Benedicta G. Capunong: Peterpaul - Nacua@deped - Gov.ph

Science – Grade 10
Learner Activity Sheets

Quarter 3 – Week 4B: Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure
and function of a protein.
First Edition, 2021
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WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Science 10, Quarter 3, Week 4B
MUTATION
Name:_______________________________________ Section:__________________
Most Essential Learning Competency

Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.
(S10LT-IIIe-38)
Learning Objective:
1. Distinguish the types of mutations specifically chromosomal mutations.
2. Illustrate some common examples of genetic disorders, and
3. Realize some common impacts of biotechnology in our society
Time Allotment: 2 Hours
Key Concept:
• Mutations are changes in the chromosome of organism that are inheritable and are
permanent.
• There are different types of mutations that can result to changes in the quantity of genes
or chromosomes, and may or may not affect the phenotype of an organism. They may also
involve a change in the structure of chromosomes or in DNA sequence. Mutations can
happen spontaneously or can be caused by mutagens or mutagenic agents.
• Three types of DNA mutations: base substitution, deletions and insertions.
• Base substitution is the simplest gene-level mutation that involve the swapping of one
nucleotide to another during DNA replication and also called point mutation. When point
mutations occur in DNA sequences the encoding proteins will result either silent, missense or
nonsense. Point mutations can be classified into two: Transition and transversion.
Transition will happen when a purine is substituted with another purine or when a
pyrimidine is substituted with another pyrimidine.
Transversion is when a purine is substituted for another pyrimidine or a pyrimidine
replaces with a purine.
• Silent mutation happens when a base substitution occurs in the third position of the
codon there is a good chance that the product will be a synonymous codon. Thus, there is
no change in the sequence of amino acid encoded by the gene.
• Missense mutation happens when a base substitution will result in the generation of a
codon that specifies a different amino acid and will leads to a different polypeptide
sequence. Either conservative or nonconservative the missense mutation depending on
the type of amino acid substitution.
• Deletion mutation, results when one or more base pairs are lost from DNA. Translational
frame is altered if one or more bases are deleted and will result in a garbled message and
nonfunctional product. When there is a deletion of three or more bases leaves the reading
frame intact. On the other hand, when there is a deletion of one or more codons it will
resulted in a protein missing of one or more amino acids. This may be deleterious or not.
• Insertion mutation happens when there are additional pairs that will lead to frameshift
depending on whether or not multiples of three base pairs are inserted. The combinations
of insertions and deletions will lead to a variety of possible outcomes.
• Some of the common causes of mutations are Errors in DNA Replication, Errors in DNA
Recombination, Chemical Damage to DNA, and Radiation.

Source: http://www2.csudh.edu/nsturm/CHEMXL153/DNAMutationRepair.htm
Figure 1. DNA mutation chart
• Chromosome mutations are any alterations that occur in the chromosomes that will
typically resulted from errors during nuclear division or from mutagens.
• There are four types of chromosomal mutation: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion and
Translocation.
• Translocation is joining of a fragmented chromosome to a non-homologous chromosome.
The piece of a chromosome detaches from one chromosome and moves to a new location
on another chromosome.
• Deletion a type of chromosomal mutation that results from the breakage of a
chromosome in which the genetic material becomes lost during cell division. The genetic
chromosomal material can break off from anywhere on the chromosome.
• Duplication is produced when extra copies of genes are generated on a chromosome.
• Inversion happens when the chromosome segment is broken and reversed then inserted
back into the chromosome. It is called a pericentric inversion, when the inversion
encompasses the centromere of the chromosome. Paracentric inversion is the inversion of
the long or short arm of the chromosome except the centromere.
• Cri du Chat or "Cat Cry syndrome" is one of the most common examples of deletion in
chromosome and is found in approximately 1 in 20,000 to 50,000 live births in the U.S.
Babies who are diagnosed with Cri du Chat have the following symptoms: a high-pitched
cry, poor muscle tone, a small head size, and low birthweight. Other health problems can
be observable and these include delays in walking, problems with feeding, hyperactivity,
scoliosis, and severe intellectual disability. Other than that, they also have problems with
language, and may express themselves by using a small number of words or sign
language. Most people with this kind of genetic disorder may have a normal lifespan,
unless they are born with other serious organ defects.

