter1750,
Undi
’
sKi
ngdom begant
odecl
i
nebecause:
 I
thadnost
rongcent
ral
i
zedgov
ernmentsy
stem,
.Sub–chi
efst
ri
edasmucht
o
decent
ral
i
zepowerwi
tht
hehel
p ofext
ernalt
rader
s.Hence,conf
li
ctsar
ose
bet
weenUndi
andhi
ssub–Chi
efsandt
hisweakenedhi
sposi
ti
on.
 Undidi
dnothav
eaper
manentar
myandt
hismadef
orei
gner
sandsub–chi
efs
under
minehi
saut
hor
it
ybecauset
heyhadnot
hingser
ioust
ofear
.Sub–chi
efs
st
oppedpay
ingt
ri
but
etoUndi
.
 ThePor
tugueseandt
hei
rChi
kundaagent
sbeganunder
mini
ngUndi
’
saut
hor
it
y
byt
radi
ng di
rect
lywi
th Undi
’
s sub – chi
efs.Consequent
ly,Undi
’
slosthi
s
monopol
yoft
rade.
 Thesl
avet
radi
ngact
ivi
tesoft
hePor
tugueseandt
heChi
kundicr
eat
edi
nsecur
it
y
andweakenedt
heki
ngdom.
 Undil
ostcont
roloft
heMakewanar
ainmaki
ngshr
ines.Thi
sweakenedhi
s
posi
ti
onandnegat
ivel
yaf
fect
edt
heuni
tyi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Thef
inaldest
ruct
ionoft
heKi
ngdom wasdonebyt
heNgoniZwangendaba’
s
Ngoniset
tl
edi
nNsengacount
ryf
orf
oury
ear
sont
hei
rwayt
othenor
th.They
r
aidedUndi
’
speopl
eandputt
heKi
ngdom i
nmor
etr
oubl
e.
 Fr
om t
henor
th,
Mpezeni
’
sngonit
err
ori
zedt
heKi
ngdom agai
n.Theyper
manent
ly
set
tl
edi
nNsengal
andandt
hisl
edt
othef
inal
dest
ruct
ionoft
heKi
ngdom.

THELUNDAKI
NGDOM OFMAWATAKAZEMBE
 ORI
GIN
 Mwat
aKazembe’
sLundaKi
ngdom st
art
edasanof
fshootoft
heal
readyexi
sti
ng
Ki
ngdom ofMwat
aYamv
wo.
 Ar
ound1680,
Mwat
aYamv
woMut
ebasentMut
andaYembey
embeeast
war
dst
o

19
 conquert
heweakt
ri
besi
ntheLuapul
aar
eai
nor
dert
ocont
rolt
hesal
tand
copperdeposi
tst
her
e.
 Mut
anday
embey
embewasaskedt
oest
abl
i
shat
ri
but
arychi
efdom onbehal
fof
Mwat
ayamv
wo.
 Howev
er,he became di
sloy
alt
o Mwat
ayamv
wo f
orhi
msel
fal
lthe i
tems
col
l
ect
ed f
rom t
he conquer
ed peopl
e and when Chi
nyama r
epor
ted hi
m t
o
Mwat
ayamv
wo,
Mut
andaYembey
embeki
l
ledChi
nyant
a.
 Mwat
ayamv
wo’
sar
mydef
eat
edMut
andaYembey
embe.
 Asar
ewar
dtoChi
nyant
a’sdeat
h,Mwat
ayamv
woMut
ebaappoi
ntedChi
nyant
a’s
f
ir
stsonNgandaBi
l
ondaasChi
efoft
heLuapul
aar
eaandgav
ehi
mthet
it
leof
Mwat
aKazembe.
 NgandaBi
l
ondaconquer
edal
lthesur
roundi
ngt
ri
besi
ntheLuapul
aval
l
eyand
bui
l
thi
scapi
tal
atMwansabombwe.
 Howev
er,
NgandaBi
l
ondadr
ownedi
ntheLuapul
ari
verwhi
l
etr
yingt
oexpandhi
s
ki
ngdom.Hewassucceededbyhi
ssonKany
emboi
n1725.

Fi
g03.Mapshowi
ngt
hel
ocat
ionofMwat
a-Kazembes’
Kingdom

20
 EXPANSI
ON
 Kany
embowasgi
vent
heLundai
nsi
gni
aofki
ngshi
pofMwat
ayamv
woandt
his
i
ncl
udedabel
t,st
aff
,kni
feandacut
ti
ngofMut
abat
reet
obepl
ant
edathi
s
capi
tal
.
 Kany
embot
henbeganexpandi
ngt
heKi
ngdom bysuccessf
ull
yconquer
ingt
he
ar
eabet
weent
heLuapul
aandLual
abar
iver
s.
 Heal
soor
gani
zedmi
l
itar
ycampai
gnsi
nShabaar
eawher
ehedef
eat
edt
he
LambaandSangachi
esf
.
 Kany
embocr
ossedt
heLuapul
ari
veri
n1740andconquer
edt
heUshi
,Chungu
andShi
l
a.
 Hedi
edi
n1760andhewassucceededbyI
lungaLukwesawhoconquer
edt
he
Tabwa,
LunguandShi
l
a.
 Theseconquest
sbydi
ff
erentKazembehel
pedt
oexpandt
heKi
ngdom ast
he
conquer
edpeopl
ewer
emadet
opayt
ri
but
etoKazembe.
 Tr
ibut
eandav
ail
abi
l
ityofnat
uralr
esour
cesenabl
edKazembet
opar
ti
cipat
ein
t
hel
ongdi
stancet
radewi
thbot
htheeastcoastandt
hewestcoast
.
 He t
raded wi
tht
he Por
tuguese on t
he westcoastt
hrough t
he I
mbangal
a
mi
ddl
emenandt
hist
rader
out
epassedt
hroughMwat
ayamv
wo’
scapi
tal
.Heal
so
t
radedwi
tht
hePor
tugueseatSenaandTet
eusi
ngt
heBi
saMi
ddl
emen.
 Ont
heeastcoast
,het
radedwi
tht
heSwahi
l
i,Ar
absandNy
amwezit
rader
sand
hi
smi
ddl
emenwer
etheYao.
 Kazembesol
dcopper
,sal
t,i
vor
yandsl
avesandobt
ainedf
ir
ear
ms,cl
oth,beads
andsomeot
herEur
opeanl
uxur
ies.
 Kazembemonopol
i
zedt
het
radeandusedhi
sweal
tht
orewar
dhi
ssub–chi
efs.
Thi
sear
nedhi
mthei
rloy
alt
y.
 Gunswer
eusedi
nconquer
inghi
snei
ghbor
sandwer
enotdi
str
ibut
edt
ohi
s
j
uni
orchi
efsf
orf
earofov
ert
hrowi
nghi
m.

21
  DECLI
NE
 TheLundaKi
ngdom ofMwat
aKazembebegant
odecl
i
neaf
ter1830duet
othe
f
oll
owi
ngr
easons.
 I
nthe1830s,
theBembaandt
heNgonipeopl
erai
dedKazembe’
smi
ddl
emen,
the
Bi
saf
ort
radei
tems.TheBi
sa,whohadnopr
otect
ionf
rom Kazembe,st
opped
t
radi
ngonbehal
fofKazembeandt
hisdepr
ivedKazembeofhi
sweal
th.
 I
nthe1950s,Mwat
aKazembeKel
ekaal
l
owedt
heYekeunderMsi
rit
oset
tl
ein
t
heLuapul
aval
l
eyi
ntheNor
ther
npar
toft
heKi
ngdom.
 Msi
ril
ateracqui
redgunsandbecamesopower
fult
hathebegant
ochal
l
enge
Kazembe.
 Msi
ril
atercutof
fKazembe’
ski
ngdom f
rom t
hewest
ernt
rader
out
eandt
he
copperf
rom Kat
anga.
 Heal
sobegant
otr
adedi
rect
lywi
thKazembe’
ssub–chi
efsandt
hisweakened
Kazembe’
sKi
ngdom.
 Kazembeal
sol
ostt
heeast
ernt
rader
out
e.TheNy
amweziandt
heSwahi
l
iAr
abs
openednewt
rader
out
esf
rom t
heeastcoastt
othei
nter
ior
.Theybegant
radi
ng
wi
thMsi
rii
nst
eadofKazembe.
 Kazembeal
sol
osthi
smonopol
yov
ert
ri
but
e.TheSwahi
l
iAr
absgai
neddi
rect
cont
actwi
thhi
ssub-
chi
efsandKazembedi
dnot
hingt
ost
opt
hem.
 I
n 1872,Ti
ppo Ti
b ent
ered t
heLuapul
aval
l
eyand i
nter
fer
ed di
rect
lyi
nthe
pol
i
ticalaf
fai
rs oft
he Lunda.He r
epl
aced t
he r
eigni
ng Kazembe Kaf
uti
Chi
konkol
ewi
thLukwesa.
 Byt
het
imet
heBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
caCompanyent
eredt
heLuapul
aval
l
eyi
nthe
1890s,Kazembe’
sKi
ngdom hadbeenr
educedt
otheLuapul
aval
l
ey.Thear
ea
wast
henpl
acedunderBr
it
ishpr
otect
ion.

THEBEMBAKI
NGDOM
 ORI
GIN
 Thef
ounder
soft
heBembaKi
ngdom or
igi
nat
edf
rom t
heLubaKi
ngdom i
n
Kat
angaar
ound1600.

22
 TheBembachi
efl
ycl
an,
theBenaNg’
anducl
anwer
eledf
rom t
heLubaKi
ngdom
byChi
tiMul
ubaandNkol
e.
 Theymi
grat
edeast
war
dsi
ntoZambi
a’
sNor
ther
nPr
ovi
ncewher
etheyset
tl
edat
Lubembaaf
terconquer
ingt
hel
ocalpeopl
eoft
hear
eabet
weenChi
nsal
iand
Kasamadi
str
ict
sofZambi
aar
ound1650.
 Chi
tiMul
ubawasgi
vent
hepr
aiset
it
leofMukul
u,andhebecameknownas
Chi
ti
mukul
uwhi
chbecamet
het
it
leofal
ltheBembapar
amountchi
efs.
 Chi
tiMul
uba bui
l
thi
scapi
talatMwal
ulewestofLubemba and hi
speopl
e
becameknownasBabemba.
 Thi
smar
kedt
hef
oundat
ionoft
heBembaKi
ngdom.
 FACTORSFORSLOW DEVELOPMENTOFTHEKI
NGDOM
Thedev
elopmentoft
heBembaki
ngdom wassl
owbecause:
 Lubembawaspoori
nnat
uralr
esour
ces.Thesoi
l
swer
epoorandmost
lypoor
ly
wat
ered.Hencet
hear
eawasnotsui
tabl
eforf
armi
ng.
 Thepr
esenceoft
set
sef
li
esi
nthear
eahi
nder
edani
mal
keepi
ng.
 Lubemba’
slackofnat
uralr
esour
cespr
event
edi
tfr
om par
ti
cipat
ingi
nthel
ong
di
stancet
rade.
 Hence,unt
ilt
he1830s,t
heKi
ngdom consi
stedonl
yofChi
nsal
iandKasama
di
str
ict
s.

 EXPANSI
ONOFTHEKI
NDOM
 Todev
elopt
hei
rki
ngdom,
theBembat
urnedt
hei
rdi
sadv
ant
agesi
ntoadv
ant
ages.
Theyr
esor
tedt
orai
dingt
hei
rnei
ghbor
ssuchast
heMambwef
orcat
tl
e,t
he
Tabwaf
orsal
t,t
heUshi
fori
ronandt
heBi
saf
ori
vor
y.
 Ther
epeat
edr
aidi
ngal
somadet
heBembapr
ofi
cienti
nwar
far
e.Thr
oughr
aidi
ng
andconquest
s,t
heybeganexpandi
ngt
hei
rki
ngdom att
heexpenseoft
hei
r
nei
ghbor
s.
 I
nthe1830s,Chi
ti
mukul
uChi
l
esheChepel
amadegoodadmi
nist
rat
iver
efor
ms
t
hatcont
ri
but
edt
otheexpansi
onoft
heKi
ngdom.

23
 Forexampl
e,heabol
i
shedshor
trul
i
ngper
iodsandi
ntr
oducedr
eignsofl
ong
per
iods.
 Chepel
aal
sol
i
mit
edsuccessi
ont
othet
hronet
ohi
sowncl
an,t
heMi
ticl
an,and
heappoi
ntedhi
snephewst
orul
etheconquer
edt
ri
besonhi
sbehal
f.
 TheBembaki
ngdom becamecent
ral
i
zedandt
hisbr
oughtuni
tyandst
abi
l
ityi
n
t
heKi
ngdom.Uni
tandst
abi
l
ityenabl
edt
heBembat
oconquersur
roundi
ngt
ri
bes
whopai
dtr
ibut
etot
hem.
 Tr
ibut
ecol
l
ect
ionandr
aidshel
pedt
heBembat
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hel
ongdi
stance
t
rade.Chepel
aandl
aterChi
tapankwa,madet
radeal
l
ianceswi
tht
heNy
amwezi
,
Ar
absandSwahi
l
itr
ader
s.
 The Bemba exchanged most
lyi
vor
yand sl
avesf
orcl
oth,beads,gunsand
gunpowderf
rom t
he coast
alt
rader
s.Guns enabl
ed t
hem t
o expand t
hei
r
Ki
ngdom ev
enf
urt
her
.
 TheBembabecamesouni
tedmi
l
itar
ythatdur
ingt
her
eignofChi
tapankwat
hey
managedt
orepel
att
acksbyt
heNgoni
ofMpzeni
andMpel
embe.
 Byt
hen,t
heBembawer
econt
rol
l
ingav
astar
eai
ncl
udi
ngMpi
kadi
str
ict
,Lungu
l
and,
TabwaandMambwear
eas.
 DECLI
NE
 TheBembaKi
ngdom begant
o decl
i
nei
naf
ter1883f
oll
owi
ngt
hedeat
hof
Chi
ti
mukul
uChi
tapankwa.
 Chi
tapankwawassucceededbyhi
sbr
otherSampawhi
l
ehi
snephew Chi
ponda
becamet
heseni
orchi
efMwamba.
 These new l
eader
slacked t
he good l
eader
shi
p qual
i
ties ofChepel
a and
Chi
tankwaandt
hisl
edt
othecol
l
apseofBembaaut
hor
it
yandt
hedecl
i
neoft
he
Ki
ngdom.
 I
naddi
ti
on,t
het
wol
eader
swer
einv
olv
edi
nsquabbl
esov
ert
het
hroneandt
his
di
vi
dedt
heKi
ngdom i
ntot
wopar
ts.
 By1893,
awhi
tef
atherBi
shopDuPontcamet
oLubembaandmadef
ri
endswi
th
Chi
efMwamba DuPonti
nfl
uenced seni
orchi
efMwamba t
o acceptBr
it
ish
pr
otect
ion.

24
  I
n 1896,t
he Br
it
ish Sout
h Af
ri
ca Company decl
ared Lubemba a Br
it
ish
pr
otect
orat
e.
 Hence,by 1897,t
he Bemba submi
tt
ed t
o Br
it
ish pr
otect
ion and Bemba
domi
nancei
nthear
eaended.

THELUYI(
LOZI
)KI
NGDOM
 ORI
GIN
 The Luy
i or Lozi ar
ist
ocr
acy or
igi
nat
ed f
rom t
he Lunda Ki
ngdom of
Mwat
ayamv
woi
nKat
angaf
rom wher
etheywer
eledbyaqueencal
l
edMwamba.
 Theyset
tl
ed i
ntheZambezif
lood pl
ansar
ound 1650 af
terconquer
ing t
he
Ny
engo,
Mweny
iandMunat
waandt
henbui
l
tthei
rcapi
tal
atLeal
ui.
 Mwambadi
edandshewassucceededbyherdaught
erMbuy
awamwambwa
whosef
atheri
sbel
i
evedt
ohav
ebeent
hegodcal
l
edNy
ambe.
 Mbuy
awamwambaabdi
cat
edt
het
hrowni
nfav
orofhersonMbooMuy
undawho
becamet
hef
ir
stmal
eleaderoft
heLozi
andt
ookt
het
it
leofLi
tunga.
 Some oft
he Mboo;s r
elat
ives l
eftt
he Ki
ngdom t
o est
abl
i
sh t
hei
rown
chi
eft
ainci
esel
sewher
e.
 Mwanambi
l
iset
tl
eatI
mat
ongoandhi
sfol
l
ower
sbecameknownast
heKwandi
.
 Mangewentt
otheeast
ernf
orestandhi
speopl
ewer
ecal
l
edt
heKwangwa
 I
li
shuaset
tl
edatMashi
andhi
sfol
l
ower
sbecameknownast
heMashi
.
 Lat
er,
li
tungaNgal
amabr
oughtbackMangeandMwanambi
l
iundercont
rolwhi
l
e
Ngombal
aconquer
edt
heShanj
oandTot
ela.
 Thus,
theKi
ngdom becameest
abl
i
shedandi
tbegant
oexpandaf
ter1780.

Fi
g04.Mapshowi
ngt
heLoziKi
ngdom

25
 EXPANSI
ON
Ther
ear
esev
eralf
act
orst
hataccountf
ort
heexpansi
onoft
heLuy
iKi
ngdom as
f
oll
ows:
 TheZambezif
loodpl
ainspr
ovi
dedagoodsy
stem ofcommuni
cat
ionbycanoe.
Thi
senabl
edr
ulest
oef
fect
ivel
ycont
rol
thei
rsubj
ect
sandt
ocol
l
ectt
ri
but
e.
 Ther
iverwassur
roundedbyf
ert
il
eal
l
uvi
alsoi
l
sandabundantwat
erf
ori
rr
igat
ion
ofcr
opsusi
ngcanal
sthatwer
edug.Hence,
agr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionwashi
gh.
 Ther
ewer
eal
sopl
ent
yofot
hernat
uralr
esour
cesi
ntheKi
ngdom suchasf
ish
andani
mal
s.
 Theki
ngdom al
soexpandedduet
othegoodl
eader
shi
pqual
i
tiesofNgal
ama,
Ngombal
aandMul
ambwawhoconquer
edsur
roundi
ngt
ri
besandbr
oughtt
hem
underLozi
cont
rol
.
 Theconquer
edt
ri
beswer
emadet
opayt
ri
but
etot
heLi
tunga.
 TheKi
ngdom waswel
lor
gani
zedpol
i
tical
l
y.I
twasdi
vi
dedi
ntov
il
lagescont
rol
l
ed
byv
il
lageheadmenori
ndunas.
 Agr
oupofv
il
lagesf
ormedadi
str
ictcal
l
edSi
l
alo.
 TheLi
tungawasassi
stedbyhi
sPr
imeMi
nist
ercal
l
edNgambel
a.

