Lifting Study

1
 What is
Lifting Study?
Rigging
Study
Installation
Lifting Sequence
Study

Project Management
 START

DATA MATERIAL:
DIMENSION & WEIGHT

REFERENCE:
RIGGING BOOK + EQUIPMENT MANUAL + Standard Rigging

NEED DUO CRANE

Yes
No
Risk MONO CRANE TAILING DESIGN

JSA

RIGGING PLAN

ACTION

CONTROL

REPORT

STOP
 Rigging Study
1. Weight of Material
2. Dimension of Material
3. Center Gravity

1. Sling Dimension
2. Lifting Lug
3. Shackle
4. Spreader Beam
 Lifting Study
1. Site Arrangement
2. Site Elevation
3. Free Space
4. Ground and Access

1. Type of Lifting
Solo Crane / Duo Crane
2. Type of Crane
Rough Terrain / Truck Crane / Crawler
Lifting Study

10
11
Lifting
Procedure
LIFTING TOOLS IN SPECIAL CONDITION

STEP 1
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
 Displacement
Frame Analysis
Displacement
Stress Analysis
 RIGGING DEPARTMENT LOGO
LIFT .
SWING
MOVE
DOWN

In safety corridor

THINK SAFE
DO SAFELY
SAFETY FIRST
Rigging Study

25
 What is
Rigging?
Definition of Rigging
Rigging is part of the lifting
operation which forms the link
between the crane and the load
Rigging
Study
Installation
Lifting Sequence
Study

Project Management
 START

DATA MATERIAL:
DIMENSION & WEIGHT

REFERENCE:
RIGGING BOOK + EQUIPMENT MANUAL + Standard Rigging

NEED DUO CRANE

Yes
No
Risk MONO CRANE TAILING DESIGN

JSA

RIGGING PLAN

ACTION

CONTROL

REPORT

STOP
 Rigging Study
1. Weight of Material
2. Dimension of Material
3. Center Gravity

1. Sling Dimension
2. Lifting Lug
3. Shackle
4. Spreader Beam
Rigging Study
 Lifting Study
1. Site Arrangement
2. Site Elevation
3. Free Space
4. Ground and Access

1. Type of Lifting
Solo Crane / Duo Crane
2. Type of Crane
Rough Terrain / Truck Crane / Crawler
 Training Objectives:
• Review fundamentals of
rigging
– the load
– the hitch
– attachments
– sling angle
– D/d ratio
• General use guidelines
• Provide answers to
technical questions

33
 Rigging - Plan
• Who is responsible for the rigging?
• Is the equipment in safe condition?
• Are the working load limits adequate?
• Will the load be under control?
• Are there any unusual loading or environmental
conditions?

34
 Rigging Basics – The Load
• Load weight shall be within rated capacity of the sling*
ASME B30.9

*such that no part of the rigging

is overloaded

A COMPLETE UNDERSTANDING OF THE LOAD FORCES IS REQUIRED! 35

 Rigging Basics – The Load
• Load weight may be obtained from:
– equipment nameplate
– packing list
– drawings
– shipping tag
– weighing the load
– an estimate or calculation of load weight

36
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity

37
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity
– The center of gravity is the point at
which a load will balance - and that
point must be directly below the hook
or principal lifting point.

38
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity
– The center of gravity is the point at which a
load will balance - and that point must be
directly below the hook or principal lifting
point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS
directly below the hook.
39
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity
– The center of gravity is the point
at which a load will balance - and
that point must be directly below
the hook or principal lifting
point.
– An object will tilt until its center
of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped
measure to find the center of
gravity

40
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity
– The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and
that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting
point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of gravity
– Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects can
be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can result in
disastrous consequences

41
 Rigging Basics – The Load
Load information:
• Size
• Weight
• Center of gravity
– The center of gravity is the point at which a load will balance - and
that point must be directly below the hook or principal lifting
point.
– An object will tilt until its center of gravity IS directly below the
hook.
– If an object is evenly shaped measure to find the center of gravity
– Determination of center of gravity of unevenly shaped objects can
be very complicated – mistakes or bad assumptions can result in
disastrous consequences
– Always make the load connection point is above the center of
gravity

