Philippine history

Prelim
Topic 1: Meaning and Relevance Primary and Secondary Sources Distinction of Primary
and Secondary Sources

All art, be it writing, painting. film, dance, whatever, is a manipulation of time and space. It's an
interpretation and a recreation of the facts, using various artifacts that point us in the direction of
our personal truths.
- Author: Elisa Lorello

What is history?
History is the analysis of the human experience as defined in the recorded records left behind
by humans. The past, with all its difficult decisions and incidents, witnesses dead and memory
revealed, is what_the rest_of the population uses as the timeless foundation on which explorers
and archaeologists serve.

Why is it important?
a) History Helps Us Understand People and Societies
b) History Helps Us Understand Change and How the Society We Live in Came

History offers a storehouse of information about how people and societies behave.
Understanding the operations of people and societies is difficult, though a number of disciplines
make the attempt.

History is inescapable as a subject of serious study follows closely on the first. The past causes
the present, and so the future.

What is a historian?
● Historians devote their careers to studying notable past events, such as military
conflicts, political milestones, and social movements
● These professionals work in universities and other educational settings, as well as for
the various public, private and nonprofit organizations.
● Historians collect and evaluate information from many primary sources to answer
questions about historical events, a process known as the historical method.
● They may analyze written records,physical artifacts, and other types of evidence during
the course of their investigations.
● Historians often prepare reports to explain the significance of their findings, connecting
the relevance and value of new discoveries to modern society.
● Through historical evidence, historians are able to write history. They are responsible for
the analysis, interpretation, and organization of the facts.
● However, a historian is still a person influenced by his environment, education, and other
circumstances that may affect the interpretations or the methodology being used.
 ● This subjectivity poses an issue on the validity of claims toward historical facts. This is
why historians employ a methodology to ensure that the historian's biases do not blind
his judgment.
● Rigor is required for the researchers and historians. Reliable historical evidence should
be used to validate claims.
● With the issue of validity related to the inevitable biases of the historian, several
methodologies are applied to ensure as much objectivity as possible.
● To validate claims of historical events and to balance the inevitable biases in
interpretation, historians largely rely on historical sources.

Traditional historians believed that historical events should be backed up with written
documents. Thus, an event that lacks existing documents cannot be proven as a historical fact.

Considering only the written documents as evidence for historical facts is restricting and
discriminating against the social classes that may be able to record their own experience.

Because of the loophole, historians then started considering other forms of historical sources,
such as artifacts, architecture, songs, epics, passing of memories and stories by word of mouth.

What are the two sources of History?

Primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an
event. They can be firsthand testimony or evidence created during the time period that you are
studying.
Primary sources may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs,
newspaper articles, government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music. The collection
and analysis of primary sources is central to historical research.

The invading Japanese controlled the Philippine media, which portrayed imperial forces as
helpful liberators. In reality, the Japanese were committing brutal war crimes like the Bataan
Death March. This front page claims that Japanese occupation will bring peace and tranquility to
the Philippines. (U.S. Air Force photo)

Summary:
a) History is the analysis of the human experience as defined in the recorded records left
behind by humans.
b) History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an
account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the
political and social condition of the human race.
C) History offers a storehouse of information about how people and societies behave.
d Historians devote their careers to studying notable past events, such as military Conflicts,
political milestones, and
SOcial movements.
e) Historians collect and evaluate information from many primary sources to answer questions
about historical events,
a process known as the historical method. Primary sources include documents or artifacts
created by a witness to or
participant in an event.
f) Primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an
event.
g. Secondary sources analyze a scholarly question and often use primary sources as
evidence.

Definition of history
● Is the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents
and historical evidences
● History also focused on writing about wars, revolution and other important breakthrough

NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY
It means that unless a Written document can prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be
Considered as a historical fact.
Some valid historical documents:
● Government Records
● Chronicle's Accounts
● Personal Letters
● Receipts, etc

History as Reconstruction
● the historian is many times removed from the events under investigation
● historians rely on surviving records
● Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed
it; only a part of what was remembered was recorded: only a part of what was recorded
has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to the historian's attention.
● "Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been
grasped can be expounded or narrated by the historian."
DISCRIMINATION IN THE VALIDITY OF HISTORY
● Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a discrimination against other
social classes who were not recorded in paper
● Others got their historical documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or
colonization

HISTORIOGRAPHY
● Is the history of history
● It covers how historians have studied and developed history including its sources,
techniques, and theoretical approaches
● should not be confused with History because history is the study of the past. the events
that happened in the past.
● focuses on how a certain historical text was written, who wrote it, what was the context
of its publication, what historical method was employed, what sources were used
POSITIVISM
● the school of thought that emerged between the 18th and 19th Century
● This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim that a
particular knowledge is true
● Historians were required to ship written primary documents in order to write a particular
historical narrative

POST-COLONIALISM
the school of thought that emerged in the early 20 century when formerly colonized nations
grappled with the idea of creating their identities and understanding their Societies against the
shadows of their colonial past

Two Things in Writing History:

1. Tell the history of their nation that will highlight their identity free from that colonial discourse
and knowledge
2. To criticize the methods, effects, and idea of colonialism

HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN

● Facts cannot speak for themselves.
● It is the historian's job not just to seek historical evidence and facts but also to interpret
them.
● It is their job to give meaning to these facts and organize them into a timeline, establish
causes, and write history.