26
 Ther
api
dexpansi
onoft
heKi
ngdom t
ookpl
acedur
ingt
her
eignofLi
ntunga
Mul
ambwa.
 Mul
ambwabecamet
heLi
tungaoft
heLozipeopl
ein1780andi
ntr
oduceda
numberofr
efor
msi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Mul
ambwa,t
het
ent
hLi
tunga,bel
i
evedt
hatpeopl
est
olebecauseofbei
ngi
n
need.
 Hence,hei
ntr
oducedanew l
aw wher
ebyaper
soncaughtst
eal
i
ngwasgi
ven
cat
tl
eoraposi
ti
onofaut
hor
it
yandt
henwat
chedcl
osel
ysot
hathedi
dnotst
eal
agai
n.
 I
famanwascaughtcommi
tt
ingadul
ter
ywi
thanot
herman’
swi
fe,
hiswi
fewoul
d
begi
vent
otheof
fendedmant
odot
hesamepubl
i
cly
.
 Mul
ambwar
efusedt
hePor
tugueseandt
heMambar
isl
avet
rader
sent
ryi
ntohi
s
ki
ngdom.Hedi
dnotwantt
osel
lhi
speopl
eassl
avesbecauseheneededt
hem
f
orl
aborandassour
ceoft
ri
but
e.
 Hewel
comedi
mpor
tanti
mmi
grant
ssuchast
heMbundaofMweneKandal
aand
MweneChi
engel
ewhocomet
oset
tl
einBul
ozi
.
 TheMbundawer
eski
l
ledmedi
cinemenandmi
l
itar
ymenwhoi
ntr
oducedf
ight
ing
usi
ngasmal
laxecal
l
edbukano.
 Theyal
soi
ntr
oducedcassav
aandanew t
ypeofy
am cal
l
edsi
kuswani
.Hence
t
heycont
ri
but
edt
othepr
osper
it
yoft
heKi
ngdom.
 Mul
ambwadi
edi
n1830andhi
sdeat
hwasf
oll
owedbyasuccessi
ondi
sput
e
bet
weenMubukwanuandSi
l
umel
ume.Hence,
theKi
ngdom begant
odecl
i
ne.
 DECLI
NE
Thedecl
i
neoft
hepoweroft
heLozi
kingdom wasduet
othef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
 TheKi
ngdom whi
chwasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
tswasnotuni
ted.Thenor
ther
npar
t
waspr
edomi
nat
elyLuy
iandspokeSi
l
uyanaorLuy
ilanguagewhi
l
ethesout
her
n
par
tspokeSubi
ya,
Tot
elaandShanj
o.
 Whent
heKol
oloar
ri
vedi
ntheKi
ngdom,
theSout
her
npar
tsuppor
tedSebi
twane
 Thesy
stem ofdualki
ngshi
pwi
tht
heseni
orLi
tungaatLeal
uiandt
hej
uni
or
Li
tungaathi
scapi
tali
ntheSout
her
napar
toft
heKi
ngdom wasaseedf
or

27
 conf
li
ct.
 I
tresul
tedi
ntoasuccessi
ondi
sput
eandaci
vi
lwasaf
tert
hedeat
hofMul
ambwa.
Mabukwanu a j
uni
orLi
tunga t
ri
ed t
o pr
eventhi
s br
othersi
l
umel
ume f
rom
becomi
ng t
he seni
orLi
tunga.Thi
sled t
othe out
break ofa di
sput
e ov
er
successi
on.
 Hence,whent
heKol
oloar
ri
vedi
ntheKi
ngdom i
nthe1830s,t
heLoziKi
ngdom
wast
ornapar
tandweakenedbyabl
oodyci
vi
lwar
.
 Thus,
theLozi
wer
eeasi
l
ydef
eat
edbyt
heKol
olowhot
ookov
ert
hecont
rol
oft
he
Ki
ngdom andr
uledBul
ozi
foraboutf
ort
yyear
s.

THEMWENEMUTAPAKI
NGDOM
 ORI
GIN
 Theor
igi
noft
heMwenemut
ampaki
ngdom dat
est
oasf he12th
arbackast
cent
ury
.
 I
twasf
ormedbyt
heKar
angasect
ionoft
heShonapeopl
ewhor
uledf
ir
stf
rom
Mapungubweandl
aterf
rom Gr
eatZi
mbabwe.
 Theempi
ref
lour
ishedont
radewi
tht
heI
ronAget
rader
sinwhi
cht
heKar
anga
exchangedgol
dadi
vor
yfori
roni
mpl
ement
s.Sal
twasal
soani
mpor
tanti
tem i
n
t
hear
ea.
 I
nthe15thcent
ury
,theMbi
resect
ionoft
heShonabegant
ocont
rol
theKi
ngdom.
 Thef
ir
stoft
heMbi
rer
uler
swasChi
kur
awasy
ambeuandhewassucceededby
hi
sgr
andsonNy
atsi
mbaMut
otaar
ound1420.
 Mut
otaabandoned Gr
eat
erZi
mbabweand mi
grat
ed nor
thwar
dsonaser
ies
mi
l
itar
ycampai
gnsi
nor
dert
ocont
rolsal
tdeposi
tsandt
akeov
ert
hegol
dand
i
vor
ytr
adei
nthel
owerZambezi
.
 Heal
sowant
edt
oscapedr
oughtandci
vi
lwar
swhi
chhadhi
ttheSout
her
npar
t
ofGr
eatZi
mbabwe.
 Mut
otaconquer
edt
heTav
alapeopl
einDandear
eawher
eheset
tl
edandbui
l
thi
s
capi
tal
atMountFur
a.
 Theconquer
edpeopl
eni
cknamedMut
otaas“
Mwenemut
apa’
andhi
swar
ri
orsas

28
 t
he‘
Makor
ekor
e’.Mwenemut
ampameans‘
Lor
doft
heconquer
edl
ands.
’
 Thi
smar
kedt
hef
oundat
ionoft
heMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom.

f
ig05.(
Mapshowi
ngt
heKi
ngdom ofMwenemut
apa)

 EXPANSI
ON
 Mut
otaexpandedt
heKi
ngdom byconquer
ingnei
ghbor
ingt
ri
bes.
 Byt
het
imehedi
edi
n1450,
theKi
ngdom i
ncl
udedmuchofZi
mbabweexceptf
or
t
heeast
ernhi
ghl
and.
 Mut
otawassucceededbyMat
opewhor
uledf
rom 1450t
o1480.
 Mat
opemanagedt
ocont
rolt
hegol
dtr
adeandi
vor
ytr
adeandt
hisst
rengt
hened
heeconomi
cposi
ti
onoft
heki
ngdom.
 Heal
soor
gani
zedmi
l
itar
ycampai
gnsandconquer
edmanyweakert
ri
bes.
 Mat
opecent
ral
i
zedt
heKi
ngdom byappoi
nti
nghi
srel
ati
vesandt
hosel
oyalt
o
hi
m asr
uler
s.
 Hemanagedt
ocont
rolt
her
ichestpar
tsoft
heKi
ngdom namel
yMbi
repr
ovi
nce

29
 underTogwaandGur
uhuswapr
ovi
nceunderChanga.
 Theset
wopr
ovi
nceswer
eri
chi
ngol
dwhi
chbr
oughtal
otofweal
tht
othe
Ki
ngdom asi
twasusedi
ntr
adewi
tht
hePor
tuguese.
 TheKi
ngdom r
eachedi
tsgr
eat
estext
entdur
ingMat
ope’
srei
gn.Hebr
oughtt
he
whol
eofZi
mbabweunderhi
scont
rolandext
endedt
heKi
ngdom t
oincl
udepar
t
ofeast
ernMozambi
que.
 Mat
opedi
edi
n1480andwassucceededbyhi
ssonNy
ahuma.
 DECLI
NE
 Thedecl
i
neofMwenemut
apaki
ngdom beganaf
tert
hedeat
hofMat
opemai
nly
duet
oint
ernal
disput
esandPor
tugueseact
ivi
ti
esi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Mat
ope’
ssuccessorNy
ahumawasy
oungandi
nexper
iencedandhef
ail
edt
o
cont
rolChangaandTogwa.TheKi
ngdom wast
oobi
gforhi
mtocont
roli
ron
f
rom onecent
er.
 Thet
wor
ebel
l
edagai
nstNy
ahuma,ki
l
ledhi
m anddecl
aredt
hem i
ndependence
oft
heMwenemut
apa.
 Changesei
zedpowerandbui
l
tasepar
ateKi
ngdom knownasChangami
re’
s
Ki
ngdom.
 I
n1494,Ny
ahuma’
ssonChi
kuy
oki
l
ledChangami
reanddecl
aredhi
msel
fthe
Mwenemut
apabutf
ail
edt
ocont
rol
Mbi
reandGur
uhuswapr
ovi
nces.
 Byt
hel
ate1490st
heMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom wasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wosepar
ate
Ki
ngdomsandt
heaut
hor
it
yofMwenemut
apawasser
iousl
ydecl
i
ning.
 ThePor
tugueseent
eredt
heKi
ngdom i
nthe16thcent
urywi
tht
hedesi
ret
ocont
rol
t
hegol
dandi
vor
ytr
ade.
 I
n1573,
theyf
orcedMwenemut
apaNegomot
osi
gni
nat
reat
ywi
tht
hem t
hrough
whi
cht
heyacqui
redr
ight
stoownl
andi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 I
nti
me,t
hePor
tuguesebegant
ochal
l
engeMwenemut
apa’
saut
hor
it
yov
ergol
d
andsi
l
veri
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Theybegant
radi
ngwi
thMut
apa’
ssub-
chi
efsandst
art
edmi
ninggol
dil
l
egal
l
y.
 I
n1623,t
heydeposedMwenemut
apaKapar
ari
dzewhoopposedt
hei
rpr
esence
i
ntheKi
ngdom.Theyr
epl
acedhi
m wi
thMav
urawhobecameapuppett
othem.

30
  Thi
scr
eat
edi
nst
abi
l
ityi
ntheKi
ngdom andcont
ri
but
edt
othecol
l
apseoft
he
Ki
ngdom.
3.THENGUNII
NCURSI
ONSI
NTOCENTRALAFRI
CA

A. MZI
LIKAZIANDTHENDEBELESTATE

 ORI
GINSANDMOVEMENT

 Mzi
l
ikaziwast
hechi
efoft
heKhumal
otr
ibe,who soughtr
efugeand Shaka’
s
pr
otect
ioni
nZul
uland.

 Hef
ear
edt
obebr
utal
i
zedbyZwi
de,
theki
l
lerofhi
sfat
her
.

 Shakamadehi
m acommanderi
nthear
my.

 I
n1821,
Mzi
l
ikaziwassuccessf
uli
ncat
tl
eandr
aidagai
nstt
heSot
hobuther
efused
t
ohandov
ert
hecat
tl
etoShaka.

 I
nst
ead,he l
eftZul
uland and l
ed hi
s Khumal
o peopl
e and ar
my acr
oss t
he
Dr
akensber
gMount
ains.

 Theywer
efol
l
owedbyShaka’
sfor
cebutt
heyescapedf
rom t
hear
ea.

 TheKhumal
oreachedt
heOl
i
phant
’sr
iveri
n1823andset
tl
edatEkupumul
eni
.

 By 1826,Ndebel
e had r
eached Mhl
alandl
ela wher
ethey set
tl
ed i
n sout
her
n
Tr
ansv
aal
.

 Mzi
l
ikaziat
tacked and def
eat
ed t
he weakert
ri
bes he f
ound i
n Tr
ansv
aaland
i
ncor
por
atedt
hem i
ntohi
str
ibe.

 Howev
er,hef
ail
edt
odef
eatMoshesh’
sBasut
oandhewasf
orcedoutofTr
ansv
aal
byat
tacksf
rom t
heTl
okwaandBoer
s.

 TheNdebel
elef
tMhl
alandl
elai
ntwogr
oups.

 I
ndunaGundwaneNdi
wenil
edonegr
oupconsi
sti
ngofwomen,ol
dpeopl
e,cat
tl
e

31
 andchi
l
dren,i
ncl
udi
ngMzi
l
ikzi
’
ssonsi
ntoZi
mbabweandLobengul
a.Theyt
ooka
shor
terr
out
eint
oZi
mbabweandset
tl
edi
ntheMat
opohi
l
lsar
ea.

 Thesecondgr
oupconsi
sti
ngofwar
ri
orwasl
edbyMzi
l
ikazi
.
Thegr
oupwentasf
ar
asLakeNgamiwher
etheycl
ashedwi
tht
heKol
olo.Theyl
ostcont
actwi
tht
hemai
n
gr
oup.

 Hence,whenMzi
l
ikazi
’
sgr
oupmov
edi
ntoZi
mbabwe,t
heyf
oundt
hatNhul
umane
hadbeeni
nst
all
edaski
ng.

 Mzi
l
ikazit
henexecut
edNkhul
umane,i
ndunaGundwaneNdi
weniandot
her
sfor
t
reason.

Fi
g06.(
Mapshowi
ngt
hemovement
soft
heNguniSpeaki
ngpeopl
eint
oCent
ralAf
ri
ca)

TheNdebel
eSt
atei
nZi
mbabwe

32
 Af
tert
heexecut
ion,
theNdebel
est
abi
l
izedandl
i
vedaset
tl
edl
i
fei
nZi
mbabwe.

 Mzi
l
ikzi
bui
l
thi
scapi
tal
atl
nyat
i.

 Hemi
xedel
ement
sofNguniandSot
hoTswanacul
tur
eandcust
om t
oest
abl
i
sh
hi
sownst
ate.

 Hef
ormedr
egi
ment
sbasedi
nregi
onalv
il
lagesr
athert
hanatal
argecent
ral
capi
tal
.

 Mzi
l
ikaziwasnotashar
shasshakaandheal
l
owedhi
speopl
eandr
egi
ment
sto
mar
ryf
reel
y.

 Mzi
l
ikazi
bui
l
tthemostpower
ful
kingdom nor
thoft
heLi
mpopor
iver
,wher
ether
e
wasl
awandor
der
.

 Conquer
edt
ri
beswhof
ail
edt
opayt
ri
but
ewer
ehar
shl
ydeal
twi
th.

 TheNdebel
eheav
il
ydependedonr
aidi
ngt
heshonAf
orcat
tl
e.

 Ndebel
eci
vi
lsoci
etywasdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreecast
esorcl
asses:

 TheZansicast
ewast
hehi
ghestcl
assand wascomposed oft
heor
igi
nal
khumal
o.I
tfor
medt
heNdebel
ear
ist
ocr
acyorr
uli
ngcl
ass.

 TheEnhl
awast
hesecondmosti
mpor
tantcl
ass.
ItwasmadeupofSot
ho-
Tswanapeopl
eandot
her
sthatwer
econquer
edandassi
mil
atedi
ntoNdebel
e
soci
etywhi
l
einTr
ansv
aal
.

 TheHol
icast
ewast
hel
owestcl
assi
nNdebel
esoci
ety
.Itwasmadeupoft
ri
bes
t
hatwer
econquer
edi
nZi
mbabweespeci
all
ytheShonaadt
heTonga.

 Thesewer
eregar
dedassl
avesanddi
dwor
kfort
heZansi
andEnhl
acast
es.

 Mzi
l
ikazi
diedi
n1868andhewassucceededbyhi
ssonLobengul
a.

33
THEKOLOLOUNDERSEBI
TWANE

 ORI
GINANDMOVEMENTS

 TheKol
oloor
igi
nat
edf
rom t
heOr
angeFr
eeSt
atei
nSout
hAf
ri
cawher
ethey
wer
eor
igi
nal
l
yknownast
heFokeng.

 TheFokengwer
eaSot
hospeaki
ngpeopl
eundert
hei
rChi
efSebi
twanef
rom t
he
Pat
sacl
an.

 Hi
speopl
eexper
iencedconst
antr
aidsbyt
hengoniwhohadf
ledf
rom Shaka’
s
war
s.

 Thusi
n1820,
Sebi
twanel
edhi
speopl
enor
thwar
dswi
thawomancapt
uredf
rom
t
heKol
olocl
anoft
hePut
hing.

 Thef
okengadopt
edherasamot
her–i
gur
eandbegancal
l
ingt
hemsel
vesast
he
Kol
olo.

 TheKol
oloset
tl
einTr
ansv
aalbutt
heywer
eat
tackedbyt
heGr
iquas’i
n1825
f
orci
ngt
hem t
omi
grat
ewest
war
dsi
ntoBot
swana.

 Theyset
tl
edar
oundLakeNgamiwher
emanyoft
hem di
edofmal
ari
a.Manyof
t
hei
rcat
tl
edi
edont
hei
rwayt
oLakeNgamiwher
emanymor
edi
edduet
otset
se
f
li
es.

 Thesepr
obl
emscoupl
edwi
thNdebel
eat
tacksf
orcedSebi
twanet
o mi
grat
e
nor
thwar
dsacr
osst
heZambezi
riv
er.

 Fur
therat
tacks by t
he Mzi
l
ikaziand Nxaba f
orced t
he Kol
olot
o mi
grat
e
west
war
dsi
ntoBul
ozi
about1831.

 Sebi
twaneeasi
l
yconquer
edt
heLoziwhower
eal
readyweakenedbyci
vi
lwar
af
tert
hedef
eat
edofMul
ambwa.

34
 Sebi
twane’
sRul
einBul
ozi

 By1845Sebi
twanehadest
abl
i
shedhi
scont
rolov
ert
heLoziandhebegant
o
setupaf
ir
m Kol
olost
atei
nBul
ozi
. Hemadeanumberofchangesi
nthe
admi
nist
rat
ionoft
heki
ngdom.

 Thecapi
talwasmov
edf
rom Leal
uit
oLi
nyant
iwher
eitwaseasyf
orhi
mto
def
eathi
msel
fagai
nstext
ernal
enemi
es.

 Sebi
twanemadet
heKol
oloar
ist
ocr
acyast
her
uli
ngcl
assoft
heki
ngdom.The
Kol
olobecamet
he‘
l
ordsofBul
ozi
’
.

 Heal
sopl
acedt
woKol
olof
ami
l
iesi
neachoft
heconquer
edLoziv
il
lages.Thus
t
heLoziwer
eabl
etol
ear
nSesut
ho,t
hei
ndi
genousKol
olol
anguagewhi
ch
becamewi
del
yspokenal
lov
erBul
ozi
.Thi
shel
pedhi
mtocr
eat
euni
tyi
nthe
ki
ngdom.

 Sebi
twaneal
soal
l
owedsomeLozichi
efst
oremai
nasr
uler
sandt
ooksomeof
t
hem i
ntohi
sKol
olocounci
l
.

 Sebi
twanemar
ri
ed somewomen f
orm t
heconquer
ed Lozit
ri
besand t
his
hel
pedhi
mtost
rengt
henhi
sbondswi
tht
heconquer
ed.

 Tr
ibe pai
d by hi
s subj
ect
s’f
rom t
he v
ari
ous par
ts oft
he ki
ngdom was
di
str
ibut
edamongal
lhi
speopl
eincl
udi
ngsl
avesandt
hiswonhi
mthei
rloy
alt
y.

 Unl
i
keLozichi
efwhonev
erappear
edi
npubl
i
c,Sebi
twnemi
xedf
reel
ywi
thhi
s
peopl
eandal
lwer
eref
err
edt
oaschi
l
drenoft
heki
ng.

 Sebi
twaneor
der
edhi
sKol
olov
il
lageheadment
otr
eatt
heMkal
akaf
air
ly.He
al
soal
l
owedt
heMakal
akat
oleav
eKol
olov
il
lageswher
eheadmenwer
ecr
uel
.

 Ther
efor
e,Sebi
twanewasaccept
edandl
i
kedbyal
lhi
speopl
eincl
udi
ngt
heLozi
andt
heywer
eabl
etol
i
vei
nuni
tywi
tht
heKol
olo.

35
 Asar
esul
toft
hesepol
i
ciesandt
hepeacet
hathi
ski
ngdom enj
oyed,
Sebi
twane
i
sregar
dedasoneoft
hegr
eat
estandwi
sestl
eader
sofCeenr
alAf
ri
cadur
ing
he9thCent
t ury
.

 Dur
inghi
srei
gn,t
heLoziki
ngdom expandedasf
areastasChoma,Namwal
a
andMazabukadi
str
ict
s.

 I
tal
soi
ncl
udedpar
tsofAngol
a,Zi
mbabweandBot
swana.

 I
n1851,
Sebi
twanedi
edaf
terf
all
i
ngf
rom Li
vi
ngst
one’
shor
se.