• Pallister Killian syndrome is another type of a chromosomal disorder that resulted to
additional extra #12 chromosome material. Babies with this syndrome have many
problems, some of these problems are as follows: intellectual disability, poor muscle tone,
"coarse" facial features, and a prominent forehead. They also tend to have a very thin
upper lip, with a thicker lower lip and a short nose. It also includes seizures, poor feeding,
stiff joints, cataracts in adulthood, hearing loss, and heart defects. People who are
diagnosed with Pallister Killian have a shortened lifespan, but may live into their 40s. This
is a common example of duplication in chromosome.
• Hemophilia is an example of inversion mutation in humans, a disease that inhibits the
ability of blood to clot. Researchers who study this disease discovered the gene
responsible for hemophilia years ago, but they also found out that the DNA from a person
with hemophilia had the same genetic makeup as a person without the disease. People
with hemophilia bleed longer when wounded than the normal people do.
• karyotype is a set of chromosomes of an individual that displays the image of a normal
number, size and shape. It can also reveal the gender of a fetus or test for a certain defect
through examination of cells from uterine fluid – a procedure called amniocentesis – or
through sampling of placental membranes.
Source: https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/karyotype.jpg
Figure 2. Karyotype of Human
• A modern biotechnology called genetic engineering produces transgenic or genetically

modified organisms (GMO). Scientist have developed methods to move genes from one
species into another. When DNA form two different species are joined together, it is called
recombinant DNA. Today, molecular biologists are finding applications for recombinant
DNA technology: from medical applications, including gene therapy and vaccines; DNA
fingerprinting used to identify persons responsible for crimes and evidence for identity of
dead persons; to the creation of GM crops that are resistant to pesticides, or that make
extra vitamins and minerals; to bacteria that can clean oil spills.

Activity 1. Know the Type of Mutation
Objective: Distinguish the types of mutations specifically chromosomal mutations.
What you need: Activity Notebook/Paper, Ballpen
What to do:
1. Complete the boxes below by writing the complementary mRNA sequence to identify the
amino acid sequence.
2. Distinguish each type of mutation as either Deletion, Insertion, or Base mutation
(Point mutation).
3. Please refer to the Genetic Code Table to identify the sequence of amino acids. See page
8 on your previous weekly learning activity sheet: Protein Synthesis.
Original DNA Sequence: TAC-ACC-TTG-GCG-ACG-ACT
mRNA Sequence: ___________________________________________________
Amino Acid sequence: ___________________________________________________
Mutated DNA Sequence (Example): TAC-ATC-TTG-GCG-ACG-ACT

What’s the mRNA sequence: AUG-UAG-AAC-CGC–UGC-UGA
What will be the Amino Acid Sequence? MET – (STOP)
What kind of mutation is this? Point Mutation
Mutated DNA Sequence #2: TAC-GAC-CTT-GGC–GCG–ACT

What’s the mRNA sequence: ________________________________________________
What will be the A.A. Sequence? ________________________________________________
What kind of mutation is this? __________
Mutated DNA Sequence #3: TAC-ACC-TTA-GCG-ACG-ACT

Mutated DNA Sequence #4: TAC-ACC-TTA-GCG-ACT-ACT

What’s the mRNA sequence: ______________________________(circle the change)
Mutated DNA Sequence #5: TAC-ACC-TTG-GGA-CGA–ACT

Guide Questions:
1. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the mRNA?

2. A geneticist found that a particular mutation had no effect on the protein coded for by
the gene. What do you think is the most likely type of mutation in this gene?
3. Look at the following sequence: THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT. Delete the first
“H” and regroup the letters in the groups of three. Write out the new groups of three.
Does the sentence still make sense? What type of mutation is this an example of?

Activity 2. Chromie Change
Objective: Illustrate some common examples of genetic disorders.
What you need: Colored paper, pair of scissors, tape/paste.
What to do:
A. Translocation
1. Using colored paper cut two chromosomes. One should have a different color and size
from
the other.
2. Cut one part of each of the chromosomes. Exchange the parts and attached them to
each of the other chromosomes. See illustration below
Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 285.

Figure 3. Translocation in chromosome
3. Fill in the second column (translocation) of the table 1.
B. Deletion
1. Make a model of a chromatid (one of the duplicated copies of a chromosomes).

2. When done, remove portion of it (close to either end of the chromosome or within the
long arm). If you choose to remove a part within the arms, be sure to join back the
bottom part. See sample illustration.
Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 285

Figure 4. Deletion in chromosome

3. Fill in the third column (deletion) of table 1.
C. Inversion
1. Make a colored chromatid as shown below.
Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 286

Figure 5. Chromosome
2. This time, cut portion (with 2 colors) of it. Refer to the illustration on the right.
Source: Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 286

Figure 6. Breaking of Information in the chromosome
3. Reinsert it to the chromatid in reverse manner.