What is the Historical Method?

Historians have to verify sources, to date them, locate their place of origin and identify their
intended functions
In short, the Historical Method is..
● The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past

Historical Sources
● Sources- an object from the past or testimony concerning the past on which historians
depend in order to create their Own depiction of that past.
● Tangible- remains of the past

Written Sources
1. Published materials
● Books, magazines, jourpals
● Travelogue
● Transcription of speech
2. Manuscript any handwritten or typed record that has not been printed
● Archival materials
● Memoirs, diary
Non-written Sources
● Oral history
● Artifact
● Oral
● Ruins
● Fossils
● Art works
● Video recordings
● Audio recordings

What are Primary Sources?

● Testimony of an eyewitness
● A primary source must have been produced by a contemporary of the event it narrates
● A primary source is a document or physical object which was written or Created during
the time under study.
● These sources were present during an experience during a time period and offer an
inside view of a particular event.
● Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardlesS of whether they are
available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published
format.
Four Main Categories of Primary Sources
1. Written sources
2. Images
3. Artifacts
4. Oral testimony

What are Secondary Sources?

● A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These SOurces are one or
more steps removed from the event.
● Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them
Examples
● History textbook
● Printed materials (serials, periodicals which interprets previous research)

Practical Example
Topic: Tejeros Convention
Primary Source: Santiago Alvarez account
Secondary Source: Teodoro Agoncillo's
Revolt of the Masses

Ex: (Commonwealth 1935)

● Minutes
● Newspaper clippings
● Records
 ● Photographs
● Eyewitness(es)

What is Historical Criticism?

In order for a source to be used as evidence in history, basic matters about its form and Content
must be settled
1. External Criticism
2.Internal Criticism

What is External Criticism?

● The problem of authenticity
● To spot fabricated, forged, faked documents
● To distinguish a hoax or misrepresentation
●
Tests of Authenticity
1. Determine the date of the document to see whether they are anachronistic
● e.g. pencils did not exist before the 16th Century
2 Determine the author
● e.g. handwriting, signature, seal
3. Style
● e.g. idiom orthography. punctuation
4. Anachronistic reference to events
● e.g. too early, too late. too remote
5. Provenance or custody
● e.g. determines its genuineness
6. Semantics- determining the mean of a text or word
7. Hermeneutics -determining ambiguities

What is Internal Criticism?

● The Problem of Credibility
● Relevant particulars in the document- is it credible?
Verisimilar - as close as what really happened from a critical examination of best available
sources

Tests of Credibility
1. identification of the author
● e.g.to determine his reliability: mental processes. personal attitudees
2 Determination of the approximate date
● e.g. handwriting signature. seal
3.Ability to tell the truth
● e.g nearness to the event. competence of witness, degree af attention
4. Willingness to tell the truth
● e.g. to determine if the author consciously or unconsciously tells falsehoods
5. Corroboration
 ● ie. historical facts-particulars which rest upon the inde pendent testimony of two or more
reliable witnesses

Three Major Components to Effective Historical Thinking

1. Sensitivity to Multiple Causation
2. Sensitivity to Context
3. Awareness of the interplay of continuity and change in human affairs

Topic 2: External and Internal Criticism; Repositories of Primary Sources; Different Kinds
of Primary Sources The Filipinos

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than ever. Brands, and their advertising partners, must wake up to this challenge and define
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shouting in a
ghost town.
-Simon Mainwaring

Let us see your authenticity...

● Internal criticism aka positive criticism, is the attempt of the researcher to restore the
meaning of the text. This is the phase of hermeneutics in which the researcher engages
with the meaning of the text rather than the external elements of the document. Here,
more than before, domain specific knowledge of context is essential.
○ In positive criticism the historian and exegete assess the literal meaning of the
text and the real meaning of statements. Literal meanings are the immediate
meanings of a document and often fool the immature reader. Positive criticism
simply attempts to ascertain what the text means by analyzing its statements
within a context, i.e., literary, historical, geographical, etc.;
● External criticism, which is also known as lower criticism, is a tool used by historians
and exegetes to determine the validity of a document, particularly a document with some
sort of historical significance. It is the first of two stages of inquiry for it is followed by
internal criticism. It | ventures towards inquiry regarding (a) authorship; (b) originality and
accuracy of copy; and (c) if errors are found it helps assess the nature of errors found,
i.e., if they are scribal errors or other kinds of errors.

In determining authorship, the tool of external criticism helps the researcher and exegete to
assess the authors name, affiliation, i.e., religious group, political party, ethnicity, etc.