 Sekel
etu’
srul
eandt
her
est
orat
ionofLozi
Rul
einBul
ozi

 Sekel
etucamet
opoweri
n1851af
terhi
ssi
sterMamochi
saneabdi
cat
edt
he
t
hronei
nhi
sfav
or.

 Sekel
etul
acked t
he wi
sdom and i
ntel
l
igence ofhi
sfat
herand so became
unpopul
aramongbot
htheKol
oloandt
heMakal
aka.

 Hedi
dnotf
oll
owSebi
twane’
spol
i
cyofmar
ri
ngf
rom t
heconquer
edt
ri
bes.

 Heal
sodi
dnotcar
ehow somey
oungmakol
olower
etr
eat
ingt
heMakal
akaas
sl
aves.

 ManyLoziwer
eki
l
ledbySekel
etuwhenhesuf
fer
edf
rom l
epr
osy
.Heaccused
t
heLozi
ofhav
ingbewi
tchedhi
m.

 Thus,
theLozidev
elopedanegat
iveat
ti
tudet
owar
dst
heKol
oloandwai
tedf
ora
chancet
oov
ert
hrowt
hem andr
etai
nthei
rrul
e.

 The chance came i

n 1863 when Sekel
etu was succeeded byMpol
olo and
successi
ondespi
tebr
okeoutamongt
hekol
olo.

 ManyKol
olohadal
sodi
edofmal
ari
a.

 TheLozil
edbyNj
ekwaandSi
popar
ebel
l
edagai
nstt
heKol
oloandt
ookov
ert
he
ki
ngdom.

36
  Si
popabecamet
hef
ir
stLi
tungaoft
heLoziaf
tert
her
est
orat
ionofLoziaut
hor
it
y.
Her
uledf
rom 1864t
o1876.

ZWANGENDABA’
SNGONIMI
GRATI
ONSI
NTOCENTRALAFRI
CA.

 ORI
GINSANDMI
GRATI
ONS.

 Zwangendabawasagener
ali
nZwi
de’
sar
myatt
hebat
tl
eofMl
athut
seRi
ver
bet
weent
heNdandweandt
heZul
uin1818.

 Af
tert
hedef
eatoft
heNdwandwebyt
heZul
u,t
heNdwandwebecamedi
vi
ded
i
ntodi
ff
erentgr
oups.Thesebr
okeawayi
ngr
oupsl
aterbecameknownast
he
Ngoni
.

 Zwangedabal
edt
heJer
ecl
ani
ntosout
her
nMozambi
quewher
etheydef
eat
eda
segmentoft
heThongapeopl
e.

 Howev
er,Zwangendabagr
oupwasdef
eat
edbyt
heSangui
ne,anot
herbr
eak-
awaygr
oupoft
heNdwandwe.

 Thus,Zwangendaba l
ed hi
s Jer
e Ngonii
nto Zi
mbabwe wher
ethey set
tl
e
al
ongsi
deNxaba’
sNgoni
.

 Aconf
li
ctov
erl
andar
osebet
weent
het
wogr
oupsi
nwhi
chZwangendaba’
sJer
e
Ngoni
wer
edef
eat
edandf
orcedt
oleav
ethear
ea.

 Theymi
grat
ednor
thwar
dsandcr
ossedt
heZambeziRi
vernearZumboon19th
Nov
ember1835,
adaymar
kedbyt
heecl
i
pseoft
hesun.

 Af
tercr
ossi
ng t
he ZambeziRi
ver
,the Jer
e Ngoniset
tl
ed f
orsomet
ime i
n
Nsengal
and.Thewest
ernpar
tofUndi
’
ski
ngdom.Hencet
heyweakenedUndi
’
s
ki
ngdom.

 Fr
om t
her
e,t
heymi
grat
edeast
war
dsi
ntoMal
awiandt
hennor
th-
east
war
dsi
nto

37
 Mamboedcount
ry.

 Zwangendaba’
sNgonif
inal
l
yset
tl
edi
nUf
ipadi
str
icti
nsout
her
nTanzani
awher
e
hedi
edi
n1848atapl
acecal
l
edMapupo.

 Resul
tsofZwangendaba’
sdeat
h:TheNgoni
spl
i
t.

 Af
tert
hedeat
hofZwangendaba’
s,t
heJer
eNgonispl
i
tint
omanyf
ivemai
n
gr
oupsasar
esul
tofsuccessi
ondespi
tet
hatbr
okeout
.

 Nt
abeniwentnor
thwar
dsandset
tl
ednearLakeVi
ctor
ia.Theybecameknown
ast
heGwangar
aNgoni
.

 Zul
uGamal
edanot
hergr
oupsout
h–eastwar
dsandset
tl
edi
nSongar
egi
on,
Theybecameknownast
heGwangar
aNgoni
.TheGwangar
acl
ashedwi
tht
he
MasekoNgoni
int
hear
ea.

 Anot
hergr
oupl
edbyMpezeniwentsout
h–west
war
dsi
ntoBembal
and.The
Ngonicl
ashedwi
tht
heBembabutl
eftt
hear
eamov
ingsout
h-eastwar
dsi
nto
Nsengal
andwher
etheyset
tl
ed.

 Mpezeni
’
s Ngonidest
roy
ed Undi
’
s ki
ngdom and l
aterbui
l
tthei
rcapi
talat
Mt
engul
eni
’
seast
ernZambi
a.

 Momber
a’sgr
oupwenti
ntoTumbukal
andwher
etheywer
elat
erj
oinedby
Mpel
embe’
s ngoni
. They def
eat
ed t
he Tumbuka and ki
l
led t
he l
ast
Chi
kur
amay
embe.

 Last
ly,Chi
wer
eNdhl
ovu,awarcommanderi
nZwangendaba’
sar
my,l
edhi
s
gr
oupsout
h– east
war
dsandset
tl
edamongt
heChewaofDowadi
str
icti
n
Mal
awi
.

 Al
though hewasan Nsenga,Chi
wer
e’sNgonif
oll
ower
saccept
ed hi
m and
suppor
tedhi
m.

QUESTI
ONS

38
 1.Gi
veanaccounti
ll
ust
rat
edbyaSket chmapoft
heNgunii
ncur
sionsi
ntoCent
ral
t
h
Af
ri
cai
nthefir
sthal
fofthe19 cent
ury.

2.Descr
ibet
hePol
it
ical
,soci
alandeconomi
cor
gani
zat
ionoft
heNdebel
eSoci
ety
i
nZimbabwei
nthePeriod1840-
1868.

3.Giv
eanaccountoft hecareerofSebit
waneoftheKol
oloint
heZambezival
l
ey
between1835and1851.Whydi dtheKolol
ofai
ltocr
eat
east abl
est
atei
nthe
ZambeziVal
leyaf
terthedeathofSebi
twane?

4.Show how Mzi

li
kaziandhispeopl
esett
ledi
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Gi
vet
her
esul
tsof
hi
sarri
valandsubsequentset
tl
ement
.

5.Gi
veanaccountoft
hecareerofSekel
etu.Towhatext
entwasher
esponsi
blef
or
t
hecol
lapseofKol
olor
uleinBul
ozi?

6.Descr
ibet
heWor
kandi
mpor
tancet
ohi
speopl
eofMzi
l
ikazi
oft
heNdebel
e.[
20]

7.Explai
ntheCircumstancesandtheresul
tsofZwangendaba’
sarri
valinCentral
Afr
ica.WhathappenedtotheNgonipeopl
eaft
erZwangendaba’
sdeath?[14:
6].

3.THEPORTUGUESEACTI
VITI
ESI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA.
 I
nthe2nd hal he15th cent
foft ury
,thePor
tuguesest
art
edv
oyagesofdi
scov
ery
wi
tht
heai
m ofexpl
ori
ngt
hecoastofAf
ri
caandf
indi
ngt
heSear
out
etoI
ndi
a.
 Por
tugueseact
ivi
ti
esi
nCent
ralAf
ri
cawer
emost
lyconcent
rat
edi
nthr
eear
eas
andt
hesewer
e;t
heZambezi
Val
l
ey/
Mozambi
que,
Angol
aandt
heCongo.
 REASONSFORTHEI
RINTERESTI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA.
Economi
creasons.
 ThePor
tuguesewant
edt
ofi
ndasear
out
etoI
ndi
ainor
dert
opar
ti
cipat
eint
he
spi
cet
rade.
 Theyal
sowant
edt
oest
abl
i
sht
radi
ngpost
sont
hecoastofAf
ri
ca.
 Theywant
edt
olookf
ormi
ner
alr
esour
cesi
nthei
nter
iorofAf
ri
ca.

Rel
igi
ousr
easons.
 ThePor
tuguesewant
edt
ospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tybyget
ti
ngr
idofI
slam i
nAf
ri
ca.

39
  Theywer
eal
sol
ooki
ngf
oraChr
ist
ianKi
ngi
nAf
ri
cabyt
henameofPr
est
erJohn
whot
heywant
edt
ouset
ospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tyi
nAf
ri
ca.
Pol
it
ical
reasons
 ThePor
tuguesel
aterdev
eloped pol
i
ticalambi
ti
onsand want
ed t
o cr
eat
ea
Por
tugueseempi
rei
nCent
ralAf
ri
caf
rom t
heeastcoastt
othewestcoast
.Thi
s
wast
o beachi
eved t
hroughget
ti
ng r
id ofal
l
-power
fulAf
ri
canKi
ngdomsi
n
Cent
ral
Afr
ica.
PORTUGUESEACTI
VITI
ESI
NTHEZAMBEZIVALLEY.
 Por
tuguesepenet
rat
edi
ntot
heZambeziv
all
eyf
rom t
heeastcoast
.Ini
ti
all
y,t
hey
est
abl
i
shedt
hemsel
vesatPor
tSof
alai
n1505.
 I
n1507,t
heyoccupi
edt
heMozambi
queI
slands.By1530,t
hePor
tuguesehad
f
ull
yest
abl
i
shedt
het
radi
ngcent
ersofSenaandTet
eont
heZambezi
Riv
er.
 I
t was f
rom t
hese t
wo ar
eas t
hat t
he Por
tuguese penet
rat
ed i
ntot
he
Mwenemut
apa
Ki
ngdom andt
heZambezi
Val
l
ey.
ThePor
tugueser
elat
ionshi
pwi
tht
heMwenemut
apa.
 ThePor
tuguesei
nter
esti
ntheMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom st
art
eddur
ingt
her
uleof
Mwenemut
apaChi
kuy
oar
ound1576.A Por
tuguesebyt
henameofAnt
oni
o
Fer
nadeswassentbyt
hePor
tuguesef
rom Tet
etot
heMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom
t
ost
artt
rader
elat
ions.
 Mwenemut
apaChi
kuy
osi
gnedaTr
eat
ywi
tht
hePor
tugueseandt
het
ermswer
e;
 ThePor
tuguesegav
eChi
kuy
ofi
nanci
alandmi
l
itar
yai
d.
 Chi
kuy
oal
l
owedt
hePor
tugueset
ost
artt
radi
ngandmi
ningi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Ther
esul
toft
hist
reat
ywast
hatt
hePor
tuguesest
art
edpenet
rat
ingi
ntot
he
Ki
ngdom andpr
etendednott
ohav
eanypol
i
tical
ambi
ti
ons.
Mwenemut
apaNegomoandt
hePor
tuguese
 Af
ter1560,and dur
ing t
he r
ule ofMwenemut
apa Negomo,t
he Por
tuguese
changedst
rat
egi
es.Theysentami
ssi
onar
ygr
oup,
whi
chwas,
ledFr
.P.
JSi
lv
era.
Si
l
ver
a became v
ery cl
ose t
othe Mwenemut
apa who was conv
ert
ed t
o
Chr
ist
iani
tyt
oget
herwi
thsomeofhi
scour
tof
fi
cial
s.

40
 Duet
othi
scl
oseness,t
heSwahi
l
iandAr
absbecamej
eal
ousandconv
inced
Negomot
hatt
hePor
tuguesemi
ssi
onar
ieshadcomet
otheKi
ngdom asspi
es.I
n
hi
sanger
,Negomoki
l
ledSi
l
ver
aandsomeofhi
smen.
 Hel
aterdi
scov
eredt
hatt
heAr
absandt
heSwahi
l
ihadt
ri
ckedhi
m.Negomo
apol
ogi
zedt
othePor
tugueseanddeci
dedt
osi
gnat
reat
ywi
tht
hePor
tugueset
o
showhi
sremor
se.
 Thet
reat
ywassi
gnedi
n1573.
 Thet
ermsoft
het
reat
ywer
e;
-
Negomogav
ethePor
tugueseapi
eceofl
andf
rom Tet
etot
hecoast
.Thi
sishow
t
he
Por
tuguesecamet
opossessmostofwhati
scal
l
edMozambi
quet
oday
.
-
Negomoal
sogav
ethePor
tugueset
radi
ngr
ight
sandal
l
owedt
hem t
oset
tl
e
and
est
abl
i
sht
radi
ngcent
ersi
ntheKi
ngdom suchasDambabar
e.
 ThePor
tuguesewer
eal
so gi
venJudi
cialPower
sascapt
ainsoft
hegat
es
t
hroughwhi
cht
rader
sent
eredt
heKi
ngdom.
 ThePor
tuguesewer
eal
l
owedt
oest
abl
i
shagar
ri
sonatapl
acecal
l
edMasopa,
whi
chwascl
oset
otheMwenemut
apa’
scapi
tal
.TheGar
ri
sonhadt
wof
unct
ions.
Thesewer
etohel
pdef
endt
heKi
ngdom agai
nstout
sideat
tacksandt
obeused
t
odef
eatt
heMwenemut
apai
fher
ebel
l
edagai
nstt
hePor
tuguese.
 Ther
esul
toft
hist
reat
ywast
hati
tgav
ethePor
tugueset
oomuchpol
i
ticaland
economi
cpowerwi
thi
ntheKi
ngdom.I
twasbecauseoft
hist
reat
ythatt
he
Por
tuguesest
art
edf
ull
int
erf
erencei
ntheMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom.
 Despi
teNegomo’
sapol
ogy
’whi
chwasaccept
edbyt
hePor
tuguesel
ocal
l
y,t
he
Por
tuguesegov
ernmentt
ri
edt
ocol
oni
set
heMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom bet
ween
1574andear
ly1600s.YoungKi
ngSebast
ianofPor
tugal
sentsev
eral
expedi
ti
ons
t
otheMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom wi
tht
heai
m ofcol
oni
zi
ngi
t.
 Thef
ir
stexpendi
ti
onwassentundert
hel
eader
shi
pofFr
.Bar
ret
t.Thi
sfai
l
eddue
t
othei
nter
fer
enceoft
heMani
candt
hedeat
hofFr
.Bar
ret
oduet
omal
ari
a.
Ar
ound1575,anot
herexpedi
ti
onofabout400sol
dier
sunderVascoFer
nades

41
 Homem wassentt
ocol
oni
est
heKi
ngdom.Howev
er,t
hisexpedi
ti
onal
sof
ail
ed
duet
othecar
niv
orousWazi
mbapeopl
ewhower
ecanni
bal
s.
Mwenemut
apaGat
siRuser
eandt
hePor
tuguese
 Dur
ingt
heRul
eofGat
siRuser
e,t
hePor
tuguesecont
inuedi
nter
fer
ingi
nthe
Mwenemut
apaKi
ngdom.Gat
siRuser
esi
gnedanot
hereconomi
cal
l
iancewi
tht
he
Por
tuguese.Thet
ermsoft
heal
l
iancewer
e;
-
Gat
siRuser
ewaspr
omi
sedeconomi
candmi
l
itar
yai
dagai
nsti
nter
nal
rebel
l
ions.
-
Int
urn,hegav
ethePor
tuguesemor
etr
adi
ng and mi
ning r
ight
swi
thi
nthe
Ki
ngdom.
-
Heal
sogav
ethePor
tuguesemor
elandandt
heyusedt
hisl
andt
oest
abl
i
sh
Pr
azoes.
 Ther
esul
toft
hist
reat
ywast
hatt
hePor
tuguesegai
nedal
otofPol
i
ticaland
economi
c power
s wi
thi
nthe Ki
ngdom.They used t
hese power
stof
ull
y
under
minet
heMwenemut
apa.
 ThePor
tugueseev
ent
ri
edt
oov
ert
hrowt
heMwenemut
apabyenl
i
sti
nghel
pfr
om
Kal
ongaMansul
a.ThePeopl
eoft
heMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom bl
amed Gat
si
Ruser
efort
hePor
tuguesei
nter
fer
ence.Kapar
ari
dzewhowasami
l
itanti
n1623
t
her
efor
eov
ert
hrewhi
m.
Mwenemut
apaKapar
idzeandt
hePor
tuguese.
 Dur
inghi
srul
e,Kapar
ari
dzet
ri
edt
ogetr
idoft
hePor
tuguesef
rom t
heKi
ngdom.
Hest
opped t
radi
ng wi
tht
hem and al
so st
art
ed at
tacki
ng somePor
tuguese
set
tl
ement
s.I
n1628,heki
l
ledaPor
tugueseof
fi
cial
.Becauseofhi
shost
il
it
y
t
owar
dst
hePor
tuguese,
thePor
tugueseov
ert
hrewKapar
idzei
n1628.
Mwenemut
apaMav
uraandThePor
tuguese.
 ThePor
tugueser
epl
acedKapar
ari
dzewi
tht
hei
rownPuppetr
uleMav
ura.The
Por
tuguesebapt
izedMav
uraandr
enamedhi
m asPhi
l
li
pe.
 I
n1629,
Mav
urawasf
orcedt
osi
gnat
reat
ywi
tht
hePor
tuguese.
 TheTer
msoft
hist
reat
ywer
e;
-
Mav
urawasor
der
edt
oex
pel
theAr
absandt
heSwahi
l
ifr
om t
heKi
ngdom.
-
Mav
uraal
sogav
ethePor
tugueser
ight
stol
ookf
ormi
ner
alswi
thi
ntheKi
ngdom.