42
 Center of Gravity
Finding the center of gravity based on weights

2000 #

3000 #
6000 #

43
 Center of Gravity
Finding the center of gravity based on weights

6000/(6000+2000) 75%
= 3/4 = 75%
2000 #

6000 #

44
 Center of Gravity
Finding the center of gravity based on weights

8000/(8000+3000)
= .73 = 73%

8000 #

73%
3000 #

45
 Center of Gravity
• Other methods of establishing COG
– require supplier to mark COG
– find by trial lifts
– find by trial and error

46
 Center of Gravity
• Other methods of establishing COG
– require supplier to mark COG
– find by trial lifts
– find by trial and error

Caution: weight must be known and rigging may

need to be oversized before using any
trial method

47
Rigging Basics - Hitches

48
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Vertical – having the load
suspended vertically on
a single part or leg of
the sling.

Characteristics:
• Load capacity is 100 % that of a single part
• Taglines should be used if the load tends to rotate as
rotation can damage the sling.
• Use on items with lifting eye bolts or shackles or when a
second sling is used in a spreader bar application
• Do NOT use when lifting loose or lengthy material,
anything difficult to balance
49
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Basket - loading with the sling passed under the
load and both ends on the hook, master
link, or lifting device
Characteristics:
•Effectively doubles the capacity of a single
vertical sling
•Stress on each leg tends to be equalized
•Use on straight lifts when the load is shaped so
that the sling (or slings) will not slide over the
surface.
•Do NOT use on loads that are difficult to
balance and could tilt or slip out of the sling(s).
•When terminating to a common point (like a
hook), sling angle can reduce sling capacity.

50
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Choker – loading with the sling passed through
one eye or choker hook and
suspended by the other end

Characteristics:
• Choker hitch is easy to attach & forms a noose
that tightens as the load is lifted
• Rated capacity is 75% of the single part*.
• Use to turn a load (if possible use a double
choker hitch) or when handling bundles of bars or
pipes
• Do NOT use on loads difficult to balance or which
may slip out the choke

51
* based on wire rope and chain slings, 120 degree angle of choke
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
Choke angle – the angle formed between the load
line and the noose

Angel of Choke
Rated Capacity Factor*
120 - 180° = 100%
90 - 119° = 87%
60 - 89° = 74%
30 - 59° = 62%
0 - 29° = 49%

52
*based on wire rope slings
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
• Do not confuse choke angle with angle of inclination of
the load

53
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
• Choker hitches are not suited to long loose bundles

54
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
• Double Wrap Basket Hitch
– adjustment of slings is required while taking up
slack to avoid overloading one side of the sling
(this applies to all basket hitches)

55
 Rigging Basics - Hitches
• Turning loads with a
choker hitch

Loads in legs will equalize

during lifting

Loads in legs will tend not

to equalize during lifting

56
Rigging Basics – Sling Angle

57
 Rigging Basics – Sling Angle
Sling angle has a dramatic effect on the actual load on the sling. Take a
sling that has a 1000 pound vertical lifting capacity in a basket hitch:

As angle decreases - tension on each leg increases - increasing the strain on each leg
58
 Rigging Basics – Sling Angle
A different look, with the same load and sling, changing
the angle has a similar dramatic effect

59
 Rigging Basics – Sling Angle
• The sling angle factor equals H divided by L, the inverse,
L/H, can also be used to calculate sling load

L/H is useful to calculate sling load when the vertical force is known. 60
L/H for common angles is approximately: 60º - 1.2; 45º - 1.4; 30º - 2
Rigging Basics

61
Rigging Basics

62
Sling Angle Example Problem
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

63
 Sling Angle Example Problem
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
First, we need to know the vertical load at each
connection point, A and B to support the load.

A B
10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

64
 Sling Angle Example Problem
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
The vertical load is offset, proportioning gives
the following information:

ForceA x 10’ = 10,000# x 2’

ForceA = 2,000#

therefore, ForceB = 8,000#

FA FB

A B
10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

65
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
We know we want to position the hook
directly over the center of gravity

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

66
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Next we know the sling furthest away from the hook
will have the smallest angle, so we’ll size it first and
base our sling angle at the optimal angle of 60º.