In this phase the researcher attempts to determine authorship by (a) using internal evidence
about the author; (b)using supplementary data from other material related to the descriptions in
the text such as history, geography, etc.; (c)assessing the tone of document, (d) identifying
patterns or streams that help establish connection to original author when dealing with
anonymous writings;(e) identifying clues of authorship; (f) assessing the presence of second or
third party speech writers, ghostwriters, and plagiarists.
 ● In determining the evidence of date the researcher also looks at the language used, the
sequence and relationship of events, the spirit and temper in the writing.
● There is also an attempt to detect spurious documents by assessing if the document is a
forgery, if a result of plagiarism, and assess erroneous identities.
● The other element of investigation is questions of original form such as origin of
corruption, i.e., collation, restoration of original reading, variant reading, and conjectural
emendation.
● Another helpful tool is paleography, which can be very insightful in studying old
documents with excellent forgeries.
● Paleography helps assess the quality of ink in the document and places such within a
particular time frame.

Where can we find the Primary Sources of our country?

● Philippine Repositories of Historical Records
● National Archives of the Philippines
● National Library of the Philippines
● National Museum of the Philippines
● National Historical Commission of the Philippines

The National Archives of the Philippines is an agency of the Republic of the Philippines
mandated to collect, store, preserve and make available archival records of the Government
and other primary sources pertaining to the history and development of the country.

The National Library of the Philippines is the library of the Philippines. The complex is
located in Ermita on a portion of Rizal Park facing T. M. Kalaw Avenue, neighboring culturally
significant buildings such as the Museum of Philippine Political History and the official national
National Historical Commission.

The National Museum, a Trust of the Government, is an educational, scientific and cultural
institution that acquires, exhibits, documents, preserves, and scholarly study appreciation of
works of art, specimens, and cultural and historical artifacts fosters and public representative of
our unique to the cultural heritage of the Filipino people and the natural history of the
Philippines.

The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is a government agency of the

Philippines. Its mission is "the promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through
research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and heraldry works."

What are the two sources of History?

Primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in an
event. may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs, newspaper articles,
government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music.
Examples of Primary Sources
archives and manuscript material, photographs, audio recordings, video recordings, films,
journals, letters and diaries, speeches, Scrapbooks, published books, newspapers and
magazine clippings published at the time, government publications, oral histories, records of
organizations, autobiographies and memoirs, printed ephemera, artifacts, e.g. clothing,
costumes, furniture, research data, e.g. public opinion polls

Philippine Bulul statues from the mountain regions of Northern Luzon

● The Manunggul Jar
● Golden Tara

Where are you from Filipino?

Many historians and scientists believe that the first inhabitants of the Philippine islands
emerged during the Pleistocene period.

There are two theories on where the inhabitants (first Filipinos) came from namely: Beyer's
Migration Theory and Jocano's Evolution Theory. Noted social scientist Henry Otley Beyer
believes that Filipinos descended from different groups that came from Southeast Asia in
successive waves of migration. Each group had a distinct culture, with its own customs and
traditions. While Jocano believes that Asians, including Filipinos are the result of a lengthy
process of evolution and migration.

Migration Theory
The first migrants were what Beyer caked the "Dawnme" (or "cavemen" because they lived in
caves.). The Dawnmen resembled Java Man, Peking Man, and other Asian Home sapiens who
existed about 250,000 years ago.
They did not have any knowledge of agriculture, and lived by hunting and fishing. It was
precisely in search of food that they came to the Philippines by way of the land bridges that
connected the Philippines and Indonesia. Owing perhaps to their migratory nature, they
eventually left the Philippines for destinations they unknown.

The second group of migrants was composed of dark- skinned pygmies called "Aetas or
"Negritoes. Negrito woman | Aeta woman about 30,000 years ago, they crossed the land
bridged from Malaya, Borneo, and Australia until they reached Palawan, Mindoro and
Mindanao. They were pygmies who went around practically naked and were good at hunting,
fishing and food gathering. They used spears and small flintstones weapons.

The Aetas were already in the Philippines when the land bridges disappeared due to the
thinning of the ice glaciers and the subsequent increase in seawater level. This natural events
"forced" them to remain in the country and become its first permanent inhabitants.

Because of the disappearance of the land bridges, the third wave of migrants was necessarily
skilled in seafaring. These were the Indonesians, who came to the islands in boats. They were
more advanced than the Aetas in that: they had tools made out of stone and steel, which
enabled them to build sturdier houses: they engaged in farming and mining, and used materials
made of brass; they wore clothing and other body ornaments.

Last to migrate to the Philippines, according to Beyer, were Malays. They were believed to
have come from Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula more than 2,000 years ago.
Like the Indonesians, they also traveled in boats.

The Malays were brown-skinned and of medium height, with straight black hair and flat noses.
Their technology was said to be more advanced than that of their predecessors. They engaged
in pottery, weaving, jewelry making and metal smelting, and introduced the irrigation system in
rice planting.

Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyer's belief that
Filipinos descended from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousands of
years ago. According to Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of
this country. The only thing that can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that
the first men who came to the Philippines also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and
Australia.

Tabon Man
In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw-presumed to be a human origin-were found in the
Tabon Caves of Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both
worked for the National Museum. Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years.

This proves, Jocano argues, that man came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay
Peninsula; therefore, the first inhabitants of our islands could not have come from the region.

The Tabon Man" is said to resemble Java Man and Peking Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and
plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone. Although further research is still
being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was already capable of using his
brain in order to survive and keep himself safe.

Instead of the Migration Theory, Jocano advances the Evolution Theory, as a better
explanation of how our country was first inhabited by human beings, Jocano believes that the
first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of evolution and migration. His
research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs, practices an even
similar tools and implements.

These people eventually went their separate ways; some migrated to the Philippines, the others
to New Guinea, Java and Borneo. Proof, Jocano says, can be found in the fossils discovered in
different parts of Southeast Asia, as well as the recorded migrations of other peoples from the
Asian mainland when history began to unfold.

Summary:
a) Internal criticism aka positive criticism, is the attempt of the researcher to restore the meaning
of the text.
b) External criticism, which is also known as lower criticism, is a tool used by historians and
exegetes to determine the validity of a document, particularly a document with some sort of
historical significance.
c) Philippine Repositories of Historical Records
● a) National Archives of the Philippines
● b) National Library of the Philippines
● c) National Museum of the Philippines
● d) National Historical Commission of the Philippines
● d) Primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant
in an event.
● e) Migration Theory
● f) Jocano's Theory

Topic 3: Content and Contextualization Analysis of Selected Primary Sources

identification of Historical Importance and Facts
Encounter with the West

"The keys to brand success are self-definition, transparency, authenticity and accountability."
- Simon Mainwaring

Can you recall what is Primary Source again?

A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or work
of art. It also includes historical and legal documents, eyewitness accounts, results of
experiments, statistical data, pieces of creative writing, audio and video recordings, speeches,
and art objects.

Antonio Pigafetta
● Born: circa 1498 to a Patrician family in Vicenza, Italy
● He learned that King Charles I was sponsoring an expedition to reach the East Indies by
sailing west, and will be commanded by Ferdinand Magellan.
● He served the captain, Magellan, as log-keeper and amanuensis an artistic assistant.
● After the death of Magellan, he went back to Italy to continue writing

Analysis of Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around the World

The chronicles document Magellan's arrival in the Visayas, his interaction with the locals and his
death, and the subsequent departure of his fleet. That said, no primary source should be
exempt from scrutiny.

IDENTIFICATION OF HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF TEXT

 ● Primary sources include documents or artifacts created by a witness to or participant in
an event. They can be firsthand testimony or evidence created during the time period
that you are studying.
● Primary sources may include diaries, letters, interviews, oral histories, photographs,
articles, government documents, poems, novels, plays, and music. The collection and
analysis of primary sources is central to historical newspaper research.

Primary historical sources are important in understanding the political, economic, social, and
cultural aspects of Philippine
history.

First-hand accounts that are either written or in audio-visual or diqital form have provided
different perspectives on certain historical events.

There are many historical important text such as:

● Political caricatures of the American Era
● Speech of the former President Corazon C. Aquino before the US Congress
● Documents of the 1898 Declaration of
● Philippine Independence
● Petition Letter of the Filipino against Governor Wood

The speech of former President Corazon C. Aquino before the US Congress made a huge
impact in the political and diplomatic events in Philippine history.

Here are some of the notable context speech:

● 203 to 197, in favor of $200 million in emergency aid to her fledgling government
● She had no trouble persuading that a strategic U.S. ally in the Pacific is in capable
hands
● Aquino did her best to persuade President Reagan that if the economic wreckage that
she inherited from former President Ferdinand Marcos, including a $26 billion foreign
debt, is to be repaired, U.S. aid levels will have to rise.
● Treasury Secretary James Baker signed over to the Philippines $100 million in economic
aid and $50 million in military assistance.
● After her triumph in Washington, Aquino flew to New York City, where she met with
business leaders in an effort to spur new investment in the Philippines
● The country's foreign debt; Restoration of the government; The relationship of America
and the Philippines
● The Struggles Filipinos had to achieve democracy and what it means to them; The
burdens that the Philippines have during Cory's time
● Cory thanking the Americans for helping the Filipinos gain their freedom

Summary:
● A primary source provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event, object, person, or
work of art
 ● Examining primary sources is important to understand the past
● Different sources are being used like government documents, illustrations, speeches
and letters. All may vary in importance and require utmost analytical approaches
● Former President Corazon Aquino made a huge political impact in Philippine history

Topic 4: First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

"It is better to travel well than to arrive."