42
 -
ThePor
tuguesewer
eal
sogi
venj
udi
cial
power
stoactaschi
efsandj
udges.
 Ther
esul
toft
hist
reat
ywast
hatt
hePor
tuguesecompl
etel
ytookov
ert
he
r
unni
ngoft
heKi
ngdom.
 Besi
des,Mav
uraal
l
owedhi
msel
ftol
ooser
espectbef
orehi
speopl
eandt
he
Por
tuguese.Consequent
ly,af
terhi
sdeat
hin1665,t
her
ewasaci
vi
lwarunt
il
1693.Dur
ing t
he per
iod oft
he successi
on di
sput
e,t
he Por
tuguese t
ook
adv
ant
ageoft
hesi
tuat
iont
ofur
therunder
minet
heKi
ngdom.
 Howev
er,af
ter1693,anot
hermi
l
itantMwenemut
apacamet
opowerandasked
f
ormi
l
itar
yhel
pfr
om Changami
reDombooft
heRowziEmpi
ret
ogetr
idoft
he
Por
tuguesef
rom.
 I
n1695,
Mwenemut
apaandt
heChangami
redef
eat
edt
hePor
tugueseanddr
ove
t
hem awayf
rom t
heZambeziv
all
ey.Thi
sreducedt
hepol
i
ticalpower
soft
he
Por
tuguesei
ntheZambezi
val
l
ey.
THEPRAZOSYSTEM
 Pr
azoeswer
elar
gel
andgr
ant
sthatwer
egi
vent
othePor
tuguesei
ntheZambezi
v
all
eyt
oest
abl
i
shhugepl
ant
ati
ons.
 Ther
ewer
etwot
ypesofPr
azoes.Thesewer
e;Pr
ivat
ePr
azoeswhi
chwer
egi
ven
t
othePor
tugueseset
tl
ersbyt
heMwenemut
apaandot
herchi
efsi
nret
urnf
or
mi
l
itar
yassi
stanceandCr
own/
Gov
ernmentPr
azoeswhi
chwer
eownedbyt
he
Por
tugueseGov
ernmentandl
easedt
ori
chEur
opeani
ndi
vi
dual
s.
 ThePr
azoowner
swer
eref
err
edt
oasPr
azer
osorSenhor
s,whi
chmeantl
and
Lor
ds.Thesepr
azoowner
shadbot
hpol
i
tical
andeconomi
cpower
s.
Or
igi
nsoft
hePr
azoes.
 Theor
igi
nsoft
hePr
azoescanbet
racedt
oMwenemut
apaNegomo’
str
eat
ywi
th
t
hePor
tuguesei
n1573.I
nthet
reat
y,Negomogav
eawayl
andf
rom Tet
etot
he
coast
.
 Fr
om t
henonwar
ds,t
hePor
tuguesecont
inuedt
ogetmor
elandconcessi
ons
f
rom weakerMwenemut
apassuchasGat
siRuser
einexchangef
ormi
l
itar
y
assi
stanceandf
inanci
alai
d.
 I
twasdur
ingt
her
uleofMwenemut
apaMav
urat
hatt
hePor
tuguesegai
nedmor
e

43
 l
andi
ntheMwenemut
apaKi
ngdom.
 Besi
desget
ti
ng l
and f
rom t
heMwenemut
apas,t
hePor
tuguesel
aterst
art
ed
i
l
legall
andgr
abbi
ngi
ntheKi
ngdom.I
nit
ial
l
y,t
heyst
art
edmaki
ngi
l
legall
and
deal
swi
tht
heSub-
chi
efs.Howev
er,t
heyl
aterst
art
ed usi
ng t
hei
rChi
kunda
agent
sandpombei
rost
orai
dvi
l
lagesi
ntheKi
ngdom andgr
abl
and.

 Ther
efor
e,byt
heear
ly1600s,t
hePr
azoSy
stem wasf
ull
yest
abl
i
shedi
nthe
Zambezi
val
l
ey.
 ThePr
azoeshadbot
hPol
i
tical
andeconomi
cfunct
ions:
Pol
i
tical
Funct
ions.
 ThePr
azoeswer
esupposedt
oactasagent
sofPor
tugueseci
vi
li
zat
ioni
.e.t
hey
wer
etobeusedt
ospr
eadPor
tuguesecul
tur
e,l
anguageandr
eli
gion.
 ThePr
azoeswer
etoactasagent
sofcol
oni
zat
ionbyunder
mini
ngt
heAf
ri
can
pol
i
ticalst
ruct
uresandpav
ingwayf
ort
hePor
tuguesegov
ernmentt
otakeov
er
cont
rol
oft
hear
eas.
 Pr
azoes al
so act
ed as pol
i
ticalent
it
ies i
.e.t
hey wer
e chi
efdoms wi
thi
na
Ki
ngdom.ThePr
azoeowner
sal
soenj
oyedsomeoft
hepr
ivi
l
egesofAf
ri
can
chi
efssuchast
hecol
l
ect
ionofTr
ibut
e.
 Assuch,
thePr
azoesunder
minedt
hepol
i
tical
power
sofAf
ri
canKi
ngdoms.
Economi
cFunct
ions
 Pr
azoesact
edasAgr
icul
tur
ecent
ersi
.e.t
heywer
esugarpl
ant
ati
ons.Thi
ssugar
wasexpor
tedt
oEur
ope.
 ThePr
azoesal
soact
edast
radi
ngcent
ers.I
nit
ial
l
y,t
hePr
azoesact
edascent
ers
f
ori
vor
yandgol
dtr
adebutl
ater
,theybecamecent
ersoft
hePr
ofi
tabl
esl
ave
Tr
ade.
 Consequent
ly,t
hePr
azoowner
sacqui
redv
astpol
i
ticalandeconomi
cpower
s
andst
art
eddi
sregar
dingt
hePor
tuguesegov
ernment
.
Decl
i
neoft
hePr
azoSy
stem.
 ThePr
azoSy
stem st
art
edt
odecl
i
neatt he18thcent
heendoft ury
.
 Thi
swasbecauset
hePr
azoeshadf
ail
edt
oper
for
mthepol
i
ticalf
unct
ionf
or

44
 whi
cht
heywer
ecr
eat
ed.I
nst
eadofbei
ngcent
ersofci
vi
li
zat
ion,
thepr
azoeshad
becomecent
ersofcor
rupt
ion.Besi
des,
thePr
azoowner
shadacqui
redt
oomuch
powerandst
art
eddi
sregar
dingt
hePor
tuguesegov
ernment
.
 ThePr
azoesf
inal
l
ydecl
i
nedduet
othef
oll
owi
ngr
easons:
 Ther
ewasadecl
i
neofcommer
ceandi
ndust
ryont
hePr
azo,ast
heybecame
cent
ersofsl
avet
radi
ng.

 Af
ri
canf
armer
sandsl
avesont
hepr
azoeswer
edemor
ali
zedast
heywer
e
ex
ploi
tedandf
orcedt
owor
kwi
thoutpayandt
opayheadt
ax.
 Theabol
i
tionofsl
aver
yandsl
avet
radi
ngaf
ter1830i
swhatl
edt
othef
inal
col
l
apseoft
hePr
azosy
stem.I
n1836,
thePor
tuguesegov
ernmentbannedsl
ave
t
radi
ngandsl
aver
yinal
lPor
tuguesear
eas.Howev
er,t
hepr
azoowner
sint
he
Zambeziv
all
eyi
gnor
ed t
his ban.As a r
esul
t,t
he Por
tuguese gov
ernment
al
l
owedot
herEur
opeancount
ri
esespeci
all
ytheBr
it
ishRoy
alNav
ytosear
ch
andar
restanyPor
tugueseshi
powner
scar
ryi
ngsl
aves.
 Ther
efor
e,by1880s,sl
avet
radi
ngandsl
aver
yint
heZambeziv
all
eydr
ast
ical
l
y
r
educed.Thi
sledt
othecol
l
apseoft
hePr
azoSy
stem becauset
hesy
stem
dependedonsl
avel
abor
.ThePor
tuguesebyt
hist
imehadl
ostbot
hpol
i
ticaland
economi
c poweri
nthe Zambeziv
all
ey and t
urned t
hei
rat
tent
ion t
othe
Mwat
akazembeKi
ngdom.

QUESTI
ONS

1.I
ll
ust
rat
ehow thear ri
valofthePortuguesemi ssi
onariesintheZambeziVall
ey
l
edtothei
ntensif
iedPortugueseact
ivi
ti
esinthear eabetweenthesecondhal
fof
t
he16thcentur
yupt othefir
sthal
fofthe19thcentury.[
20].

2.Descr
ibetheRelat
ionshipbetweent
hePor
tugueseandt
heMwenemut
apai
nthe
t
h t
h
16 andthe17 cent ur
ies.[
20].

3.Show how t
hePortuguesepenetr
atedtheareabet
weentheZambeziandthe
Limpopori
vers.Whatnew agr
icul
turef
eatur
esdidtheyi
ntr
oducei
nthearea?
[10:
10]
.

45
 4.MI
SSI
ONARYACTI
VITI
ESI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA.

A. DAVI
DLI
VINGSTONE.

EARLYLI
FE.

 Dav
idLi
vi
ngst
onewasbor
nin1813atBl
ant
yrei
nScot
land.

 Hi
spar
ent
swer
epoorandcoul
dnotmeethi
seducat
ionr
equi
rement
s.

 Thus,Li
vi
ngst
onebeganwor
kingi
nacot
tonf
act
oryatt
heageof10whi
l
e
at
tendi
ngni
ghtschool
.

 Het
henst
udi
edmedi
cineatGl
asgow Uni
ver
sit
yandgr
aduat
edasamedi
cal
doct
or.

 Ther
eaf
ter
,li
vi
ngst
onej
oinedt
heLondonMi
ssi
onar
ysoci
ety
.(L.
M.S)
.

PRELI
MAI
NARYWORKSI
NAFRI
CA.

 I
nDecember1840,
Liv
ingst
onewassentbyt
heL.
M.St
oAf
ri
caasami
ssi
onar
y.

 Hej
oinedRober
tMof
fatatKur
umani
n1841.

 Fr
om Kur
uman,
Liv
ingst
onemov
ednor
thwar
dsandest
abl
i
shedami
ssi
onst
ati
on
atMabot
sa.

 Li
vi
ngst
onet
henmar
ri
edMar
yMof
fati
n1843.

 Fr
om t
her
e,heest
abl
i
shedanot
hermi
ssi
onst
ati
onatKol
obengi
n1847.

 Hemov
ednor
thwar
dsandr
eachedl
akeNgamiandLi
nyant
iin1849and1951
r
espect
ivel
y.

 Li
vi
ngst
onemadef
ri
endswi
thki
ngSebi
twaneofKol
olo.

 Het
hendev
elopedi
nter
esti
nexpl
orat
ionandbecomeami
ssi
onar
yexpl
orer
.

46
  Hi
sint
erestwast
oknowmor
eaboutt
hei
nter
iorofCent
ral
Afr
ica.

 HewentbackSout
hAf
ri
caandsenthi
sfami
l
ytoEngl
and.

LI
VINGSTONE’
SAI
MINAFRI
CA

 Li
vi
ngst
one’
sai
mincent
ral
Afr
icawer
e:

 Toopent
hei
nter
iorofCent
ral
Afr
icat
oot
hermi
ssi
onar
iesandexpl
orer
s.

 Tof
ightagai
nstsl
avet
radei
nor
dert
orepl
acei
twi
thl
egi
ti
mat
etr
adei
ngoods.

 Toencour
ageot
hermi
ssi
onar
iest
ospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tyandwest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ion
t
oAf
ri
ca.

 Toendf
ear
,pov
ert
y,super
sti
ti
on,i
gnor
anceandwar
far
ethatwi
despr
eadi
n
Cent
ral
Afr
ica.

 To wr
it
ebooksanddr
aw mapsaboutCent
ralAf
ri
caf
ort
hebenef
itoft
he
Eur
opeans.

LI
VINGSTONE’
SJOURNEYS.

 Toachi
evehi
sai
ms,Li
vi
ngst
onemadet
hreej
our
ney
sint
othei
nter
iorofcent
ral
Af
ri
ca.

Fi
rstj
our
ney
.(1852-
1856)

 Li
vi
ngst
one’
sai
mint
hisj
our
neywast
ofi
ndapossi
bler
out
eformi
ssi
onar
ies
andt
rader
s.

 Hesetof
fSout
hAf
ri
caandr
eachedLi
nyant
iin1853.

 Sekel
etugav
ehi
m 27menasgui
des,
por
ter
sandser
vant
s.

 Het
rav
ell
edupt
heZambeziupt
otheAt
lant
iccoastwher
eher
eachedLuandai
n
1854.

47
  Li
vi
ngst
onet
her
etur
nedt
oLi
nyant
iin1855andmov
eddownt
heZambezi
.

 Hesawt
heVi
ctor
iaFal
l
sin1855andnamedt
hef
all
saf
tert
heQueenVi
ctor
ia.

 Fr
om t
her
e,hef
oll
owedt
heZambeziupt
oQuel
i
maneandr
etur
nedt
oEngl
andi
n
1857.

SECONDJOURNEY

 Li
vi
ngst
one’
s second j
our
ney i
n cent
ralAf
ri
ca i
s al
so cal
l
ed t
he Zambezi
expedi
ti
on.

 Hi
sai
mint
hisj
our
neywast
ofi
ndouthownav
igabl
etheZambezir
iverwasand
howoutmeansf
orst
oppi
ngt
hesl
avet
rade.

 Thej
our
neywassponsor
edbyt
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.

 Li
vi
ngst
onest
atedf
rom t
heeastcoastandf
oll
owedt
heZambezi
riv
erupwar
ds.

 Thi
sjour
neywasaf
ail
urebecauset
heZambeziwasnotnav
igabl
eduet
othe
cobr
aBassar
api
ds.

 Al
so,
hiswi
fedi
edatShupangahi
sst
eamshi
pbr
okedown.

 Howev
er,
Liv
ingst
one’
spar
tymov
edupt
heShi
reRi
vert
otheMur
chi
sonr
api
ds.

 Heexpl
oredt
heshr
inehi
ghl
andsi
n1859andsawLakeChi
rwa.

 Li
vi
ngst
onesaw l
akeNy
asaandf
oundal
otofsl
avest
radi
ngact
ivi
ti
esi
nthe
r
egi
on.

 I
n1860Li
vi
ngst
onewentt
oBul
ozi
tor
etur
nhi
sKol
olomen.

 Ther
eaf
ter
,hewascal
l
edbackt
oBr
it
aini
n1863.

THI
RDJOURNEY

 Thet
hir
djour
neywassponsor
edbyt
heRoy
alGeogr
aphi
cSoci
ety
.

48
 Hsai
mint
hisj
our
neywast
ofi
ndt
hesour
cesoft
heNi
l
eandCongor
iver
sand
f
urt
herexposet
heev
il
soft
heSl
aveTr
ade.

 Thej
our
neyst
art
edf
rom Zanzi
bari
n1866v
iat
heRuv
umar
iverwest
war
ds.

 Hepassedt
hroughLakeNy
asaandcr
ossedt
heLuangwaRi
ver
.

 Fr
om t
her
e,hewentnor
thwar
dst
oLakeTangany
ikabuthi
smedi
cineboxwas
st
olen.

 Li
vi
ngst
onet
henf
oundChambeshiRi
verandexpl
oredLakeBangweul
uLake
Mwer
u.

 Hecr
ossedt
hel
akeandf
oundt
heLual
abar
iverbutwast
ooi
l
ltoexpl
orei
t.

 I
n1871,
hewentt
oUj
i
jiont
heeast
ernshor
esofLakeTangany
ikawher
ehemet
Henr
yMor
tonSt
anl
ey.

 St
anl
eygav
ehi
m somemedi
cineandt
oget
hert
heyexpl
oredt
hel
ake.

 Li
vi
ngst
oner
efusedt
ogobackt
oEngl
andasadv
isedbySt
anl
ey.

 I
nst
ead,
hemov
edsout
hwar
dsandr
eachedt
hemar
shyar
easofLakeBangweul
u.

 Li
vi
ngst
onebecameser
iousl
yil
landdi
edatChi
tambov
il
lagei
nLal
acount
ryi
n
1873.

 Hi
sint
est
inesandhear
tbur
iedatChi
tambonearser
enge.

 Hi
sfai
thf
ulser
vant
sChuma,
Susi
andJacobcar
ri
edhi
sbodyt
othecoast
.

 Hewasbur
iedatwestMi
nist
erAbbyi
nLondon.

Fi
g07.(
Mapshowi
ngDavi
dLi
vi
ngst
ones’
Jour
neys)

49
 LI
VINGSTONE’
SACHI
EVEMENTSANDRESULTSOFHI
SWORK.

 Li
vi
ngst
oneopenedupt
heCent
ral
Afr
icani
nter
iort
omi
ssi
onar
iesandt
rader
s.

 Hemadet
heev
il
sofsl
avet
radeknownt
otheout
sidewor
ldandcont
ri
but
edt
o
i
tsabol
i
tion.

 Heal
sol
aidaf
oundat
ionf
orChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
iest
oest
abl
i
shmi
ssi
onst
ati
ons
i
nCent
ral
Afr
icasoast
ospr
eadChr
ist
iani
ty.

 Themi
ssi
onar
iesal
sobui
l
tschool
sandhospi
tal
sandt
aughtdomest
icski
l
lsand
handi
craf
tsi
nAf
ri
ca.

 Hi
s speeches,wr
it
ings and maps pr
ovi
ded v
aluabl
einf
ormat
ion t
othe
Eur
opeansaboutt
hepeopl
eofAf
ri
ca,
thei
rcust
oms,
tradi
ti
onsandbel
i
efs.

 Li
vi
ngst
one’
swor
kpav
edawayf
ort
heEur
opeancol
oni
zat
ionofAf
ri
ca.

50
  Hewast
hef
ir
stwhi
teman t
o seet
heVi
ctor
iaFal
l
s,Cobr
aBassar
api
ds,
Mur
chi
sonr
api
ds,Shi
rehi
ghl
ands,l
akesNy
asa,Mwer
u,Bangweul
uandmany
ot
hergeogr
aphi
cal
feat
ures.

THEWORKANDACTI
VITI
ESOFMI
SSI
ONARYSOCI
ETI
ESI
NCENTRAL

AFRI
CA.

AI
MS

 Tof
ightagai
nstsl
avet
radeandi
ntr
oducel
egi
ti
mat
etr
adei
ngoodssuchas
manuf
act
uredgoods.

 Tospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tyandt
eacht
hewor
dofGodt
oAf
ri
cans.

 Toi
ntr
oducewest
erneducat
ioni
nAf
ri
caandbui
l
dschool
ssoast
oteachpeopl
e
howandwr
it
e.

 Tobui
l
dhospi
tal
sandcl
i
nicsi
nAf
ri
caandt
eachAf
ri
cansbet
termet
hodsof
heal
thandhy
giene.

 Topur
if
yAf
ri
cansandhel
ptost
opt
ri
bal
war
sandcr
uel
cust
oms.

THELONDONMI
SSI
ONARYSOCI
ETY

 The London mi
ssi
onar
ysoci
ety(
L.M.
S)wasone oft
he ear
li
estmi
ssi
onar
y
soci
eti
est
oopenami
ssi
oni
ncent
ral
Afr
ica.

 I
n1859,
Rober
tMof
fatsetupami
ssi
onst
ati
onatLi
nyat
iinMat
abel
eland.

 Rober
tMof
fatwasaccompani
edbyThomasMor
gan,Wi
l
li
am Sy
kesandhi
sson
JohnSmi
thMof
fat
.

 Char
lesHel
m openedanot
hermi
ssi
onst
ati
onatHopeFoundat
ioni
n1870.

 Bot
hmi
ssi
onsf
ail
edbecauset
heNdebel
ewer
erel
uct
antt
oacceptChr
ist
iani
ty,

51
 whi
chcondemnedsomeoft
hei
rtr
adi
ti
onal
pract
ices.

 Li
vi
ngst
one’
sfr
iendshi
pwi
thSebi
twaneenabl
edJamesHel
mor
eandRodger
Pr
icet
omov
etoLi
nyant
iin1859wi
tht
hreeAf
ri
canser
vant
s.

 Theyt
ri
edt
oopenami
ssi
onatLi
nyant
ibutf
ail
edbecauseSekel
etumi
shandl
ed
t
hem.

 Mostoft
hem di
edofmal
ari
aandsomesur
viv
orswentbackt
othesout
h.

 RodgerPr
icemov
edt
oUj
i
jii
n1877andopenedast
ati
onont
heshor
esofLake
Tangany
ika.

 TheUj
i
ji
,theL.
M.Sext
endedi
tswor
ktonor
th– east
ernZambi
aamongt
he
Lunguandt
hemambwe.

 Fwambomi
ssi
onwhi
chwassetupi
n1884becameacent
erf
ormi
ssi
onar
ywor
k.

THEPARI
SEVANGELI
CALMI
SSI
ONARYSOCI
ETY.

 ThePar
isEv
angel
i
calMi
ssi
onar
ysoci
ety(
P.E.
M.S)i
ncent
ralAf
ri
cadi
dmostof
i
tswor
kinwest
ernZambi
a.

 LedbyFr
ançoi
scol
l
ard,t
hemi
ssi
onst
art
edwor
kingi
nBul
ozii
n1886under
Lewani
ka’
sper
missi
on.

 Coi
l
lar
dpr
evi
ousl
yspentmostofhi
sli
feonmi
ssi
onar
ywor
kinBul
ozi
.