Source: Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 287
Figure 7. Translocation of genetic information
4. Fill in the fourth column (inversion) of table 1.
Table 1. Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations
Translocation Deletion Inversion
1.How many chromosomes are
involved?
2.How did you change the original
structure of the chromosomes?
3.Which condition/s do you think
result to change of chromosome
material? Please indicate using
the words loss, gain, either loss or
gain of genetic material.
Guide Questions:
1. Do you think the normal genetic content of the chromosome is affected?
2. Which condition results to gain of chromosome material? Loss of
chromosome material?
3. What are some possible effects of these chromosomal mutations?
Reflection:
Given the different areas or fields in column 1, realize some common impacts of
biotechnology in our society. Write your answer in column 2.
Table 2. Impacts of Biotechnology in our Society

Areas/Fields Industry Impacts
Agriculture Example: Corn plants with resistance to insects and other pest have also been
produced.
Medicine
Food
Environment

WRITING RUBRIC
3 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, and has
no misconception.
2 – Practical application is scientifically explained consistent to the concepts, but with
minimal
misconception.
1 – Practical application is explained consistent to the concept, but with misconception.
References for Learners
Books
Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material First Edition. Pasig City: REX
Book Store Inc.,2015.
Bayquen, Aristea V., et al. Exploring Life Through Science Series: The New Grade 10.,
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 927 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City., 2015
Websites
“Amniocentesis”., Accessed January,10.2021 https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/
default?id=amniocentesis-procedure-92-P07762
Bailey, Regina. (2020, August 28). How Chromosome Mutations Occur. Retrieved
from https://www.thoughtco.com/chromosome-mutation-373448
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). https://www.mayoclinic.org/ diseases-
conditions/digeorge-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20353543
DNA Mutation and Repair. Retrieve from http://www2.csudh.edu/nsturm /CHEMXL153
/DNAMutation Repair.htm
Facts about Down Syndrome., Retrieve from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd /birthdefects
/downsyndrome.html/Inversion Mutations: Causes and Effects, Retrieve from https:/
/study.com/academy/lesson/inversion-mutations- causes-effects.html
Overview of chromosomal mutations, types and examples., Retrieve from https://www.
bioexplorer.net/chromosomal-mutations.html/
Images
Figure 1. DNA mutation chart. Retrieved from,
http://www2.csudh.edu/nsturm/CHEMXL153 /DNAMutationRepair.htm
Figure 2. Karyotype of Human Retrieved from
https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/e /illustration/karyotype.jpg
Figure 3. Translocation in chromosome, Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10
Learner’s Material First Edition. Pasig City: REX Book Store Inc.,2015.
Figure 4. Deletion in chromosome, Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10
Figure 5. Chromosome, Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material First
Edition. Pasig City: REX Book Store Inc.,2015.
Figure 6. Breaking of Information in the chromosome, Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade
10 Learner’s Material First Edition. Pasig City: REX Book Store Inc.,2015.
Figure 7. Translocation of genetic information, Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10
Activities
Activity 2. Chromie Change, adapted from: Acosta, Herma D., et al. Science – Grade 10 Learner’s
First Edition. Pasig City: REX Book Store Inc.,2015.
Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua

Page 9
Answer Key
Activity 1. Know the Type of Mutation

MET – TRP – ASN – ARG – CYS – (STOP) Amino Acid sequence:
A G U C G U C G C C A A G G U G U A mRNA Sequence:
T C A G C A G C G G T T C C A C A T Original DNA Sequence:
Point Mutation What kind of mutation is this?
What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – (STOP)

A G U C G U C G C C A A G A U G U A What’s the mRNA sequence:
T C A G C A G C G G T T C T A C A T Mutated DNA Sequence #1:
What kind of mutation is this? Insertion
What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – LEU – GLU – PRO – LEU – LEU
A G U C G U C G C C A A G G U C G U A What’s the mRNA sequence:
T C A G C A G C G G T T C C A G C A T Mutated DNA Sequence #2:
What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – TRP – ASN – ARG – CYS – (STOP)
A G U C G U C G C U A A G G U G U A What’s the mRNA sequence:
T C A G C A G C G A T T C C A C A T Mutated DNA Sequence #3:
What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – TRP – ASN – ARG – (STOP)
A G U C G U C G UC A A G G U G U A What’s the mRNA sequence:
T C A T C A G C G A T T C C A C A T Mutated DNA Sequence #4:
What kind of mutation is this? Deletion
What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – TRY – ASP – PRO – ALA
A G U C G U C C C A A G G U G U A What’s the mRNA sequence:
T C A G C A G G G T T C C A C A T Mutated DNA Sequence #5:
frame .shift
This sentence no longer make .sense This is an example of a deletion resulting in a