-Buddah

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
● Born: circa 1498 to a Patrician family in Vicenza, Italy
● He learned that King Charles I was sponsoring an expedition to reach the East Indies by
sailing west, and will be commanded by Ferdinand Magellan.
● He served the captain, Magellan, as log- keeper and amanuensis an artistic assistant.
● After the death of Magellan, he went back to Italy to continue writing

Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around the world

Antonio Pigafette was an Italian scholar and explorer who joined Ferdinand Magellan in
exploringa westward route to the Spice Islands and chronicled the first circumnavigation of the
and World.

Despite its tendency for superfluous details, his written account of the European encounters
with parts of Latin America and the East Indies has since become an important primary source
on their early communities and cultures and the indigenous flora and fauna.

Analysis of Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyagee Around the World

The chronicles document Magellan's arrival in the Visayas, his interaction with the locals and
his death, and the subsequent departure of his fleet. That said, no primary source should be
exempt from scrutiny.

The writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez for example, notes the magical realities in Pigafettas
chronicles, such as a description of hogs with navels on their haunches, clawless birds whose
hens laid eggs on the backs of their mates, and others stil, resembling tongueless pelicans, with
beaks like spoons. He wrote of having seen a misbegotten creature with the head and ears of a
mule, a camel's body, the legs of a deer and the whinny of a horse." He has nonetheless
documented actual species such as sharks.
Pigafetta's chronicle is one of the most important primary sources in the study of precolonial
Philippines.

In Pigafetta's account, Magellan's fleet reached what he called the LADRONES ISLANDS, or
the " Islands of the Thieves." He recounted: "These people have no arms, but use sticks,
which have a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the
sake of that we call these three islands the Ladrones Islands."

On March 18, nine men approached and showed joy and eagerness in seeing them. Magellan
realized that the men were reasonable and welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts.

Pigafetta detailed with amazement and fascination the palm tree that bore fruits called cochos
and wine. He characterized the people as very familiar and friendly" who willingly showed them
around the different islands and told them the names of these islands.

● The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands, Ten days after
arriving at the Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta reported, they reached what he called the Isle
of Zamal, now Samar, but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island for
greater security, where they could rest for a few days.
● On March 25, Pigafetta recounted that they saw two balanghai balangay), a long boat
full of people in Mazzava/ Mazaus. The leader, whom he referred to as the king, became
close with Magellan as they both exchanged gifts.
● After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king's brother, who was also a king of
another island where, as Pigafetta reported, the fleet saw mines of gold.

Limasawa Island
● Francisco Albo, one of the pilots in Magellan's expedition, kept a logbook where he
wrote that they erected a cross on a mountain that Overlooked the islands in the west
and the southwest.
● Jaime de Veyra stated that the first mass was held in Limasawa and not in Butuan.

Masao/Butuan
● 1872: A monument to commemorate the site of the first mass in the Philippines was
erected in Butuan.
● 1953: The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical Committee to rehabilitate the
monument and construct a place marker on the site.

Summary
● Antonio Pigafetta worked as chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan's voyage, and his account
is the single most important source about the first circumnavigation of the world
● Antonio Pigafetta claims that the first mass in the Philippines was held at a place he calls
Mazaua on 31 March 1521
 ● There are two conflicting claims on the exact location of Mazaua: (1) the little island
south of Leyte, Limasawa, and (2) an island called Masao in Northern Mindanao, which
is now Butuan City.

Topic 5: K.K.K (Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)

I believe in the brotherhood of all men, but I don't believe in Wasting brotherhood on anyone
who doesn't want to practice it with me. Brotherhood is a two-way street."
-Malcolm X

The Katipunan Is Born

Andres Bonifacio was also a member of La Liga Filipina, although he soon lost hope in gaining
reforms though peaceful means. This feeling was especially heightened when Jose Rizal was
exiled to Dapitan. Bonifacio became convinced that the only way the Philippines could gain
independence was through a revolution.
● Bonifacio then founded the "Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan" (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M.
Recto), in Tondo Manila.
● The Katipunan had colorful beginnings. As a symbol of the members loyalty. they
performed the solemn rite of sanduguan (blood compact), wherein each one signed his
name with his own blood..
● The members agreed to recruit more people using the "triangle system of enlistment.
Each original member would recruit tow new members who were not related to each
other. Each new member would do the same thing, and so on down the line. Members
were also asked to contribute one Real (about 25 centavos) each month in order to raise
funds for the association.

The KKK members agreed on the following objectives:

● The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring
the country's independence.
● The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine
morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism.
● The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor
oppressed.
The "Kataastaasang Sanggunian" (supreme council) was the highest governing body of the
Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a "Sangquaniang
Bayan" (Provincial Council) and each town had a "Sangguniang Balangay" (Popular Council).

Recruitment Methods
[Hasík:] "triangle" method
● Members were to recruit two new adherents (who would not know each other but only
the original member who took him in), thus building a network of "triangles." This was to
ensure that growth would be discreet, while at the same time ensure that the new
recruits would closely adhere to the principles of the Katipunan.
TWO-tier sanggunian structure
● The triangle method provided for slow growth. Around October 1892, It was decided that
members would be allowed to recruit as many persons as they could.
○ Alipin
○ Mambabahay

Membership
Katipon (Member)
OUTFIT:
Black hood, with a triangle of white ribbons, inside of which were the letters Z. LI. B.