 Anumberofmemberoft
her
oyal
fami
l
ywer
econv
ert
edt
oChr
ist
iani
ty.

 Lewani
ka’
ssonLi
ti
awasconv
ert
edi
n1891.

 TheP.
E.M.
Sbui
l
tschool
s,hospi
tal
sandcl
i
nicsandt
ransl
atedt
heBi
blei
nto
Si
l
ozi
language.

 Col
l
ardbecameaper
sonalf
ri
endandadv
isort
oLewani
kaandt
hisensur
edt
he
smoot
hrunni
ngofhi
smi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
es.

52
  Coi
l
lar
dadv
isedandhel
pedKi
ngLewani
kat
oobt
ainBr
it
ishPr
otect
ioni
n1890.

 TheP.
E.M.
Sal
soest
abl
i
shedMabumbuandSenengami
ssi
onsi
n1898.

 Theyext
endedt
hei
rser
vicest
oot
herpl
aces.

THEUNI
VERSI
TIESMI
SSI
ONSTOCENTRALAFRI
CA(
UMCA)

 Theuni
ver
sit
iesMi
ssi
ont
ocent
ralAf
ri
ca(
U.M.
C.A)wasf
ormedi
nEngl
andasa
di
rectr
esponset
oLi
vi
ngst
one’
sappeal
sandspeechesaf
terhi
sjour
ney
.

 Themi
ssi
onst
art
edwor
kingi
ncent
ral
Afr
icaatMagomer
oinNy
asal
andi
n1861.

 Themi
ssi
onwasl
edbyBi
shopChar
lesMackenzi
e.

 TheMagomer
omi
ssi
onf
ail
edduet
omal
ari
aandYaosl
aver
aidi
ngandt
radi
ng
act
ivi
ti
esi
nthear
ea.

 Bi
shopMackenzi
eandanumberofhi
scol
l
eaguesdi
edofmal
ari
a.

 Bi
shop Tozersucceeded Bi
shop Mackenzi
e and t
ransf
err
ed t
he mi
ssi
on t
o
Zanzi
bari
n1863.

 Themi
ssi
onwor
kedamongt
heAr
absandt
hef
reedsl
aves.

 By1873,
acat
hedr
alwasbui
l
tataf
ormersl
avemar
keti
neastAf
ri
ca.

 Anumberofmi
ssi
onst
ati
onswer
ebui
l
tint
hear
eat
owar
dsLakeNy
asa.

 I
n1885,ast
ati
onwassetupatLi
komaI
slandonLakeNy
asabyChauncey
Mapl
esandWi
l
li
am Johnst
on.

 Fr
om Li
komaI
sland,
thef
ir
stAf
ri
capr
iestemer
ged.

 Themi
ssi
onspr
eadChr
ist
iani
ty,
openedschool
sandcar
ri
edonmedi
cal
wor
k.

 Theycont
ri
but
edt
otheendoft
ri
bal
war
sandt
hesl
avet
rade.

53
  TheU.
M.C.
Aext
endedt
hei
rwor
ktoNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandbui
l
tanumberof
st
ati
onst
her
e.

THEFREECHURCHOFSCOTLAND(
LIVI
NGSTONEMI
SSI
ON)

 The f
ree chur
ch ofScot
land mi
ssi
on was setup i
n Cent
ralAf
ri
ca under
Li
vi
ngst
one’
snameandt
her
efor
ebecameknownast
heLi
vi
ngst
onemi
ssi
on.

 Themi
ssi
onsentDr
.Rober
tLawst
ofor
m ami
ssi
oni
nMal
awii
nmemor
yofDr
.
Dav
idLi
vi
ngst
one.

 Heest
abl
i
shedami
ssi
onatCapeMacl
eari
n1875andbui
l
taschool
ther
e.

 Themi
ssi
onwasnotsuccessf
ulduet
osl
avet
radi
ngact
ivi
ti
esi
nthear
ea.

 Hence,i
twasmov
edt
oBandaweamongt
heTongai
n1881,wher
eitbecame
successf
ul.

 Themi
ssi
onmanagedt
oper
suadet
heNgoni
tocancel
arai
dagai
nstt
heTonga.

 I
n1886Adam Koy
isuccessf
ull
yper
suadedt
heMomber
atoal
l
ow t
hemi
ssi
on
wor
kamongMomber
a’sNgoni
.

 Mi
ssi
onst
ati
onswer
eopenedi
nChi
efChi
kusiandmomber
aar
eas.TheNgoni
al
sobecamekeenst
udent
s.

 I
n1894,t
hemi
ssi
onmov
ednor
thwar
dst
oKondwe,whi
chl
aterbecameknown
asLi
vi
nst
oni
a.

 Li
vi
nst
oni
ami
ssi
onst
ati
onwasagr
eatsuccess.

 At
rai
ning cent
erf
orev
angel
i
sts,t
eacher
s,ski
l
led cr
aft
smen and medi
cal
assi
stant
swasopened.

 I
tbecameaf
amousi
nst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dingeducat
iont
oAf
ri
cansi
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.

 Theact
ivi
ti
esoft
heLi
vi
nst
oni
ami
ssi
onwer
eext
endedt
onor
ther
nZambi
aat

54
 Mwenzoi
n1894.

 Chi
tamboandLubwami
ssi
onswer
eal
soopenedi
n1895.

 Dav
idKaundawor
kedatLuwami
ssi
on.

 Ther
esul
tsofwor
koft
hef
reechur
chofScot
landwer
e:

 The paci
fi
cat
ion ofMomber
a’s Ngoniand t
he conv
ersi
on oft
he Ngonit
o
Chr
ist
iani
ty.

 Thei
ntr
oduct
ionofacademi
candv
ocat
ional
educat
ioni
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.

 Themi
ssi
onwor
kedhar
dtor
epl
acesl
avet
radewi
thl
egi
ti
mat
ecommodi
tyt
rade.

THECATHOLI
CMI
SSI
ON.

 Ther
ewer
etwomai
ngr
oupsofRomanCat
hol
i
cMi
ssi
onar
ies.

A. THEJESUI
TFATHERS.

 TheJesui
tsar
ri
vedi
nMat
abel
elandi
n1878.

 Lobengul
adi
dnotal
l
owt
hem t
opr
eachamonghi
ssubj
ect
.

 Onegr
oupmov
edeast
war
dst
obegi
nwor
kinGazal
andbutwasunsuccessf
ul.

 I
n 1884,Lobengul
a gav
etheJesui
tsper
missi
on t
o car
ryoutt
hei
rwor
kat
Empandeni
.

 Theyext
endedt
hei
rwor
ktoMashonal
andnbui
l
tChi
shawashami
ssi
onnear
Har
arei
n1892.

 Anot
hergr
oup mov
ed nor
thwar
ds t
owar
ds t
he Zambeziv
all
eyunderf
ather
Depel
chi
n.

 Theyv
isi
tedLewani
kabutf
ail
edt
ogetper
missi
ont
owor
kinBul
ozi
.

 Hence.Theydeci
ded t
o mov
eto chi
efMweemba’
sar
ea and est
abl
i
shed a

55
 mi
ssi
ont
her
e.

 Unheal
thycondi
ti
onsanddeat
hofsomepr
omi
nentmember
sfor
cedt
hem t
o
abandont
hest
ati
on.

 I
n1902,Jesui
tsunderFat
herMor
eauopenast
ati
onChi
kunii
nChi
efMonze’
s
ar
ea.

 I
twasatChi
kuni
thatJesui
tsst
art
edf
ir
stf
ormal
school
i
ngi
ncent
ral
Afr
ica.

B. THEWHI
TEFATHERS

 Thewhi
tef
ather
swer
eledbyFat
herBi
shopDuPontwhol
aterbecameabi
shop.

 Theybeganwor
kingi
nnor
ther
nZambi
aamongt
heMambwei
n1891.

 Thei
rpr
ogr
esswasv
erysl
owduet
oAr
abandBembar
aidsont
heMambwes.

 Thewhi
tef
ather
sthenmov
edt
oBembal
andbutt
her
eigni
ngChi
ti
mukul
uSampa
opposedt
hem.

 DuPontobt
ainedper
missi
onf
rom t
hel
esserchi
efsl
i
kechi
efMakasat
ost
art
wor
kingi
nhi
sar
ea.

 Thewhi
tef
ather
sbui
l
tKay
ambi
missi
oni
n1895.

 I
n1897,
DuPontbui
l
tChi
l
ubul
ami
ssi
oni
nchi
efMwamba’
sar
ea.

 Thewhi
tef
ather
sint
roducededucat
ioni
nthei
rst
ati
onsandbui
l
tschool
s,cl
i
nics,
hospi
tal
sandcr
aftcent
ers.

 Theyf
oughtAr
ab,BembaandLundasl
avet
rader
sandi
nter
pret
edt
heBi
bil
eint
o
l
ocal
languagessuchasBemba.

THEUNI
TEDPRESBYTERI
ANCHURCH

 Themi
ssi
onat
tempt
edt
owor
kinBul
ozi
in1882.

56
 Fr
edr
ickAr
notspear
headedt
hewor
koft
hemi
ssi
oni
nBul
ozi
.

 Nopr
ogr
esswasr
ecor
dedi
nthear
eaandso,
Arnotwentt
owor
kinAngol
a.

 Theuni
tedPr
esby
ter
ianChur
chal
sosetupami
ssi
onst
ati
oni
nMsi
riar
eaamong
t
heYekepeopl
e.

 Themi
ssi
ont
henmov
edt
olakeBandawear
eaandbeganwor
kingi
nthear
ea
af
terMsi
ri
‘sdeat
h.

 Ami
ssi
onst
ati
onwasest
abl
i
shedt
her
enearLakeBangweul
uin1894.

RESULTSOFMI
SSI
ONARYWORKI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA.

 Mi
ssi
onar
iescampai
gnedagai
nstsl
avet
radeandt
hiscont
ri
but
edt
oitabol
i
tion.

 Theyi
ntr
oduced l
egi
ti
mat
etr
ade i
n goods such as cl
oth,beads and ot
her
Eur
opeanmanuf
act
uredgoods.

 Thepaci
fi
edwar
li
ket
ri
best
hatwer
erai
dingt
hei
rnei
ghbor
:forexampl
ethe
Ngoni
ofMomber
a.

 Mi
ssi
onar
iesconv
ert
edmanyAf
ri
canspeopl
etoChr
ist
iani
tyandmadet
hem
changet
hei
rli
ves.

 Theyi
ntr
oducedwest
erneducat
ioni
nAf
ri
ca,bui
l
tschool
s,t
aughtpeopl
ehowt
o
andwr
it
eandt
rai
nedpeopl
easski
l
ledcr
aft
smen.

 Themi
ssi
onar
iesbui
l
thospi
tal
sandcl
i
nicsandi
ntr
oducedAf
ri
canst
obet
ter
met
hodsofheal
thandhy
giene.

 The mi
ssi
onar
ies al
so dev
eloped a wr
it
ten f
orm ofAf
ri
can l
anguages and
pr
oducedbookswhi
cht
heyt
ransl
atedi
ntot
hosel
anguages.

 New cr
opandwest
ernf
armi
ngmet
hodssuchast
heuseofcor
por
ati
onand
f
ert
il
izer
swer
eal
soi
ntr
oducedi
nAf
ri
ca.

57
  Themi
ssi
onar
iesact
ed aspr
otect
orsi
n somecasesbyassumi
ng pol
i
tical
cont
rol
andhel
pedt
obr
ingaboutcol
oni
zat
ion.

SOMEI
NFLUENTI
ALMI
SSI
ONARI
ESI
NCENTRALAFRI
CA

A. DRROBERTLAWS.

 Rober
tLawswasaChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
yoft
heFr
eeChur
chofScot
landi
nMal
awi
.

 Heest
abl
i
shedast
ati
onatCapeMacl
eari
n1875andbui
l
taschool
ther
e.

 Rober
tLawsal
sol
edt
hemi
ssi
onar
iest
osetupast
ati
onatBandawei
n1881.

 Hewasav
erypr
act
ical
man,
apr
eacher
,teachersur
geon,
car
pent
er,
pai
nter
,boat
bui
l
derandengi
neer
.

 Rober
tLawshadgoodper
sonalabi
l
ityandor
gani
zat
ionalski
l
lsandbel
i
evedi
n
t
eachi
ngpr
act
ical
ski
l
ls.

 Hel
edt
hemi
ssi
onar
iesf
or52y
ear
sandpl
ayedbi
grol
einuni
ti
ngt
heMal
awi
br
anchesoft
hePr
esby
ter
ianChur
cht
ofor
mthePr
esby
ter
ianchur
chofcent
ral
Af
ri
ca.

 Duet
ohi
sef
for
tst
heFr
eeChur
chofScot
landwassuccessf
uli
nMal
awi
.

 Heal
socont
ri
but
edt
othepaci
fi
cat
ionoft
heNgoni
tost
opr
aidi
ngot
hert
ri
bes.

B. FRANCOI
SCOI
LLARD.

 Fr
ancoi
sCoi
l
lar
dwasaChr
ist
ianmi
ssi
onar
yofPar
isEv
angel
i
calMi
ssi
onar
y
Soci
ety
.

 Hewor
kedf
orsomet
imei
nLesot
hoandl
ear
ntSesot
hol
anguage.

 Coi
l
lar
dwor
kedi
nZi
mbabweatchi
vibutf
ail
edt
oest
abl
i
shami
ssi
onst
ati
on
t
her
e.

58
 Hedeci
dedt
oest
abl
i
shami
ssi
onst
ati
onamongt
heLozii
nwest
ernpr
ovi
nce
Zambi
a.

 Lewani
kagav
ehi
m per
missi
ont
owor
kinBul
ozi
.

 Hebui
l
tami
ssi
onst
ati
onatSef
ulanearLeal
uii
n1887.

 Ot
hermi
ssi
onswer
elat
eropenedatMabumbuandSenangai
n1898.

 Hebecameaper
sonal
fri
endandadv
isort
oLewani
ka.

 Duet
ohi
sef
for
ts,anumberofmember
soft
heLozif
ami
l
ywer
econv
ert
edt
o
Chr
ist
iani
tyi
ncl
udi
ngLewani
ka’
ssonLi
ti
a.

 Col
l
ardadv
isedandhel
pedLewani
kat
oobt
ainBr
it
ishpr
otect
ioni
n1890.

 Heal
soconv
incedwi
del
yLewani
kaandhi
speopl
etor
educet
hepowerofwi
tch
doct
orsandt
ost
opr
aidsonsur
roundi
ngt
ri
bes.

 Hehel
pedt
ospr
eadChr
ist
iani
tywi
del
yandbui
l
tmanychur
ches,cl
i
nicsand
school
sinBul
ozi
.

C.BI
SHOPTOZER

 Bi
shopTozercameasami
ssi
onar
yundert
heuni
ver
sit
iesmi
ssi
ont
oCent
ral
Af
ri
cai
nMal
awi
.

 He wor
ked wi
th Bi
shop Mackenzi
e,l
eaderoft
he U.
M.C.
A mi
ssi
onar
ies at
Magomer
o.

 Bi
shopTozert
ookov
ert
hel
eader
shi
pofU.
M.C.
Aaf
terMackenzi
edeat
h.

 Hewor
kedamongt
hef
reedsl
avesi
nZanzi
barandbui
l
tacat
hedr
alataf
ormer
sl
avemar
keti
neastAf
ri
ca.

 Thus,
hecont
ri
but
edt
otheendi
ngofsl
avet
radei
nAf
ri
ca.

 Heal
socont
ri
but
edt
othespr
eadofChr
ist
iani
tyandbui
l
tanumberofchur
ches,

59
 school
sandhospi
tal
sint
heNy
asaandI
ndi
anOceancoast
.

QUESTI
ONS

1.Whower et
heleadi
ngf
igur
esoftheLi
vi
ngst
oni
aMi
ssi
on?Descr
ibet
heai
msand
achi
evement
softheMi
ssion.[
20]
.

2.Gi
veanaccountoftheWor
kandi
nfl
uencei
nCent
ralAf
ri
cai
nthe19thcent
uryof
Twooft
hefoll
owing:

a)TheLondonMi ssi
onarySociet
y.
b)TheUniver
siti
esMi ssi
onToCentralAfr
ica
c)TheLi
vingstoni
aMi ssi
on
d)ThePari
sEv angel
icalMissi
onSociet
y
e)TheWhiteFathers[10:
10].

3.Wri
tebriefl
yont heimportanceoft hef ol
l
owingintheHist
oryofCentral
Afri
ca.
a)Rober tandJohnSmi thMof fat
b)Rober tLaws
c)BishopTozer[ 7:
7:7]
4.
(a)Namef iv
eChr i
sti
anMi ssionarySociet
iesActiv
einAfri
ca.
(b)Ment iononeleaderforeachMi ssi
onarySociet
yment i
oned.
(c)Gi vetheaimsandbackgr oundhistor
yofDav idLi
vingstonebef
ore1852.
[5:
5:10]

5.Wri
teshor
taccount
sont heact i
viti
esandi mport
ancet oCentr
alAf
ri
caoft
he
f
oll
owi
ngChri
sti
anMissionaries.
a)TheParisEv angel
icalMission.
b)TheLondonMi ssi
onar ySociet
y
c)TheUniversiti
esmi ssi
ontoCent r
alAfr
ica.[
7:7:
7]

6.Di
scusst
heworkofDavi
dLi v
ingst
onet
oCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Whatwast
heef
fectof
hi
sworki
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca?[16:
4].

7.Descr
ibet
heJourneysofDr.Dav
idLiv
ingstonei
nAf
ri
cabet
ween1849and1873.
Whatwerether
esult
softheseJour
neys?[16:4]
.

5.BRI
TISHI
MPERI
ALI
SM I
NCENTRALAFRI
CA
 Thet
erm“
imper
ial
i
sm”r
efer
stot
hepenet
rat
ionofEur
opeani
nfl
uencesi
nthe

60
 under
dev
eloped ar
easofAf
ri
ca and Asi
aforeconomi
c,soci
aland pol
i
tical
benef
it
s.
 I
nthe1870s,
imper
ial
i
sm waschar
act
eri
zedbyt
her
evi
valofcol
oni
alexpansi
on.
Thi
s new i
mper
ial
i
sm was spear
headed by Br
it
ain due t
o heri
ndust
ri
al
dev
elopment
.
 Theacqui
sit
ionoft
err
it
ori
esi
nAf
ri
cawasai
medatpr
ovi
dingr
awmat
eri
alssuch
asr
ubber
,cocoaandmi
ner
alor
es.
 Col
oni
esal
sopr
ovi
dedmar
ket
sforsur
plusf
ini
shedgoodsf
rom Eur
ope.Sur
plus
capi
tal
from Eur
opewasal
soi
nvest
edi
nAf
ri
ca.
 JohnCeci
lRhodespl
ayedav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olei
ntheBr
it
ishi
mper
ial
i
sm i
n
Sout
her
nandCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Hei
sknownt
ohav
ebeent
hegr
eat
esti
mper
ial
i
sti
n
Sout
her
nandCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 Ceci
lRhodeswasbor
nin1853i
nEngl
and.I
nthe1860s,
hecamet
oSout
hAf
ri
ca
t
oleav
ewi
thhi
sbr
otheronaf
arm duet
ohi
sil
lheal
th,whi
chneededwar
m
weat
her
.
 I
nthe 1880s,he domi
nat
ed t
he De Beer
s Di
amond Company
,the Gol
d
Consol
i
dat
edMi
nesandt
heB.
S.ACompany
.Rhodesal
sobecameapower
ful
pol
i
tical
figur
einSout
hAf
ri
cai
.e.hebecamet
heCapePr
imeMi
nist
er1890.