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

67
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Since the angle is 60º, the height of the hook is now
fixed as is the sling length. Because the angle is 60º,
the sling length is twice the base length (2 x 8’ = 16’).

16’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

Cosine 60º = 0.5 68

 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Knowing the L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the height of
the hook is
L/H = 1.2
H = 16/1.2
H = 13.3 feet

13.3’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

69
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Additionally, knowing that L/H = 1.2 for 60º sling angle, the load

on sling A = 1.2 x ForceA or 1.2 x 2,000# = 2,400#.

13.3’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

70
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Sling B’s length can now be calculated to an exact number.

Length of Sling B = √(13.3)2 + (2)2 = 13.44 feet

13.3’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

71
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Sling B’s load can now be calculated:

L/H = 13.44/13.3 = 1.01

LoadB = 1.01 x 8,000# = 8,084#

13.3’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

72
 Sling Angle Example
Select slings to pick up the load shown below.
Using wire rope slings, EIPS grade, 6x19 class rope
with a mechanical splice,
Sling A needs to be 3/8-in. diameter min.
Sling B needs to be ¾-in. diameter min.

13.3’

60º

10,000#

8’ 2’ CG

73
Rigging Basics – D/d Ratio
• D/d ratio is the ratio of the diameter
around which the sling is bent divided
by the body diameter of the
sling. Whenever a sling body is bent
around a diameter, the strength of the
sling is decreased.

Application: 6x19 and 6x37 Class rope, may not apply to cable laid or braided slings

74
Rigging Basics – D/d Ratio

75
 Rigging Attachments
• Sockets
– swaged and poured
socket assemblies shall
be proof tested
– mechanical splice single
vertical leg slings test
shall be 2 times vertical
load limit

ASME B30.9
76
 Rigging Attachments
• Shackles
– used only those rated for
overhead lifting

77
 Rigging Attachments
• Shackles
– synthetic web slings
connected to shackles of
sufficient size to not
cause bunching or
pinching of the sling

Use wide shackles to

prevent pinching or
bunching

78
 Rigging Attachments
• Hooks – inspect before use, use ASME B30.10
or a recognized Engineering Standard

Spread
hook

Where is the hook latch?? 79

 Rigging Attachments
• Hooks – avoid eccentric loading of hooks

80
 Rigging Attachments
• Hooks
– do not exceed 90 degrees included angle when connecting
two slings in a hook. If you have an included angle more than
90 degrees, or more than two legs, use a shackle or a master
link to connect.

81
Rigging Attachments

82
 Rigging Attachments
• Turnbuckles
– Turnbuckles can be used to adjust sling length. Be sure to use
only load rated components

83
 Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolts
– use only forged eye bolts rated for lifting
– never use if damaged, bent, elongated
– never use regular eye bolts for angular lifts
– always seat shoulder against the load

84
 Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolts
– always shim eye bolts to seat shoulder in-line for
angular loading
– for angular lifts reduce working load
• 45 degrees – 30% of rated working load
• 90 degrees – 25% of rated working load

Angle of pull

85
 Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolt - rigging

86
 Rigging Attachments
• Eye bolt - rigging

How to prevent load buckling?

87
 Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam - A below-the-
hook lifting device that utilizes
two or more hooks (attaching
devices) located along a beam
and the spreader beam
attaches to the hoist by means
of a bail. The spreader beam
is used to handle long or wide
load and serves to "spread"
the load over more than one
lifting point. Often used in
conjunction with slings.

Note: a common misconception of spreader beams is that they equalize the loading
along the beam. They do not! Spreaders only eliminate horizontal forces from affecting
the load being hoisted.
88
 Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
1/2 L 1/2 L

Spreader Beam

¼L
Fa

With the CG off center of

Fb
the hook as shown, the vertical
force at Fa will be 75% of the
load weight and the vertical force
at Fb will be 25% of the total
load weight.
No horizontal forces will be Load
exerted on the load.

Center of gravity
Total Weight = W 89
 Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam
1/2 L 1/2 L

Spreader Beam

¼L
Fa

With the CG off center of Fb

the hook as shown, the vertical

force at Fa will be 75% of the
load weight and the vertical force
at Fb will be 25% of the total
load weight. Load
No horizontal forces will be
exerted on the load.