PASSWORD:
Anak ng Bayan
MONTHLY DUES:
One real fuerte (old money). or 12.5 céntimos, or 20 cuartos
● May be promoted to Kawal upon recruiting several new members

Kawal (Soldier)
OUTFIT:
1. Green hood, with a triangle of white lines. At the three angles were the letters Z. LI. B.
2. Suspended from the neck was a green ribbon with a medal, with the letter K in the ancient
Tagalog script inscribed in the middle.

PASSWORD
Gom-Bur-Za
MONTHLY DUES:
Twenty centavoss
● May be promoted to Bayani upon becoming an officer

Bayani (Patriot)
OUTFIT
1 Red mask, with white triangle, inside of which was the following:
2 Red sash with green borders
PASSWORD:
Rizal
MONTHLY DUES:
Two real fuertes (old money), or 25 centimos, or 40 cuartos

Organization Structure

The Leaders of the Katipunan:

● Deodato Arellano -Supremo
● Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal
● Teodora Plata-Secretary
● Valentine Diaz -treasure
● Andres Bonifacio -controller

Jose Rizal and the Katipunan

● Jose Rizal never became involved in the organization and activities of the Katipunan;
but the Katipuneros still looked up to him as a leader. In fact, Rizal's name was used as
a password among the society's highest-ranking members, who were called bayani.
● Andres Bonifacio had already known Rìzal during his La Liga Filipina days, although
Rizal did not know Bonifacio personally Nevertheless, Bonifacio so respected Rizals
intelligence and talent that in June 1896, he sent Dr. Pio Valenzuela to Dapitan to seek
Rizal's advice on the planned revolution.

● Rizal told Valenzuela that the timing was not right for a revolution. The people were not
yet ready and they did not have enough weapons. He suggested that the Katipunan
obtain the Support of wealthy and influential Filipinos first, in order to gain financial
assistance.
 ● He also recommended Antonio Luna as commander of its armed forces, since Luna had
much knowledge and expertise in military tactics.
● Valenzuela returned to Manila on June 26 and relayed Rizal's advice to Bonifacio, who
admitted that it would indeed be fatal for the Filipinos to fight without enough weapons.
However, there was no stopping the Revolution.
● Bonifacio ordered his men to prepare for battle. He directed them to store enough food
and other supplies. Battle plans were made with the help of Emilio Jacinto. It was
suggested that the revolutionary headquarters be located near the seas or mountains to
provide for an easy retreat, if necessary.

The Katipunan is Discovered

● Rumors about a secret revolutionary society had long been in circulation, although no
solid evidence could be found to support them. The big break as far as the Spanish
authorities was concerned, came on August 19, 1896 when a KKK member, Patiño was
a worker in the printing press of Diario de Manila. Honoria was then living with nuns in a
Mandaluyong orphanage.
● The information upset Honoria so much that she told the orphanage's Mother Superior,
Sor Teresa de Jesus, what her brother had revealed. Sor Teresa suggested they seek
the advice of Father Mariano Gil, the parish priest of Tondo.

After hearing Patiño's revelations, Father Mariano Gil- accompanied by several Guardias Civiles
immediately searched the premises of Diario de Manila and found evidence of the Katipunan's
existence. The governor general was quickly informed. The printing press was padlocked and
hundreds of suspected KKK members were arrested.

Summary
● Bonifacio then founded the Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street (now Claro M. Recto), in
Tondo Manila.
● Recruitment Methods of KKK are Triangle Method Two-tier sanggunian structure
● The Leaders of the Katipunan: Deodato Arellano -Suprem0, Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal,
Teodora Plata -Secretary, Valentine Diaz -treasurer, Andres Bonifacio -controller
● Teodoro Patiño told his sister Honoria about the existence of the Katipunan.
● Types of membership in KKK: Katipon, Kawal, Bayani

Topic 6: Philippine independence

Between stimulus and response, there is a space. lIn that space is our power to choose our
response. In our response lies our growth and our freedom."
-Vicktor Emil Frankl (Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist)

Philippine Independence
Freedom is among the rights that Filipinos did not enjoy during the Spanish rule. It was a
struggle for the Philippine revolutionary leaders to achieve independence from foreign power.
The Filipinos fought countless battles, resulting to bloody revolutions since the 19th century
under the Spanish government. The Filipino forces were persistent to achieve independence for
the country.