CECI
LRHODES’
AIMS
 Ceci
lRhodes’
aimsi
nCent
ral
Afr
icawer
e:
 Hewant
edt
ocr
eat
eaBr
it
ishEmpi
ref
rom t
heCapet
oCai
robyext
endi
ngBr
it
ish
Col
oni
alr
ulei
nAf
ri
caandbui
l
dingar
ail
wayl
i
nef
rom t
heCapet
oCai
ro.
 Heal
sowant
edt
osi
gnt
reat
ieswi
thAf
ri
canChi
efsi
ntheCent
ralAf
ri
cat
ogai
n
cont
rol
oft
err
it
ori
esi
nCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 Rhodesal
soai
medatusi
ngf
orcewher
enecessar
y.
THEOCCUPATI
ONOFSOUTHERNRHODESI
A
 TheOccupat
ionofSout
her
nRhodesi
awasachi
evedi
ntwophases.
 Fi
rstt
heoccupat
ion ofMashonal
and,whi
chwasdonet
hrought
hesi
gni
ngof

61
 t
reat
iesandt
heoccupat
ionofMat
ebel
eland,
whi
chwasachi
evedt
hroughwari
n.
OCCUPATI
ONOFMASHONALAND
 Ceci
lRhodeswasi
nter
est
edi
nMat
ebel
elandbecauseofi
tspot
ent
ialasagol
d
pr
oduci
ngar
eabecauseoft
hemi
nordi
scov
eri
esofGol
datTat
iandt
heev
idence
ofGol
datt
heZi
mbabwer
uins.
 I
naddi
ti
oni
twaspar
tofhi
sCapet
oCai
rodr
eam.I
n1887,
Ceci
lRhodesbecame
awar
ethatBoer
soft
heTr
ansv
aalunderPaulKr
ugerwer
eal
soi
nter
est
edi
n
Mat
ebel
eland.
 The Ndebel
e Ki
ng Lobengul
a was al
so undera l
otofpr
essur
efr
om t
he
Eur
opeanswhobecamei
nter
est
edi
nhi
sKi
ngdom.I
naddi
ti
on,
Lobengul
awant
ed
t
osecur
ehi
sposi
ti
onwi
thi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 Ther
efor
e,i
n1887,Lobengul
asi
gnedat
reat
ywi
tht
heBoer
soft
heTr
ansv
aal
whower
erepr
esent
edbyPi
etGr
obbl
er.Thi
swasat
reat
yoff
ri
endshi
pbet
ween
t
heNdebel
eandt
heBoer
soft
heTr
ansv
aal
.Byt
hisTr
eat
y,Lobengul
aal
l
owed
t
heBoer
stohuntonhi
sLand.Thi
sTr
eat
ywasr
efer
redt
oast
heGr
obbl
erTr
eat
y
of1887.
 Thesi
gni
ngoft
heGr
obl
erTr
eat
yfor
cedRhodest
osendhi
sownr
epr
esent
ati
ve
t
onegot
iat
eforat
reat
ywi
thLobengul
a.HesentJohnSmi
thMof
fatwhowast
he
Hi
gh Commi
ssi
onerofBechuanal
and and a per
sonalChi
l
dhood f
ri
end t
o
Lobengul
a.Thi
sledt
othesi
gni
ngoft
heMof
fatTr
eat
yofFebr
uar
y1888.

 Byt
hist
reat
y,Lobengul
aPr
omi
sedt
heBr
it
ishnev
ert
osi
gnanyt
reat
ieswi
thany
ot
herEur
opeansapar
tfr
om t
heBr
it
ish.Thi
str
eat
ysecur
edt
heBr
it
ishr
out
eto
t
heNor
th.
 Howev
er,Ceci
lRhodeswasnotsat
isf
iedwi
tht
heMof
fatTr
eat
y.Hedeci
dedt
o
sendChar
lesRuddt
oNegot
iat
eforanot
herTr
eat
ywi
thLobengul
a.
 Thi
sled t
othe si
gni
ng oft
he Rudd Concessi
on ofOct
ober1888.I
nthi
s
negot
iat
ionRuddwasaccompani
edbyJamesMcGui
reandFr
ankThompson
whowasanexper
tinnat
ivel
anguages.Thet
ermsoft
heRuddconcessi
onwer
e;
 Lobengul
agav
etheBr
it
ishMi
ner
alr
ight
sinMashonal
andandheagr
eedt
oal
l
ow

62
 af
ewBr
it
isht
oent
erhi
sKi
ngdom andl
ookf
orGol
d
 TheBr
it
ishwer
eal
sogr
ant
edhunt
ingr
ight
sonLobengul
ahi
sland.
 Lobengul
awast
orecei
veagunboatont
heont
heZambeziand1000r
if
fl
eswi
th
100000r
oundsofammuni
ti
on.
 Lobengul
awasal
sot
orecei
veamont
hlyal
l
owanceof100pounds.
 Lobengul
aal
sopr
omi
sedt
ouphol
dtheRuddConcessi
on.
 TheRuddConcessi
onl
edt
othecol
oni
zat
ionofSout
her
nRhodesi
a.Lobengul
a
si
gnedt
heRuddconcessi
onwi
thoutknowi
ngt
hef
ullext
entoft
het
erms.Ev
en
t
houghhel
aterr
eal
i
zedhehadbeent
ri
ckedt
her
ewasnot
hinghecoul
ddot
o
st
opt
heBr
it
ish.
THEB.
S.ACOMPANYCHARTER
 Af
tert
he si
gni
ng oft
he Rudd Concessi
on,Rhodes deci
ded t
o est
abl
i
sh a
companyt
hathewoul
duset
ocol
oni
esCent
ral
Afr
ica.
 Heai
medatusi
ngt
hemoneyf
rom hi
smi
ningcompani
est
oexpandBr
it
ish
Col
oni
alr
ulei
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Ther
efor
e,t
heB.
S.ACompanyChar
terofOct
ober
1889wasadocumentbear
ingt
heQueen’
ssi
gnat
uret
hatgav
eCeci
lRhodes
per
missi
ont
ocol
oni
seCent
ral
Afr
icaonbehal
foft
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
.
 Thet
ermswer
e:
-
TheCompanywasgi
vent
her
ightt
oadmi
nist
ercer
tai
nter
ri
tor
iesi
nCent
ral
Af
ri
ca.
-
TheChar
teral
sogav
etheCompanymi
ner
alandl
andr
ight
sint
heoccupi
ed
t
err
it
ori
es.
-
Ital
sogav
etheCompanyt
her
ightt
otaxt
hel
ocal
peopl
e.
-
Ital
sogr
ant
edpowert
otheCompany
’sboar
dofdi
rect
orst
opassl
awst
hat
woul
d
pr
eser
vel
awandor
der
.

-
Thechar
terwasal
l
owedt
heCompanyt
oest
abl
i
shasuppr
essi
vef
orceof
Pol
i
cemen
t
hatwoul
dmai
ntai
nandenf
orce.

63
 Af
terobt
aini
ngt
heB.
S.A.Companychar
ter
,Ceci
lRhodesst
art
edr
ecr
uit
ingt
he
peopl
ewhower
etobet
hef
ir
stset
tl
ersofMashonal
and.
 ThePi
oneerset
tl
ershadt
obeofbot
hAf
ri
kanerandBr
it
ishor
igi
n,hadt
obe
bel
owt
heageof35andhadt
ohav
eav
ari
etyoft
rades.Eachoft
he200menwas
pr
omi
sed3000acr
esofl
andand15gol
dcl
aimsuponr
eachi
ngMashonal
and.
 Thegr
oupal
socompr
isedof200 BSA companypol
i
ce and about1000
ser
vant
sfr
om t
heNgwat
opeopl
eofBechuanal
and.Thi
sgr
oupwasr
efer
redt
o
ast
hePi
oneerCol
umn.
 The gr
oup mov
ed f
rom Bechuanal
and t
hrough Mat
abel
eland and set
tl
ed i
n
Mashonal
and wher
etheyest
abl
i
shed t
hemsel
ves atFor
tVi
ctor
ia and For
t
Sal
i
sbur
y,whi
chbecamet
hei
rcapi
tal
.
 The Ndebel
e di
d notf
ightt
he Br
it
ish ast
heyent
ered and passed t
hrough
Mat
ebel
elandt
hought
heI
mpi
shadwant
edt
o.

Fi
g08(
Thef
ir
stgr
oupoft
hepi
oneer
sinMashonal
and-1890)

64
OCCUPATI
ONOFMATEBELELAND
 Theoccupat
ionofMat
ebel
elandcompl
etedt
heBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofSout
her
n
Rhodesi
a.
 TheOccupat
ionofMat
ebel
elandwasachi
evedt
hroughwar
.TheBr
it
ishr
eal
i
zed
t
hatLobengul
awasnotgoi
ngt
o wi
l
li
ngl
yhandov
erMat
ebel
elandt
othem.
Ther
efor
e,t
heonl
yopt
ionopent
othem wast
hroughwar
.
Causesoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
eWarof1893
 TheBr
it
ishwer
edi
sappoi
ntedbyt
hef
actt
hatt
heydi
dnotf
indanygol
din
Mashonal
and.Theyt
houghtt
heywoul
dinMat
ebel
eland.TheBr
it
ishst
art
ed
l
ooki
ngf
oranexcuset
odecl
arewaronMat
ebel
eland.
 TheBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofMashonal
andal
sol
edt
othe1893war
.Theoccupat
ion
cr
eat
edpol
i
ticali
nst
abi
l
ityi
ntheKi
ngdom.Thi
swasbecauset
heNdebel
eimpi
s
coul
dnol
ongerr
aidt
heShonasast
heywer
eunderBr
it
ishPr
otect
ion.The
Ndebel
eImpi
shadal
way
sconsi
der
edMashonal
andast
hei
rrai
dinggr
ounds.
Somet
imes,t
hei
mpi
scar
ri
edoutr
aidsonMashonal
andwi
thoutLobengul
a’
s
per
missi
on.Thi
scr
eat
edt
ensi
onwi
tht
heBr
it
ishset
tl
ers.
 TheBr
it
ishf
avor
ingoft
heShonaov
ert
heNdebel
eal
soanger
edt
heNdebel
e,as
t
heNdebel
eper
cei
vedt
hem Shonaasbei
ngsl
avesandi
nfer
ior
.Inaddi
ti
on,t
he
Shonawer
esomet
imesusedast
ransl
ator
sbyt
heBr
it
ishaut
hor
it
ies.
 TheKi
l
li
ngoft
heShonasub-
chi
efsLomagunndiandChi
vial
socont
ri
but
edt
othe
out
breakofwar
.Thet
woSubchi
efshadst
oppedpay
ingt
ri
but
etoLobengul
a,as
t
heyf
eltsaf
eunderBr
it
ishpr
otect
ion.Lobengul
asenthi
simpi
stoki
l
lthet
wo
andgr
abt
hei
rcat
tl
e.Thi
sannoy
edt
heBr
it
ishAut
hor
it
iesi
nMashonal
and.
 The i
mmedi
ate cause oft
he warconcer
ned t
he cut
ti
ng of500met
ers of
t
elegr
aphi
cwi
rebyt
heShonaunderChi
efGomal
a.Jamesondemandedt
hat
chi
efGomal
asur
rendert
hecul
pri
tsorpayaf
inei
nfor
m ofcat
tl
e.TheChi
ef
chooset
opayt
hef
inei
nfor
m ofcat
tl
e.WhenLobengul
aheadt
hishesenthi
s
i
mpi
stopuni
shChi
efGomal
asi
ncebyt
radi
ti
on,al
lthecat
tl
eint
heKi
ngdom
bel
ongedt
otheKi
ng.ManyShonaswer
eki
l
ledwhi
l
eot
her
sseekr
efugeatFor
t
Vi
ctor
ia.TheI
mpi
sdemandedt
hatt
heMagi
str
ateofFor
tVi
ctor
iaLendyhadt
o

65
 sur
rendert
he r
efugees.Thi
s demand was t
urned down.Lendy i
nfor
med
JamesonwhowasatFor
tSal
i
sbur
yoft
hesi
tuat
ion.

 Howev
er,t
heBr
it
ishsaw t
hisconf
ront
ati
onasanexcuset
ost
artwarwi
tht
he
Ndebel
eanddest
royt a.On14th Jul
hepowerofLobengul y1893,t
heB.
S.A.
Companypol
i
ceshotdead30I
mpi
swhohadnotcompl
i
edwi
tht
heor
dert
o
l
eav
etheFor
tVi
ctor
iaar
ea.Thi
sinci
dentwasr
efer
redt
oast
heFor
tVi
ctor
ia
I
nci
dent
.
Cour
se/
Stagesoft
heAngl
o-Ndebel
eWarof1893
om 14th Jul
 Fr yto Oct
ober1893,bot
h si
desst
art
ed pr
epar
ing f
orwar
.The
Ndebel
ewer
e18000i
nnumberwhi
l
ethewhi
teset
tl
erswer
eonl
y3500buthad
anadv
ant
agei
nmobi
l
ityast
heyusedhor
sesandhadmoder
nweaponssuchas
t
heMaxi
m gun.
 Jamesonst
art
edor
gani
zi
nganar
myandr
ecr
uit
ingt
heset
tl
ers.Hesi
gnedan
agr
eementwi
tht
heset
tl
ersonbehal
foft
heB.
S.ACompanycal
l
edTheVi
ctor
ia
Agr
eement
.Thi
swasasecr
etagr
eementt
hatst
atedt
hataf
tert
hedef
eatoft
he
Ndebel
eal
lwhopar
ti
cipat
edwoul
dbegi
ven2,
700acr
esofl
and,20gol
dcl
aims
andashar
eofLobengul
a’
scat
tl
e.
 TheB.
S.A.Companyt
roopswer
eor
gani
zedi
ntot
hreecol
umns.TheFor
tVi
ctor
ia
andFor
tSal
i
sbur
ytr
oopswer
eledbyAl
lanWi
lsonandMaj
orWi
ll
iam For
bes
r
espect
ivel
y.Thet
hir
dcol
umnwasf
rom Tat
iandCapt
ainRaafcommandedi
t.
 Bef
ore24th Oct
ober1893,t
heBr
it
ishandt
heNdebel
efoughtmi
norbat
tl
es.
Howev
er,ont ghtof24th Oct
heni ober
,thef
ir
stmaj
orbat
tl
etookpl
aceont
he
banksoft
heShaaganiRi
ver
.TheNdebel
eat
tackedt
heBr
it
ishl
aagerandki
l
led
many oft
he Af
ri
can r
efugees who wer
e sl
eepi
ng out
side t
he l
aager
.By
mi
dmor
ning,
theBr
it
ishhadki
l
ledmanyNdebel
eimpi
susi
ngt
heMaxi
m gun.The
Br
it
ishsuf
fer
edf
ewcasual
ti
es.
 Thesecondmaj
orbat
tl oughton31stOct
ewasf oberal
ongt
heMbembesiRi
ver
.
TheNdebel
ewer
edef
eat
edagai he2nd ofNov
n.Ont ember1893,t
heBr
it
ish

66
 t
roopsr
esumedt
hei
radv
anceofBul
away
oLobengul
a’
scapi
tal
.Theai
m wast
o
capt
uret
heCapi
talandar
restLobengul
a.Howev
er,Lobengul
aabandonedand
bur
nthi
scapi
tal
andf
lednor
thwar
dst
owar
dst
heZambezi
Riv
er.
 On4thNov
ember1894,
theBr
it
ishoccupi
edBul
away
oandhoi
stedt
heBr
it
ishf
lag.
Thi
scompl
etedt
heBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofSout
her
nRhodesi
a.TheBr
it
isht
roops
wer
esentt
ofol
l
owandcapt
ureLobengul
aundert
hecommandofMaj
orFor
bes.
I
tissai
dthatLobengul
atr
iedt
osur
renderandof
fer
ed2bagsofgol
dtobet
aken
t
oJamesonasapeaceof
fer
ing.Howev
er,
thet
wot
rooper
swhof
oundhi
m ki
l
led
hi he4th ofJanuar
m ont y1894andst
olet
hegol
d.TheBr
it
ishl
eader
sinf
ormed
t
heNdebel
ethatt
hei
rKi
nghaddi
edofSmal
l
poxandbef
orehedi
edhest
ated
t
hathewant
edt
hem t
ost
opf
ight
ingandl
eav
einpeacewi
tht
heBr
it
ish.
Resul
tsoft
heWar
 TheNdebel
ewer
edef
eat
edandbecameBr
it
ishsubj
ect
s
 Theyl
ostt
hei
rlandandcat
tl
etot
heB.
S.A.Company
.
 Theywer
erel
ocat
edt
otheShaaganiandGwai
iNat
iveReser
ves,whi
chwer
e
smal
landhadi
nfer
ti
lesoi
l
s.
 Mat
ebel
eland and Mashonal
and became one and t
he t
err
it
ory was cal
l
ed
Rhodesi
ainMemor
yofCeci
lRhodes.
 TheMat
ebel
elandOr
der
-i
n-Counci
lwaspassedt
oadmi
nist
ert
henewt
err
it
ory
.

THEBRI
TISHOCCUPATI
ONOFNYASALAND
 TheBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofNy
asal
andwasasar
esul
toft
hemi
ssi
onar
yact
ivi
ti
es
andbusi
nessmenwhohadr
espondedt
oDav
idLi
vi
ngst
one’
sappeal
stoest
abl
i
sh
mi
ssi
onst
ati
onsandr
epl
acet
hesl
avet
radewi
thl
egi
ti
mat
etr
adeandcommer
ce.
 Byt
he1880s,Scot
ti
shMi
ssi
onar
ygr
oupssuchast
heFr
eeChur
chofScot
land
hadest
abl
i
shedmi
ssi
onst
ati
ons.Whi
l
ebusi
nessmenopenedupcompani
es
suchast
heLi
vi
ngst
oni
aCent
ralAf
ri
canCompany
,whi
chwasl
ater
,ref
err
edt
oas
t
heAf
ri
canLakesCompany
.
 Howev
er,t
he wor
k oft
he mi
ssi
onar
ies and t
he Busi
nessmen wer
e bei
ng
di
stur
bedbyt
heAct
ivi
ti
esoft
heYaoandt
heSwahi
l
isl
aver
aider
s.Theyasked

67
 t
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmentt
oint
erv
enei
nthear
ea.TheAngl
o-Swahi
l
iwarof1887t
o
1889conv
incedt
heBr
it
isht
obr
ingNy
asal
andandcol
oni
alr
ule.
 TheBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofNy
asal
andwasachi
evedt
hrought
hesi
gni
ngoft
reat
ies
wi
thSwahi
l
ileader
ssuchasMl
ozi
.Themanwhopl
ayedamaj
orr
olei
nthe
Br
it
ishoccupat
ionofNy
asal
andwasHar
ryJohnson.
 Hewasal
soast
aunchedi
mper
ial
i
stl
i
keCeci
lRhodeswhowant
edt
oexpand
Br
it
ishcol
oni
alr
ulei
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Johnsonhadt
rav
eledt
omanypar
tsof
Af
ri
caandwasast
udentofAf
ri
cansoci
eti
esandl
anguages.