AT HER .3 TEF ATC ATE TET
encoded the same amino acid as the original amino .acid
Therefore, the mutation must have been a point mutation resulting in a codon that
Then the amino acid sequence must have been the same as the original .sequence
.2 Point mutation-silent .mutation If there was no effect on the protein coded by the gene,
.1 Nonsense
Guide question:

Activity 2. Chromie Change
disorders, and even .death

.4 The possible effects of chromosomal mutations are medical problems, problems on growth and development, genetic
Klinefelter’s Syndrome, or Turner’s .Syndrome However, Cri-du-chat Syndrome is due to loss of .chromosome
.3 Gain or loss of chromosome material results in chromosomal mutations or aberrations; may also result to Down’s syndrome,
is enough to cause serious and often fatal .diseases
In most cases, there is only one small difference between the DNA sequence in the defective gene and a normal .one This difference
.1 The normal genetic content of the chromosome may be .affected Many diseases are caused by the effects of inherited .genes
Guide Question:
exchange process fain of genetic .material
during the process Material genetic material during the indicate using the words loss or
or no loss or gain of genetic material genetic material or n loss or gain of material? Please chromosome
Either gain or loss of genetic material of Loss Either gain or loss of genetic of condition/s Which .3
into the chromosome another chromosome chromosomes?
the of structure original
cut a part, reversed and reinserted it cut apart cut a part and attached it to change the you did How .2
1 1 2 involved?
.1 How many chromosomes are
Inversion Deletion Translocation
Chromosomal Mutations
major problems associated with .industrialization

environmental problems, such as treatment and disposal of wastes, which are
solve biotechnology to of the use generally refers to Bioremediation • Environment
symbiotically with .crops
grown microorganisms that are modified genetically Biofertilizer are •
methods of pest control
and .bioherbicides These substances can be useful alternatives to traditional
produce chemicals called allelophatic agents, which can serve as biopesticides
mutation of bacteria to induced the blepossi Genetic engineering makes • Agriculture
defective or mutated .gene
is done by putting a healthy copy of a gene into the cells of a person with a
identification and repair of mutated genes that caused .disease Gene therapy
Gene therapy is another application of genetic modification, which involves the •
pharmaceutical .compounds
farming, in which plants and animals are genetically modified to produce
Biotechnology introduces a new approach called biopharming or molecular • Medicine
.produced
Corn and cotton plants with resistance to insects and other pest aveh also been • Page 11
and corn enriched with lysine and .tryptophan
cantaloupes with modified ripening characteristics; protein-enriched potatoes;
Flavr Savr tomato with improved taste; seedless watermelon, tomatoes, and • Food
Impacts Society
Areas/Fields in our
Reflection


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Science – Grade 10

Learner Activity Sheets

Development Team of the Learners’ Activity Sheets

Writer: Peter Paul H. Nacua

Printed in the Philippines by:

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 1

Most Essential Learning Competency

Time Allotment: 2 Hours

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 2

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 3

• A modern biotechnology called genetic engineering produces transgenic or genetically

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 4

Mutated DNA Sequence (Example): TAC-ATC-TTG-GCG-ACG-ACT

Mutated DNA Sequence #2: TAC-GAC-CTT-GGC–GCG–ACT

Mutated DNA Sequence #3: TAC-ACC-TTA-GCG-ACG-ACT

Mutated DNA Sequence #4: TAC-ACC-TTA-GCG-ACT-ACT

Mutated DNA Sequence #5: TAC-ACC-TTG-GGA-CGA–ACT

1. Which type of mutation stops the translation of the mRNA?

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 5

Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 285.

3. Fill in the second column (translocation) of the table 1.

1. Make a model of a chromatid (one of the duplicated copies of a chromosomes).

Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 285

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 6

1. Make a colored chromatid as shown below.

Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 286

Source: Source: Science 10 Learners Material page 286

3. Reinsert it to the chromatid in reverse manner.

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 7

Table 1. Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Table 2. Impacts of Biotechnology in our Society

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 8

References for Learners

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua

Activity 1. Know the Type of Mutation

What will be the .A.A Sequence? MET – (STOP)

This sentence no longer make .sense This is an example of a deletion resulting in a

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 10

disorders, and even .death

major problems associated with .industrialization

Author: Peter Paul H. Nacua Page 11

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