In 1896, the Philippine Revolution started, which incriminated Jose Rizal resulting to his
execution on allegations of treason and rouse the Katipunan in Cavite to organize in two groups
creating conflict. At the break of the Spanish-American war, the Filipino leaders saw the war
between Spain and America as an opportunity to free the Philippines from the claws of the
Spanish colony: hence, supported the United States with military forces including indispensable
intelligence

● America summoned Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines from exile and with confidence
towards the pleasant US relations
● Aguinaldo anticipated independence from Spain with the help of America.
● Returning to the Philippines and leading the Filipino troops to hold the fort of Luzon with
Success except for Intramuros, Aquinaldo declared the Philippine Independence from
the Spanish colonial government on June 12, 1898 under the First Philippine Republic.
● The Philippine National flag was held up, and Swayed proudly before the joyous cries of
the Filipinos by 4:20 in the afternoon at General Aguinaldo's balcony of his mansion in
Kawit, Cavite.
● Albeit, the fact that Spain lost the battle to the Filipino troops, Admiral George Dewey
Schemed to convince the Spaniards to surrender to America.
● It was an act of betrayal by America that no sooner short-lived the celebration of
Philippine independence when America annexed the Spanish colonies to include the
Philippines.
● The Filipino forces were determined to continue their efforts against imperialist power
leading to a bloody fight against the American Army in February 1899 when America
refused to grant Philippines the long-sought Independence.

The Phillppine- American War erupted in February 4, 1899 in the struggle of the Filipinos for
freedom conflicting with the interests of America to become a world power by establishing
overseas empire to include the Philippines under the US imperial rule.

The Filipino forces applied conventional, then guerrilla tactics in fighting against the US army as
they become fully aware, under the leadership of General Emilio Aguinaldo, of the strength of
the US of military heavily equipped with superior firearms.

● Although General Aquinaldo was captured in 1901, the insurgencies particularly by

the Muslim Moros in the Southern part of the Philippines continued. Nonetheless,
America was preparing the Philippines for independence that started with the creation of
civil government.
● The US President Woodrow Wilson promised Philippinne Independence and started to
entrust authority over Filipino leaders with the establishment of the Philippine Senate by
a democratic election.
 ● The Philippine Commonwealth, with elected President Manuel L. Quezon, was
instituted in 1935 under the Tydings-McDuffie Act that granted Philippines its self-
government, although the legislative power was not absolute, which still required
approval from the US President. At that time, it was a good start towards the eventual
Philippine Independence.

● When the events were gearing towards Philippine independence as promised by the
United States of America, the Japanese invasion and occupation bolstered in a surprise.
Bataan was surrendered to the Japanese but President Quezon along with Osmena fled
to America.
● World War II broke out that created immense damage to Filipinos with roughly about one
million casualties. After the war, Manuel Roxas was elected President in April 1946 for
the independent Second Republic of the Philippines.
● In a formal declaration, the American flag was showered in Luneta, Manila and raised
the Filipino National flag in tri-color of red, white, and blue looked up by proud Filipinos.
● Finally, independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines dated July 4, 1946.
The National anthem of the Philippines was played next to the Americas. It was indeed a
moment of liberating glory, for all Filipinos after pools of blood were shed in many
revolutions.

July 4, however, holds less inspiration for the Filipinos according to the elected President of the
Republic of the Philippines in 1961, Diosdado Macapagal.

Macapagal believes that the June 12, 1896 declaration of the Philippine independence by
General Emilio Aquinaldo brings to memory the heroes of the revolution and thereföre,
Philippine independence is best Commemorated in honor of the Filipino revolutionary heroes.

Hence, President Macapagal changed the date of celebration of the Philippine independence
from July 4 to June 12, which the Filipinos celebrate each year up to this time. Continue to The
Philippines During Martial Law.

The Malolos Congress

● Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18, 1898 asking for the election of delegates to
the revolutionary congress, another decree was promulgated five days later, which
declared that Aguinaldo would appoint representatives of congress because holding
elections is not practical at that time.
● He appointed 50 delegates in all (but this number fluctuated from time to time). In
accordance with these two decrees, Aguinaldo assembled the Revolutionary Congress
at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898
The atmosphere was festive and the Pasig Band played the national anthem. After Aguinaldo
had read his speech congressional elections were held among the delegates present. The
following were among the most important achievements of the Malolos Congress:
1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit,
Cavite on June 12,1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks for
government expenses.
3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools f
4.Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899
● A committee headed by Felipe Calderon and aided by Cayetano Arellano, the
constitution was drafted, for the first time by representatives of the Filipino people and it
is the first republican constitution in Asia.
● The constitution was inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica,
Brazil, Belgium and France. After some minor revisions (mainly due to the objections of
Apolinario Mabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo.
● This paved the way to launching the first Philippine Republic. It established a
democratic, republication government with three branches the Executive, Legislative and
the Judicial branches. t called for the separation of church and state
● The executive powers were to be exercise by the president of the republic with the help
o his cabinet. Judicial powers were given to the Supreme Court and other lower courts to
be created by law The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the
legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.

First Philippine Republic

The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January 21, 1899. After
being proclaimed president Emilio Aquinaldo took his oath of office. The constitution was read
article by article and followed by a military parade.
Apolinario Mabini was elected as a prime minister. The other cabinet secretaries were: Teodoro
Sandico, interior; Baldomero Aguinaldo, war; Gen. Mariano Trias, finance & war; Apolinario
Mabini, foreign affairs; Gracio Gonzaga for welfare, Aquedo Velarde, public instruction; Maximo
Paterno, public works & communication; and Leon Maria Guerrero for agriculture, trade &
commerce.