 Johnsonachi
evedhi
simper
ial
i
stmov
esonBehal
foft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernment
t
hrought
hesi
gni
ngoft
reat
ieswi
thAf
ri
canChi
efsandheadmen.Thet
reat
ieshe
negot
iat
edf
orwer
egener
all
yref
err
edt
oast
heJohnsonTr
eat
ies.
 Theai
msoft
heset
reat
ieswer
eto:
-
Est
abl
i
shsomesor
tofl
egalbasi
sfort
aki
ngawayl
andf
rom t
heAf
ri
can
Chi
efs
-
Toacqui
rel
andandmi
ner
alr
ight
sforEur
opeanCompani
es.
-
Toenabl
eBr
it
ishagent
stoendt
hesl
avet
rade.
 Har
ryJohnsonal
sowor
kedi
ncl
osecol
l
abor
ati
onwi
thCeci
lRhodewhowant
ed
t
oPr
otectCent
ral
Afr
icaf
rom Ger
manandPor
tuguesei
mper
ial
i
sm.
 I
n1890t
het
wometi
nLondonanddi
scussedhowt
heywoul
dwor
ktoget
hert
o
ensur
eBr
it
ishCont
roli
nCent
ralAf
ri
ca.Howev
er,Johnsonf
acedanumberof
Pr
obl
emswi
tht
hePor
tugueseandNgoni
’
sinSout
her
nMal
awi
.
 Ther
efor
eJohnsondeci
dedt
oappoi
ntamanbyt
henameofSi
rAl
fr
edShar
peas
hi
svi
cet
oassi
sthi
minhi
staskoft
reat
ymaki
ng.Hi
smai
nar
eaofconcer
nwas
t
heLowerLuangwav
all
ey,whi
chwaspar
tofNor
th-
east
ernRhodesi
aorpr
esent
dayEast
ernPr
ovi
nceofZambi
a.
OCCUPATI
ONOFNORTHERNRHODEDSI
A
 TheBr
it
ishoccupat
ionofNor
ther
nRhodesi
awasachi
evedi
ntwophasesf
rom
t
wodi
rect
ions.TheOccupat
ionofNor
th-west
ernRhodesi
awasachi
evedf
rom
t
heSout
hi.
e.Mashonal
andandMat
ebel
eland.Whi
l
etheoccupat
ionofNor
th-

68
 east
ernRhodesi
awasachi
evedf
rom Ny
asal
and.
TheOccupat
ionofNor
th-East
ernRhodesi
a
 TheBr
it
ishOccupat
ionofNor
th-
ast
ernRhodesi
awasachi
evedf
rom Ny
asal
and
asar
esul
toft
heext
ensi
onoft
het
reat
ymaki
ngact
ivi
ti
est
hatwer
est
art
edby
Har
ryJohnson.
 I
n1890,Johnsonr
ecr
uit
edAl
fr
edShar
peassi
sthi
mint
hear
eaoft
hel
ower
Luangwav
all
ey.Anot
hermanwhowasi
nfl
uent
iali
ntheoccupat
ionofNor
th-
east
ernRhodesi
awasJosephThompsonaper
sonalr
epr
esent
ati
veofCeci
l
Rhodes.Hewasanexper
ienceAf
ri
canexpl
orer
.

 TheBr
it
ishOccupat
ionofNor
th-
east
ernRhodesi
awasachi
evedl
atert
owar
ds
t he19th cent
heendoft ury
.Thi
swasbecausebot
hRhodesandJohnsonwer
e
busyi
nS.Rhodesi
aandMal
awi
respect
ivel
y.
 I
n addi
ti
on,power
fulgr
oupssuch ast
heNgoniofMpenzeni
,theLundaof
Mwat
akazembe,andt
heBembaunderChi
ti
mukul
uoccupi
edt
hear
eas.The
Br
it
ishr
eal
i
zedt
hatt
hesewar
ri
orgr
oupswer
eli
kel
ytor
esi
standt
her
efor
efor
ce
mi
ghtber
equi
red.
 Fr
om Januar
y1890,Al
fr
edShar
ptr
iedt
onegot
iat
efort
reat
ieswi
thchi
efand
headmenoft
hel
owerLuangwav
all
eyar
ea.Hewasnotv
erysuccessf
ulbecause:
 TheNgoniChi
efMpezeniwasf
ri
endl
ybutsuspi
ciousofwhi
temen’
smot
ive.I
n
addi
ti
on,Mpezeniwasconf
identt
hathi
sst
rongNgonist
atewoul
dnev
erneed
Br
it
ishpr
otect
ion.
 ThePeopl
eint
heLuangwaar
eawer
eal
soaf
rai
dandsuspi
ciousoft
heact
ivi
ti
es
oft
heChi
kundaandPr
azoowner
sofZumbodi
str
ictoft
heZambezi
val
l
ey.
 Ther
efor
e,Mpezeni
ref
usedt
osi
gnanyt
reat
ieswi
tht
heB.
S.A.Companyof
fi
cial
s.
Howev
er,Mpezeniwasv
eryf
ri
endl
ywi
thaGer
manadv
ent
urercal
l
edCar
lWi
ese
andgav
ehi
m aconcessi
onofmi
ner
alr
ight
sov
er2590000hect
aresi
nret
urnf
or
Por
tuguesePr
otect
ionagai
nstt
heBr
it
ish.
 I
n 1891,Wi
ese sol
d hi
s concessi
on t
o a Por
tuguese company cal
l
ed
Mozambi
queGol
dLandandConcessi
onCompany
.Thi
sfor
cedt
heBr
it
isht
o

69
 cl
aimt
hatt
hei
rconcessi
onseeker
swer
efi
rsti
nthet
err
it
oryt
hought
heydi
dnot
obt
ainanyconcessi
onsf
rom Mpezeni
.
 TheBr
it
ishf
ormedaRi
valCompanycal
l
edt
heNor
thChar
ter
landExpl
orat
ion
Companywher
emostoft
heShar
eswer
eownedbyt
heB.
S.ACompany
.The
Companyst
art
ednegot
iat
ingwi
tht
hePor
tuguesecompanyandobt
ainedsome
oft
hemi
ner
alr
ight
s.
 Mpez
enit
ri
edt
oresi
stt
hei
nfl
uxofEur
opeansi
ntheKi
ngdom especi
all
yhi
sson
Nsi
nguwant
edt
odr
iveoutt
heBr
it
ishbyf
orce.
 Howev
er,byDecember1897t
her
elat
ionbet
weent
heNgoniandt
heBr
it
ishhad
det
eri
orat
edandbot
hsi
deswer
epr
epar
ingf
orwar
.By1900,
theNgonihadbeen
def
eat
edandsubdued.For
tJamesonwasest
abl
i
shedast
hecol
oni
alcapi
talof
Nor
theast
ernRhodesi
a

Tr
eat
ieswi
tht
heMwat
akazembe
 I
ntheLuapul
aval
l
eyofPr
esentdayZambi
a,Al
fr
edShar
pemanagedt
osi
gn
t
reat
ieswi
thNsamaoft
heTabwaandt
heMwat
akazembe.TheTer
msoft
he
Tr
eat
ywi
tht
heMwat
akazembewer
e:
 TheMwat
akazembeaccept
ed Br
it
ish Pr
otect
ion f
rom t
heSwahi
l
iwho wer
e
i
nter
fer
ingi
ntheKi
ngdom.
 TheMwat
akazembegr
ant
edt
heB.
S.ACompanyMi
ner
alandl
andr
ight
sint
he
Ki
ngdom.
 I
n1899,t
heB.
S.ACompanydeci
dedt
odest
royt
heMwat
akazembepowerand
f
ull
yoccupyt
hear
eat
hought
heyhadear
lyest
abl
i
shedapostatMower
sin1895.
I
nOct
ober1899aBr
it
ishf
orceunderCapt
ainE.
C.Mar
gesssonmat
chedi
ntot
he
Mwat
akazembeKi
ngdom butmetl
i
ttl
eresi
stancebecauset
heKi
ngdom had
gr
eat
lydecl
i
nedduet
oint
ernal
andext
ernal
fact
ors.
Tr
eat
ywi
tht
heBembaKi
ngdom
 TheBembaki
ngdom wascol
oni
zedasar
esul
toft
hei
nter
nalpr
obl
emsoft
he
Ki
ngdom t
hatf
orcedt
heChi
ti
mukul
utoaskf
orBr
it
ishpr
otect
ion.Af
tert
heDeat
h
ofChi
ti
mukul
u Chi
tapankwa,t
her
e was a successi
on di
sput
e bet
ween hi
s

70
 successorSampaandSeni
orChi
efMwambaChi
poy
a.
 Thr
ought
hei
nfl
uenceaWhi
tef
ather
sMi
ssi
onar
yBi
shopJosephDupont
,the
Chi
ti
mukul
urequestf
orBr
it
ishPr
otect
ion,whi
chwasgr
ant
edt
ohi
m.Ther
efor
e,
t
heBr
it
ishoccupat
ionoft
heBembaKi
ngdom wasmetwi
thl
i
ttl
eresi
stance.
TheBr
it
ishOccupat
ionofNor
thwest
ernRhodesi
a.
 TheAf
ri
canr
ulerwhowasr
esponsi
blef
ort
heBr
it
ishOccupat
ionofNor
th-
West
ernRhodesi
awasLewani
kaoft
heLozi
Kingdom.
 Lewani
kahadf
acedal
otofi
nter
nalandext
ernalpr
obl
emssi
ncehecamet
o
poweri
n1878.Hef
acedpr
obl
emsf
rom member
soft
heMul
ongwanj
iCounci
l
.
 I
n1884,
member
soft
hecounci
ll
edbyTat
il
aAkuf
unat
empor
ari
l
yov
ert
hrewhi
m.
Whenhewasr
est
oredt
opower
,hedi
dev
ery
thi
ngpossi
blet
ohol
dont
opower
.

 I
naddi
ti
on,Lewani
kawasal
soaf
rai
dofext
ernalt
hreat
si.
e.t
hepossi
bleat
tack
f
rom t
heNdebel
eunderMzi
l
ikaziandt
heEur
opeanswhower
eencr
oachi
ngon
hi
sKi
ngdom i
.e.TheGer
mans,
thePor
tugueseandt
heBr
it
ish.
 Ther
efor
e,Lewani
ka Made f
ri
ends wi
th out
sider
s who woul
d hel
p hi
m.He
becamef
ri
endswi
thami
ssi
onar
yFr
ançoi
sCoi
l
lar
doft
hePEMS,
Chi
efKhamaof
t
heNgwat
oofBechuanal
andandGeor
geWest
beechaGer
manTr
ader
.
 Chi
efKhamai
nPar
ti
cul
arPer
suadedLewani
kat
oseekBr
it
ishpr
otect
ionsi
nce
hehadt
hepr
evi
ousy
ear
.Asar
esul
t,Lewani
kasi
gnedsev
eralt
reat
ieswi
tht
he
Br
it
ish.
TheWar
eConcessi
on-
1889
 Br
it
ishcoul
drespondt
ohi
srequestf
orpr
otect
ion,Lewani
kasi
gnedt
heWar
e
Concessi
onwi
thaGer
mant
raderHenr
yWar
einJune1889.
 Thet
ermsoft
heWar
eConcessi
onwer
e:
-
War
ewasal
l
owedt
opr
ospectf
ormi
ner
alsi
nTongal
andandi
ffoundt
o
mi
nef
ora
per
iodof20y
ear
s.
-
Lewani
kawast
orecei
veanannualamountof200poundsasmi
ner
al
r
oyal
ti
es.

71
 -
Int
hist
reat
y,Lewani
kahadexagger
atedt
hear
eaofLozi
Pol
i
tical
cont
rol
to
i
ncl
udet
heI
laandTongaar
easi
ntheSout
handasf
arasKat
angai
ntheNor
th.
TheLochnerConcessi
on-
1890
 Af
terCeci
lRhodeshear
doft
hesi
gni
ngoft
heWar
eConcessi
on,Hedeci
dedt
o
per
suadeHenr
yWar
etosel
lhi
mtheConcessi
on.
 Ceci
lRhodesdeci
dedt
obuyt
heWar
eConcessi
onbecausei
twaspar
tofhi
sai
m
t
oachi
evet
heCapet
oCai
roDr
eam.
 I
naddi
ti
on,hewant
edt
ocont
rolt
hecopperpr
oduci
ngar
eai
ntheNor
th,whi
ch
Lewani
kacl
aimedt
obeunderLozi
cont
rol
.
 Rhodessenthi
sper
sonal
repr
esent
ati
veFr
ankLochneri
near
ly1890t
oLewani
ka.
Hewast
oinf
orm Lewani
kat
hatt
heWar
eConcessi
onhadbeenboughtbyt
he
B.
S.A Company
.Hewasal
sot
ogi
veLewani
kat
hei
mpr
essi
ont
hathewas
deal
i
ngdi
rect
lywi
tht
heBr
it
ishGov
ernment
.

 Wi
tht
heencour
agementofChi
efKhamaoft
heNgwat
oandFr
ançoi
sCoi
l
lar
d
whohadbecomeaper
sonalf
ri
endandadv
iser
,Lewani
kasi
gnedt
heLochner
Concessi
oni
n1890.

 Thet
ermswer
e:
-
Lewani
kagav
etheBr
it
ishexcl
usi
vemi
ner
alandl
andr
ight
sinr
ight
sin
Tongal
and.
-
Lewani
kaal
sopr
omi
sednev
ert
omakeanyt
reat
ieswi
thot
herEur
opeans.
-
Lewani
kawasi
ntur
npr
omi
sedanannualsal
aryof2000poundsand
mi
ner
al
r
oyal
ti
es.
-
Hewasal
sopr
omi
sedpr
otect
ionagai
nstNdebel
eat
tacks.
-
Lewani
kawasal
sot
oal
l
owaBr
it
ishRepr
esent
ati
ver
esi
dentatLeal
ui.
-
TheB.
S.ACompanywast
obui
l
dschool
sforLozichi
l
drenandpr
omot
e
t
rade

72
andi
ndust
ryi
nBul
ozi
.
 Howev
er,f
orov
er7y
ear
s,t
heBr
it
ishdi
dnotf
oll
owuponsomeoft
het
ermsof
t
heLochnerConcessi
onespeci
all
ythesendi
ngofar
esi
dentr
epr
esent
ati
vet
o
Leal
ui.
TheLawl
eyTr
eat
yof1898
 Thi
str
eat
ywasmer
elyar
evi
sionoft
heLochnerConcessi
onof1890.I
twas
si
gnedbet
weenLewani
kaandAr
thurLawl
eywhowasaBr
it
ishAdmi
nist
rat
orof
Mat
ebel
eland.
 Thet
ermsoft
heTr
eat
ywer
e:
-
Rev
isedt
het
ermsoft
heLochnerConcessi
onandaddi
ti
onwer
emade.
-
TheTr
eat
yal
l
owedt
heB.
S.ACompanyadmi
nist
rat
iveaut
hor
it
yov
eral
l
ar
eas
t
hatwer
ecl
aimedt
ohav
ebeenunderLewani
ka’
srul
e.
-
TheWest
ernbor
der
soft
heKi
ngdom wer
eal
soext
endedandmor
eland
t
aken
aspar
toft
heLozi
Kingdom.
 Howev
er,t
hist
reat
ywasnev
ersi
gnedbecauseBr
it
ishdeci
dedt
oexer
tmor
e
pol
i
tical
cont
rol
inar
easwer
etheB.
S.ACompanyoper
ated.
 TheBr
it
ishGov
ernmenthadl
ostconf
idencei
ntheB.
S.A.Companyr
uleaf
ter
ev
ent
sthathadbeenHappeni
ngi
nSout
her
nRhodesi
ai.
e.t
heNdebel
eand
ShonaUpr
isi
ngs.
 TheBr
it
ishpassedaspeci
all
awcal
l
edTheBar
otsel
andOr
der
-i
n-Counci
l.Under
t
hisl
aw,
Bul
ozi
wasnowt
obecal
l
edNor
thWest
ernRhodesi
aorBar
otsel
and.

 TheLawal
sopr
ovi
dedf
oranAdmi
nist
rat
orwhowasnomi
nat
edandappoi
nted
byt
heCompanybutappr
oved byt
heBr
it
ish Gov
ernmentt
hrough t
heHi
gh
Commi
ssi
oneratt
heCape.TheFi
rstadmi
nist
rat
orofBar
otsel
andwasRober
t
Cor
yndon.
Vi
ctor
iaFal
l
sTr
eat
yorTheCor
ydonTr
eat
y-1900
 Thi
str
eat
ywassi
gnedbet
weent
heNew admi
nist
rat
orRober
tCor
ydonand

73
 Lewani
ka.
 Theai
m oft
hist
reat
ywast
ocl
ari
fyandconf
ir
mthet
ermsoft
heLawl
eyTr
eat
y
t
hatwas
notsi
gned.
 Thet
ermsoft
hist
reat
ywer
e:
-
TheB.
S.A.Companywasgi
venr
ightt
ogi
vel
andgr
ant
stoEur
opean
Set
tl
ersi
n
anypar
toft
heLozi
Kingdom apar
tfr
om Bar
otsel
andPr
oper(
theor
igi
nal
areaof
t
heLuy
irul
ersi
nthef
loodpl
ains)
.
-
TheCompanywasal
sogi
venj
udi
cialpower
stot
rycasesespeci
all
y
t
hose
concer
ningWi
tchcr
afti
nanypar
toft
heLozi
Kingdom butnev
eri
nBar
otsel
and
pr
oper
.
 Undert
hist
reat
y,Lewani
ka’
sannualal
l
owancewasr
educedf
rom t
heAgr
eed
2000poundst
oonl
y850.
 Thesi
gni
ngoft
hist
reat
yledt
othel
ossofpol
i
ticalpowerandi
nfl
uencef
or
Lewani
ka.Hel
ostcont
rolov
ert
het
ri
but
east
heconquer
edchi
efswer
enow
underBr
it
ishPr
otect
ionandwasr
equi
redt
opayt
axt
otheCompany
.
 I
naddi
ti
on,t
heBr
it
ishst
art
edi
nter
fer
ingi
ntheaf
fai
rsofBar
otsel
andpr
oper
.
Thi
sfur
therweakenedLewani
kaasapol
i
tical
figur
e.
TheLewani
kaTr
eat
yof1916
 Thi
swasat
reat
ythatt
heBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
canCompanyf
orcedLewani
kat
osi
gn.
Byt
hist
reat
y,Lewani
kawasf
orcedt
ocl
aimt
het
err
it
oryt
heLambapeopl
eint
he
Copperbel
tar
ea.Thi
swasaf
tert
hedi
scov
eryofcopperi
nthear
ea,whi
cht
he
Companywant
edt
ocl
aim.
 By1916,Lewani
kahad l
ostal
lhi
spol
i
ticaland economi
cpower
sand had
becomeamer
epuppetoft
heBr
it
ish.Byt
hist
ime,t
heBr
it
ishhadf
ull
yoccupi
ed
Nor
ther
nRhodesi
a.

74
QUESTI
ONS

1.Whatwer
ethecauses,ev
ent
sandt
her
esul
tsoft
heNdebel
eWarof1893t
o
1894?[
20]
.

2.ShowhowandwhyLobengul
agr
ant
edconcessi
onst
otheBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
can
Companyandot
heragenci
esi
ntheper
iod1870t
o1890.Whogai
nedmostf
rom
t
heseagr
eement
sandwhower
ethel
oser
s?[
20]

3.How di
dtheBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
canCompany(
B.S.
A.Co)gai
ncont
rolofNor
th-
west
ernRhodesi
a?[
20]
.

4.Descr
ibet
heNegot
iat
ionbet
weenLobengul
aandt
heConcessi
onseeker
sand
t
hesubsequentoccupat
ionofMashonal
andbet
ween1870and1890.[
20]

5.Di
scusshow t
he f
oll
owi
ng t
reat
iescont
ri
but
ed t
othe occupat
ion ofNor
th-
west
ernRhodesi
a.
(
a)TheWar
eConcessi
onof1889.
(
b)TheLochnerConcessi
onof1890
(
c)TheLawl
eyTr
eat
yof1898
(
d)TheCor
ydonConcessi
onof1900
(
e)TheOr
der
-i
n-Counci
l
(
f)TheLewani
kaTr
eat
y.