As shown, will the Center of gravity

load be level during Total Weight = W 90
hoisting?
 Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam

The load will tilt until

the center of gravity
aligns with the hook.

91
 Rigging Attachments
• Spreader beam

¼L

Fa
Fh
Without the use of a spreader
beam, the vertical forces remain
the same, however, the sling load Fb
is a function of the sling angle and Fh

the sling load will be higher than

the sling between the spreader
and the load.
There will, in this case, be
horizontal forces exerted upon
the load, dependent upon the
sling angle. Center of gravity
Total Weight = W 92
¼L
 General Use Guidelines
• Pre-use and periodic inspection is required on all sling
and rigging components

OSHA 1926.251, 1910.184 93

 Periodic inspection Periodic inspection Frequent inspection Label*
frequency/records performed by ? frequency/records

Chain slings OSHA 1910.184(e)(3) – at least
annually with records
ASME: normal – annually; severe
service – monthly to
quarterly with records
OSHA – competent person OSHA – before use
ASME - competent person (1910.184(d) w/o records
ASME: normal –monthly;
severe service – daily to
weekly w/o records
OSHA – size, grade, rated cap.,
& reach
ASME: mfgr., grade, size, no. of
legs, reach, rated load for
hitches

Wire rope OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – none
slings ASME – based on service, at least ASME – competent person (1910.184(d) ASME – mfgr., size, rated load
annually with records ASME – daily w/o records for type of hitch & angle

Synthetic web OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rating @ each type of
slings ASME – recommended at least ASME - competent person (1910.184(d) hitch, type of material
annually based on service, ASME - daily w/o records ASME – mfgr., mfgr. Stock no.,
records recommended rated load for each type of
hitch, material type &
construction

Metal mesh OSHA – none OSHA – no periodic OSHA – before use OSHA – rated @ vertical and
slings ASME - based on service, at least ASME - competent person (1910.184(d) choker hitch loading
annually; records ASME – daily w/o records ASME – mfgr., rated load for
recommended hitch & angle, width and
gauge

* Sling I.D., per ASME B30.9, shall be maintained to be legible for the life of the sling 94
 General Use Guidelines
• Rigging equipment shall
not be loaded beyond
its recommended
working load limit (WLL)

OSHA 1926.251 95
 General Use Guidelines
• When not in use, rigging shall be removed from work
area and properly stored

OSHA 1926.251
96
 General Use Guidelines
• During lifting, personnel shall be
alert for possible snagging

ASME B30.9
97
 General Use Guidelines
• Slings should be long
enough so that rated
load is adequate

ASME B30.9
98
 General Use Guidelines
• Multiple leg slings shall be selected so as not to introduce
into the leg, a load greater than permitted

Note: select multiple leg slings based on two

ASME B30.9
legs supporting the entire weight of the load and 99
the other leg(s) balancing the load.
 General Use Guidelines
• Shock loading should be avoided

ASME B30.9
100
 General Use Guidelines
• The load shall be applied to the center of the hook
(unless the hook is designed for point loading)

ASME B30.9
101
 General Use Guidelines
• When used in a choker hitch, prevent the load on any
portion of the sling from exceeding the rated load

ASME B30.9
102
 General Use Guidelines
• Slings shall not be shortened by knotting or twisting

ASME B30.9
103
 General Use Guidelines
• Slings should not be pulled from under a load when the
load is resting on the sling

ASME B30.9
104
 General Use Guidelines
• Slings should not be dragged on the floor

ASME B30.9
105
 General Use Guidelines
• Sharp corners in contact with the sling should be
padded

ASME B30.9
106
 General Use Guidelines

The following slide is not for the faint of heart. If you are are bothered
by accident scenes, do not look at the screen until the “All Clear”
signal is given.

107
 General Use Guidelines
• And not “Be” the suspended load!!

108
 No Homemade Slings

WARNING
No wire rope sling shall be fabricated using wire rope clips!!

Preferred sling construction is to use

a Flemish eye splice with a mechanical
sleeve (turn back construction is not
recommendable)

109
 RIGGING DEPARTMENT LOGO
LIFT .
SWING
MOVE
DOWN

In safety corridor

THINK SAFE
DO SAFELY
SAFETY FIRST