The Philippine National Anthem

Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to write
an instrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony. The original title was
"Marcha Filipina Magdalo'.

This was later changed to "Marcha Nacional Filipina". The lyrics was added in August 1899
based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by Jose Palma. The original lyrics was written in Spanish,
then to English (when the Flag Law was abolished during the American period) then later, was
translated to Tagalog, which underwent another change of title to "Lupang Hinirang", the
Philippine National Anthem

Summary
● In 1896, the Philippine Revolution started, which incriminated Jose Rizal resulting to his
execution on allegations o treason and rouse the Katipunan in Cavite to organize in two
groups creating conflict.
 ● Aguinaldo declared the Philippine Independence from the Spanish colonial government
on June 12. 1898 under the First Philippine Republic.
● The Philippine National flag was held up, and swayed proudly before the joyous cries of
the Filipinos by 4:20 in the afternoon at General Aguinaldo's balcony of his mansion in
Kawit, Cavite.
● The Philippine-American War erupted in February 4, 1899 in the struggle of the Filipinos
for freedom conflicting with the interests of America.
● Independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines dated July 4, 1946
● June 12, 1896 declaration of the Philippine independence by General Emilio Aguinaldo.
● The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Malolos, Bulacan on January 21 1899.
● Aquinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to
write an an instrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony. The
original title was "Marcha Filipina Magdalo". This was later changed to "Marcha Nacional
Filipina". The lyrics was added in August 1899 based on the poem titled "Filipinas" by
Jose Palma

QUIZ:
1. He advances on evolution theory rather than migration
Jocano
2. Jocano believes that the first men who came in the Philippines also traveled in New
Guinea
Australia
3. A Skullcap was discovered in Palawan
1962
4. Who discovered some portion of Tabon Man in Palawan?
R. Fox and M. Santiago
5. These people came from Java, Sumetra, Borneo and Malay Peninsula more than 2,000
years
Malays
6. They are known for having brown skin and flat noses.
Malays
7. They came as the third wave of migrants in the Philippines.
Indonesians
8. They came in the Philippines for about 30, 000 years ago.
Aetas
9. This the official national library of our country.
National Library
10. It is also known as lower criticism.
External

1. It provides direct and first-hand evidence

Primary Source
2. He wrote the First Voyage Around the World.
Antonio Pigafetta
3. A. Pigafetta was born in
1498
4. He sponsored the expedition of Magellan
King Charles
5. A. Pigafetta went back to and continued his writing
Italy

1. General Aguinaldo was captured in 1901.

True
2. The Philippine Commonwealth, with elected President Manuel L. Quezon, was instituted
in 1953 under the Tydings-McDuffie Act.
False
3. After the war, Manuel Roxas was elected President in April 1946.
True
4. Independence was granted to the Republic of the Philippines dated September 4, 1946.
False
5. The Philippine-American War erupted in February 4, 1899.
True
6. Emilio Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18, 1898 asking for the election of delegates to
the revolutionary congress.
True
7. Aguinaldo assembled the Revolutionary Congress at the Brasoain Church in Malolos,
Bulacan on September 15, 1898.
True
8. The first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in Kawit, Cavite on January 21, 1899.
False
9. The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the legislature with the
concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.
True
10. Aguinaldo commissioned Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite province was asked to
write an instrumental march for the proclamation of independence ceremony.
True

1. Its historical dominance is between century, hose economy depends on machine,

electric power, petroleum and nuclear power
Industrial
2. A type of society whose technology domesticated animals and surplus on the hoof, and
its population size is between 150 to 10,000.
Pastoral
3. The sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals,
to reach their fulfillment more fully and more easily.
Common Good
4. The percentage of people worldwide which has some form of disability.
15% of world population
5. A type of fish preservation used by Yanomami Indians.
Smoking
6. One essential element of the common good, All human Time left 0:1 dignity because
they are made in the image of God and are toved by God.
Respect for the human person
7. A philosopher who asserted that man is political animal by nature.
Aristotle
8. A type of society whose technology depends on irrigation,agriculture and animals and its
social organizations are marked with complex division of labor.
Agrarian society
9. It is a group whose members interact with one another in specific places and they share
common culture.
society
10. The home of Yanomami Indians.
Brazil

1. It is an association of men and women for the attainment of their existential ends.
Society in restricted sense
2. He affirms that the pursuit of the common good would to act as a moral community.
Rousseau
3. A type of society whose technology depends on wood and stone and its historical
dominance happens between 50,000-10,000 BCE
Hunting- gathering
4. A category in understanding society whose members are associated to it without choice
Primary society
5. According to a 2010 Philippine government census, the number of Filipinos with
disabilities.
1.4 million Filipinos