6.Expl
ainhowt
heBr
it
ishSout
hAf
ri
canCompanyOccupi
edNor
th-
east
ernRhodesi
a.
[
20]
.

6.THECENTRALAFRI
CANFEDERATI
ON
 TheCent
ralAf
ri
canFeder
ati
onwast
hei
nco-
oper
ati
onoruni
ti
ngofNor
ther
n
Rhodesi
a,Sout
her
n Rhodesi
a and Ny
asal
and i
nto one t
err
it
ory underone

75
 gov
ernment
,whi
chwasr
efer
redt
oast
heFeder
alGov
ernment
.

 Howev
er,
eachst
atewassupposedt
ohav
eit
sowngov
ernmentt
odeci
deoni
ts
af
fai
rs.TheFeder
ati
onwasal
sor
efer
redt
oast
heFeder
ati
onofRhodesi
aand
Ny
asal
andandi
tcamei
ntoexi
stencei
n1953.
 TheFeder
ati
oncamet
oanendi
n1963duet
ost
rongAf
ri
canopposi
ti
on.Thi
s
wasbecauset
heWhi
temi
nor
it
yfr
om Sout
her
nRhodesi
amost
lycont
rol
l
edt
he
Feder
alGov
ernmentandAf
ri
cansdi
dnotbenef
itmuchf
rom t
heFeder
ati
on.

Fi
g09.(
Mapshowi
ngt
heCent
ralAf
ri
canFeder
ati
on)

REASONSFORFEDERATI
ON
 Thei
deat
oamal
gamat
eNor
ther
nandSout
her
nRhodesi
ast
art
edasear
lyas
1930sbyt
hewhi
teset
tl
ersi
nbot
har
eas.Ther
ewer
ebot
heconomi
candpol
i
tical
r
easonsf
oradv
ocat
ingf
orf
eder
ati
on.Thesewer
e:
 Whi
tesi
nNor
ther
nandSout
her
nRhodesi
awant
edt
omai
ntai
nwhi
tedomi
nat
ion
i
nbot
hter
ri
tor
ies.
 Thewhi
teset
tl
ersal
sowant
edt
oachi
eveeconomi
cint
er-
dependenceoft
he
t
hree t
err
it
ori
es.Thi
s was because each oft
he t
hree t
err
it
ori
es pr
oduced

76
 di
ff
erentcommodi
ti
es i
.e.f
ood,coaland t
obacco f
rom Sout
her
n Rhodesi
a,
copperf
rom Nor
ther
nRhodesi
aandl
aborf
rom Ny
asal
and.
 Whi
teset
tl
ersi
nSout
her
nRhodesi
awant
edt
ohav
econt
roloft
hecopperi
n
Nor
ther
nRhodesi
a.
 The Whi
te set
tl
ers i
n Nor
ther
n Rhodesi
a hat
ed t
he Pol
i
cy of Af
ri
can
Par
amount
ancy
,whi
ch was i
ntr
oduced i
n t
he 1930s by t
he Passi
fi
ed
Memor
andum.Theywant
edt
ogetr
idoft
hispol
i
cybyj
oini
ngwi
tht
heset
tl
ersi
n
Sout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Feder
ati
on woul
d al
so l
ead t
o co-
oper
ati
on i
n many ar
eas e.
g.
t
elecommuni
cat
ions,hy
droel
ect
ri
cpower
,resear
chanddev
elopmenti
nfi
eldsof
heal
th,
agr
icul
tur
e,i
ndust
ryandeducat
ion.
ARGUMENTSFORANDAGAI
NSTFEDERATI
ON
 Thewhi
teset
tl
ersbot
hinNor
ther
nandSout
her
nRhodesi
aandsomeAf
ri
cansi
n
Sout
her
nRhodesi
awhower
eat
tract
edt
othepr
omi
sedpol
i
cyofpar
tner
shi
p
ar
gued f
ort
he f
ormat
ion oft
he f
eder
ati
on.Howev
er,Af
ri
cans i
n Nor
ther
n
Rhodesi
a as wel
las t
he Br
it
ish Gov
ernmenti
nit
ial
l
y opposed t
he i
dea of
f
eder
ati
on.
Ar
gument
sforFeder
ati
on
 Feder
ati
onwoul
dbr
ingeconomi
cpr
osper
it
ytoal
lthet
hreear
eas,ast
heywoul
d
compl
ementeachot
hereconomi
cal
l
y.
 Al
lthr
eest
ateswoul
dshar
eint
heeconomi
cbenef
it
sfr
om t
heGol
dandcopper
mi
nesi
nSout
her
nandSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Feder
ati
onwoul
dleadt
oast
rongerBr
it
ishSt
atei
nCent
ralAf
ri
cat
hatwoul
d
checkorst
opt
hespr
eadofSout
hAf
ri
canRaci
alpol
i
cies.
 Af
ri
cans i
n Sout
her
n Rhodesi
a Suppor
ted Feder
ati
on because t
hey wer
e
at
tr
act
ed t
othe conceptofPar
tner
shi
p asopposed t
othe pol
i
cyofr
aci
al
di
scr
imi
nat
iont
hathadexi
stedear
li
er.
Ar
gument
sagai
nstFeder
ati
on
 TheAf
ri
cansi
nNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andopposedFeder
ati
onbecause:
 Si
ncet
het
wower
epr
otect
orat
esoft
heBr
it
ishgov
ernment
,theywer
eusedt
o

77
 t
hepol
i
cyofAf
ri
canPar
amount
ancyandwer
eawar
ethataf
eder
ati
onwoul
dbe
cont
rol
l
edanddomi
nat
edbyt
hewhi
test
hatwer
eint
hemi
nor
it
y.
 Theyal
so di
d notwantt
hepol
i
cyofr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion t
hatpr
evai
l
ed i
n
Sout
her
nRhodesi
atobei
ntr
oducedi
nNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andaswel
l
.
 Somewhi
teset
tl
ersi
nSout
her
nRhodesi
apr
efer
redauni
onwi
thSout
hAf
ri
ca
r
athert
hanaf
eder
ati
onwi
thNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andbecauset
hey
want
edt
ocont
inuewi
tht
hei
rraci
alpol
i
cies.
 Thej
oini
ngoft
het
woRhodesi
a’
sandNy
asal
andwoul
dhav
ebeendi
ff
icul
tduet
o
t
hef
actt
hatSout
her
nRhodesi
awasacol
onyandf
oll
owedapol
i
cyofDi
rectr
ule
whi
l
eNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andwer
ePr
otect
orat
esandf
oll
owedi
ndi
rect
r
ule.
 TheBr
it
ishopposi
ti
onLaborandLi
ber
alPar
ti
esopposedf
eder
ati
onbecause
t
heydi
dnotwantt
ofor
ceAf
ri
cansi
ntoi
t.
 Af
ri
canswer
eal
soskept
icaloft
hepr
oposedpol
i
cyofPar
tner
shi
pandbel
i
eved
t
hatt
heonl
yki
ndofpar
tner
shi
pthatwoul
dev
erexi
stbet
weent
het
wor
aces
woul
dbel
i
ket
hatof“
ari
derandahor
se.
”
 Despi
tet
heopposi
ti
ont
otheFeder
ati
on,
itwasi
ntr
oducedi
nOct
ober1953.Thi
s
wasbecausei
twasdeci
dedt
hatt
hear
gument
sforf
eder
ati
onout
wei
ghedt
hose
agai
nst
.
THEFEDERALCONSTI
TUTI
ON
 I
nor
dert
opr
epar
efort
hef
eder
ati
onconst
it
uti
on,t
her
ewer
esev
eralmeet
ings
t
hatwer
ehel
dbet
ween1949and1953.I
nFebr
uar
y1949,r
epr
esent
ati
vesf
rom
t
het
hreet
err
it
ori
esmetatt
heVi
ctor
iaFal
l
sConf
erencet
omakepr
oposal
sfor
t
hef
ormat
ionoft
heFeder
ati
on.Howev
er,t
heLaborPar
tyGov
ernmentr
eject
ed
t
hePr
oposal
sbecauseAf
ri
canswer
enotr
epr
esent
ed.
 I
n1951,
theConser
vat
ivePar
tycamet
opoweri
nBr
it
ainunderWi
nst
onChur
chi
l
l.
Hewassy
mpat
het
ict
othewhi
teset
tl
erswi
shf
oraFeder
ati
on.I
nthesamey
ear
,
anot
herconf
erence was hel
d att
he Vi
ctor
ia Fal
l
s.Al
though Af
ri
cans wer
e
r
epr
esent
ed,
theydi
dnotagr
eet
othepr
oposedconst
it
uti
on.
 I
n 1952,t
he Conser
vat
ive Gov
ernmentunderChur
chi
l
lcal
l
ed f
oranot
her

78
 conf
erencei
nLondont
ofi
nal
i
zedi
scussi
onsont
heFeder
alconst
it
uti
on.Att
his
conf
erence,
all
wer
erepr
esent
edi
ncl
udi
ngAf
ri
cans.
 The Af
ri
can r
epr
esent
ati
ves st
il
lpr
otest
ed agai
nstt
he Feder
alconst
it
uti
on.
Howev
er,t
heBr
it
ishgov
ernmentsentaconser
vat
ivepol
i
tici
ant
oCent
ralAf
ri
ca
t
ofi
ndoutt
heAf
ri
canv
iewsonFeder
ati
on.Hef
alsel
yrepor
tedt
hatAf
ri
cans
wer
eforFeder
ati
on.Ther
efor
e,i
n Oct
ober1953,t
he Br
it
ish Gov
ernment
appr
ovedt
hef
eder
alconst
it
uti
ont
hatl
edt
othef
ormat
ionoft
hef
eder
ati
on.
 Si
rGodf
reyHuggi
nswhohadbeent
hePr
imemi
nist
erofSout
her
nRhodesi
a
becamet
heFi
rstFeder
alPr
imeMi
nist
er.
Ter
msoft
heFeder
alConst
it
uti
on
 Theconst
it
uti
onpr
ovi
dedf
oraf
eder
alpar
li
amentt
obebasedi
nSal
i
sbur
y,whi
ch
wast
hef
eder
alcapi
tal
.TheFeder
alPar
li
amentwoul
dconsi
stof36member
sof
par
li
ament
,18f
rom Sout
her
nRhodesi
a,11f
rom Nor
ther
nRhodesi
aand7f
rom
Ny
asal
and.Oft
he36,
onl
y6woul
dbeAf
ri
cans.
 TheConst
it
uti
onal
sopr
ovi
dedf
oraFeder
alGov
ernmentt
hatwoul
dbebasedi
n
Sal
i
sbur
y and i
n 1954,Si
r Geof
frey Huggi
ns became t
he Fi
rst f
eder
al
Gov
ernor
/Pr
imemi
nist
er.TheFeder
alGov
ernorwasal
sor
esponsi
blef
ort
he
appoi
ntmentofaf
eder
alcabi
net
.
 TheFeder
alConst
it
uti
onal
sopr
ovi
dedf
oranAf
ri
canAf
fai
rsBoar
d.Thi
sboar
d
wasmadeupof3Eur
opeansr
epr
esent
ingAf
ri
cansand3Af
ri
cansf
rom t
het
hree
t
err
it
ori
es.Thedut
iesoft
heAf
ri
canAf
fai
rsBoar
dincl
udedpr
otest
ingagai
nstany
bi
l
lsegr
egat
ingagai
nstAf
ri
cans.
 Fr
anchi
sewasgi
vent
oal
lwhi
teset
tl
ersofv
oti
ngagebutv
eryf
ewAf
ri
canswer
e
al
l
owedt
ovot
e.
 TheFeder
alGov
ernmentwoul
dcont
rolFi
nance,t
rade,communi
cat
ion,i
ndust
ry
and def
ense.Whi
l
ethe t
err
it
ori
es and t
hei
rlocalgov
ernment
s woul
d be
r
esponsi
blef
orEducat
ion,
land,
agr
icul
tur
eandheal
th.
 Feder
alRev
enuecamef
rom i
ncomet
axf
rom al
lthr
eet
err
it
ori
esbutt
hebul
k
camef
rom Nor
ther
nRhodesi
ancopper
.TheRev
enuewasdi
vi
dedi
nto;60%f
or
t
hef
eder
algov
ernment
,17% f
orSout
her
nRhodesi
anGov
ernment
,17% f
ort
he

79
 Nor
ther
nRhodesi
anGov
ernmentandonl
y6%per
centf
orNy
asal
and.
 TheFeder
alConst
it
uti
onwast
ober
evi
ewedwi
thi
n7y
ear
s.I
fitwor
kedwel
l
,the
Feder
ati
onwoul
dbegi
veni
ndependencef
rom t
heBr
it
ishGov
ernment
.
 TheBr
it
ish Gov
ernmental
so r
etai
ned somepower
sov
ert
her
evi
ew oft
he
const
it
uti
on,
Afr
icanaf
fai
rsanddef
ense.

ADVANTAGESANDDI
SADVANTAGESOFFEDERATI
ON
Nor
ther
nRhodesi
a
Adv
ant
ages
 Economi
cal
l
y,f
eder
ati
onl
edt
oani
ncr
easei
nempl
oymentandt
hisr
aisedt
he
st
andar
dsofl
i
vingf
ormostAf
ri
cans.
 Nor
ther
nRhodesi
aal
sobenef
it
edf
rom t
hecheaphy
dro-
elect
ri
calschemeat
Kar
ibaandt
hisboost
edpr
oduct
ioni
nthemi
nes.
 Nor
ther
n Rhodesi
an agr
icul
tur
e was al
so boost
ed wi
tht
he wheatand r
ice
gr
owi
ngschemesont
heKaf
ueFl
ats.
 Pol
i
tical
l
y,Feder
ati
onwasadv
ant
ageoust
oNor
ther
nRhodesi
aint
hati
tledt
othe
r
ise of Af
ri
can Nat
ional
i
sm.Thi
s was a posi
ti
ve mov
etowar
ds Af
ri
can
I
ndependence.
Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Feder
ati
onl
edt
oal
ackofbr
oadbasedeconomyf
orNor
ther
nRhodesi
aasmuch
emphasi
swaspl
acedont
hepr
oduct
ionofcopperwhi
chwasawast
ingr
esour
ce.
 Besi
des,mostoft
hei
ncomef
rom Nor
ther
n Rhodesi
a wentt
o dev
elop t
he
Feder
alGov
ernmentandSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Educat
ioni
nNor
ther
nRhodesi
awasal
sonegl
ect
edandt
hisl
edt
olackoft
rai
ned
manpoweratt
het
imeofi
ndependence.
 Raci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ionwasal
soont
hei
ncr
easei
nthemi
nes,
shopsandhot
els.
 Besi
des,Nor
ther
nRhodesi
adi
dnotbenef
itasmuchasshewassupposedt
o
f
rom t
heHy
dro-
elect
ri
calpoweront
heKar
ibaDam.I
twoul
dhav
ebeenmor
e

80
 adv
ant
ageousi
fthePowerst
ati
onhadbeenont
heKaf
ueRi
ver
.
Ny
asal
and
Adv
ant
ages
 TheFeder
ati
onl
edt
oimpr
ovement
sinAgr
icul
tur
einNy
asal
andi
.e.t
heTea
gr
owi
ngschemeandt
eabecamet
hemai
ncashcr
opofNy
asal
and.
 TheFeder
ati
onal
socr
eat
edj
oboppor
tuni
ti
esf
ort
hepeopl
eofNy
asal
andwho
wentt
owor
kint
hecoppermi
nesofNor
ther
nandSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Mostpeopl
efr
om Ny
asal
andal
sobenef
it
edf
rom t
hef
eder
ati
onbyi
mpr
ovi
ng
t
hei
reducat
ioni
nSout
her
norabr
oad.
 Li
keN.Rhodesi
a,Ny
asal
andal
sobenef
it
edf
rom t
heFeder
ati
onpol
i
tical
l
yasi
t
l
edt
other
iseofAf
ri
canNat
ional
i
sm.TheFeder
alGov
ernmental
sopassedl
aws
t
hatcont
ri
but
edt
othegai
ningofi
ndependencef
orNy
asal
and.
Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Feder
ati
ondel
ayedt
hedev
elopmentofNy
asal
andasshewasusedasamer
e
l
aborr
eser
voi
rforNor
ther
nRhodesi
aandSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Thi
slackofdev
elopmentwasal
soasar
esul
toft
hei
nsuf
fi
cientshar
eoft
he
Feder
ali
ncome,
whi
chwasnotadequat
efordev
elopment
.
 Af
ri
cansi
nNy
asal
andhadl
i
mit
edv
oti
ngr
ight
sint
heFeder
alandt
err
it
ori
al
el
ect
ions.
 TheFeder
ati
onal
sodel
ayedt
hei
ndependenceofNy
asal
andasmosteducat
ed
Af
ri
cansl
eftf
orbet
tereconomi
coppor
tuni
ti
esi
nN.andS.Rhodesi
a.
Sout
her
nRhodesi
a.
Adv
ant
ages
 Sout
her
n Rhodesi
a benef
it
ed mor
efr
om t
he Feder
ati
on t
han t
he t
wo ot
her
t
err
it
ori
es.Sout
her
nRhodesi
agotal
argerper
cent
ageoft
heFeder
ali
ncomei
.e.
60% f
ort
he Feder
alGov
ernmentbased atSal
i
sbur
yand 17% f
orSout
her
n
Rhodesi
aasat
err
it
ory
.Thi
sCont
ri
but
edt
othedev
elopmentofI
nfr
ast
ruct
ure.
 Af
ri
canswer
eal
soencour
agedt
oputi
ntopr
act
icet
hem pol
i
cyofPar
tner
shi
pby
al
l
owi
ngsomeAf
ri
canst
opar
ti
cipat
einel
ect
ions.
 Sout
her
nRhodesi
aal
sobenef
it
edmor
efr
om t
heHy
dro-
elect
ri
cal
powerst
ati
on.

81
Di
sadv
ant
ages
 Thedi
sadv
ant
ageswer
emi
nimal
forSout
her
nRhodesi
a.
 Thet
womai
ndi
sadv
ant
ageswer
ethatFeder
ati
oncont
ri
but
edt
oani
ncr
easei
n
r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
 I
tal
sogr
eat
lydel
ayedSout
her
nRhodesi
ani
ndependencei
ncompar
isont
othe
ot
hert
wot
err
it
ori
es.
 Thef
eder
ati
onofRhodesi
aandNy
asal
andcamet
oanendasar
esul
tofPr
otest
s
f
rom Af
ri
cansi
n1963.

QUESTI
ONS
1.Li
stt
he t
erms oft
he Const
it
uti
on oft
he Cent
ralAf
ri
can Feder
ati
on.What
adv
ant
agesdi
dtheFeder
ati
onhav
eonNor
ther
nRhodesi
a?[
10:
10]
.

2.Di
scusst
hef
ormat
ionoft
heFeder
ati
onofRhodesi
aandNy
asal
and(
Cent
ral
Af
ri
canFeder
ati
on)
.Whatwer
ethemai
nter
msoft
heFeder
alconst
it
uti
on?[
12:
8].

3.Whatwer
etheadv
ant
agesand di
sadv
ant
agesf
orei
ther(
a)Mal
awi
,or(
b)
Zambi
aasmember
sofCent
ralAf
ri
canFeder
ati
on?Whydi
dtheFeder
ati
onBr
eak
up?[
14:
6].

4.Whatwer
ethear
gument
sforandagai
nstt
heCent
ral
Afr
icanFeder
ati
on?[
12:
8].

5.(
a)Whatr
easonswer
egi
veni
nfav
oroff
eder
ati
on?
(
b)Whydi
dAf
ri
cansopposei
t?[
10:
10]
.

82