11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Conic Sections and Systems
of Nonlinear Equations
Pre-Calculus – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 3: Conic Sections and Systems of Nonlinear Equations
First Edition, 2020

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 11

Pre-Calculus
Quarter 1 – Module 3:
Conic Sections and
Systems of Nonlinear
Equations
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Conic Sections

and Systems of Nonlinear Equations.

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

2
For the learner:

Welcome to the Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Conic Sections

and Systems of Nonlinear Equations.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

3
 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

4
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the process in determining the standard form of equation of an ellipse. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

The module is comprised of only one lesson:

 Standard Form of Equation of an Ellipse

After going through this module, you are expected to;

1. write the equation of an ellipse from general to standard form
(STEM_PC11AG1c-2);
2. determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse given:
a. the foci and length of major axis;
b. the foci and vertices;
c. a point and vertices;
d. the center and lengths of major and minor axis
e. its graph(STEM_PC11AG1c-2)

5
 What I Know

A. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from
two points (foci) is a constant.
a. ellipse c. origin
b. foci d. vertices

2. For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is _______.
a. 2b c. 2a
2 2
b. a d. b

3. If y  0 , then x   a . Each vertex is a units away from the ____________.

a. ellipse c. foci
b. center d. vertices

4. In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is _________________.
a. horizontal c. vertical
b. positive d. negative

5. In the standard equation, if the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is _________________.
a. horizontal c. vertical
b. positive d. negative

B. Write the equation of an ellipse from general to standard form. Write your final
answers on the space provided. You may use another sheet of paper for the solutions.

General Form Standard Form

1. x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  21 ___________________________

2. x 2  4 y 2  12 x  8 y  29 ___________________________

3. 4 x 2  5 y 2  32 x  20 y  64  0 ___________________________

4. 2 x 2  3 y 2  8 x  30 y  65  0 ___________________________

5. 8 x 2  5 y 2  16 x  10 y  27 ___________________________

6
C. Write your complete solution on the box provided after each number. Determine
the standard form of equation of an ellipse given:
given:

a. foci F1 (8,0) , F2 (8,0) and the length of major axis is 20;

b. foci F1 (9,0) , F2 (9,0) and vertices V1 (13,0) , V2 (13,0)

c. point P(6,0) and vertices V1 (0,8) , V2 (0,8)

7
d. the center at the origin and lengths of major axis is 20 and minor axis 16

e. the graph

Source: (Snipped) www.desmos.com/graph

Figure 7

8
 Lesson
The Standard Form of
3 Equation of an Ellipse
An ellipse is one of the conic sections. Its shape is a bounded curve which
looks like a flattened circle. The orbits of the planets in our solar system around the
sun happen to be elliptical in shape. Also, just like parabolas, ellipses have reflective
properties that have been used in the construction of certain structures.

This module will discuss further how to determine the standard form of
equation of an ellipse.

What’s In

Consider the points F1 (3,0) and F2 (3,0) , as shown in Figure 1. What is the sum
of the distances of A(4,2.4) from F1 and from F2 ? How about the sum of the distances
of B (and C (0,4) from F1 and from F2 ?

AF1  AF2  7.4  2.6  10

BF1  BF2  3.8  6.2  10

CF1  CF2  5  5  10
To obtain these values you may
use the distance formula.

d  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2
We should know that there are
other points P such that

PF1  PF2  10
Source: (Snipped) K-12 Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Teaching Guide
The collection of all such points
Figure 1 forms a shape called an ellipse.

9
 What’s New

Drawing an Ellipse

Materials: Get a piece of paper, a pencil, 2 pins or nails and a string of any length.

Procedures: Draw a vertical and horizontal line (Cartesian plane). Determine two
symmetrical points in the x-axis F1 (c,0) and F2 (c,0) mark it with pins.
Adjust the length of the string and make it longer than the total
distance of two symmetrical points. Tie both ends of the string to each
pin. Now, start drawing an ellipse by letting the pencil slide on the
string (see Figure 2).

Questions: What do you observe? How does each points forming the ellipse related
to the symmetrical points in the x-axis?

Source: (Snipped) K-12 Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Teaching Guide

Figure 2

An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances
from two points (foci) is a constant.

F1 (c,0) and F2 (c,0) be two distinct points. The set of all points P( x, y) , whose
distances from F1 (c,0) and from F2 (c,0) add up to a certain constant, is called an
ellipse. The points F1 (c,0) and F2 (c,0) are called the foci of the ellipse.

10
 What is It

Deriving the Standard Equation of an Ellipse

Let F1 and F2 be two distinct points. The set of all points P , whose
distances from F1 and from F2 add up to a certain constant, is called an ellipse.
The points F1 and F2 are called the foci of the ellipse.

See Figure 2. Let P( x, y) be a point on the ellipse. Let the common sum of the
distances be 2a (the coefficient 2 will make computations simpler). Thus, we have
PF1  PF2  2a .
d1  d 2  ( x  (c)) 2  ( y  0) 2  ( x  c) 2  ( y  0) 2  2a (Distance
formula)
( x  c ) 2  y 2  2a  ( x  c ) 2  y 2 Simplify and move
radical to opposite
sides


( x  c) 2  y 2  2a  ( x  c) 2  y 2 2
Square both sides

x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2  4a 2  4a ( x  c) 2  y 2  x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2 Expand the squares

2cx  4a 2  4a ( x  c) 2  y 2  2cx Combine like terms

 4a 2  4cx  4a ( x  c) 2  y 2 Isolate the radical

a 2  cx  a ( x  c) 2  y 2 Divide by – 4


(a 2  cx) 2  a ( x  c) 2  y 2 
2
Square both sides

a 4  2a 2 cx  c 2 x 2  a 2 x 2  2cx  c 2  y 2  Expand the squares
a 4  2a 2 cx  c 2 x 2  a 2 x 2  2a 2 cx  a 2 c 2  a 2 y 2 Distribute a
2

a 2 x 2  c 2 x 2  a 2 y 2  a 4  a 2c 2 Rewrite

x 2 (a 2  c 2 )  a 2 y 2  a 2 (a 2  c 2 ) Factor common terms

x 2b 2  a 2 y 2  a 2b 2 Set b  a  c
2 2 2

x 2b2 a 2 y 2 a 2b2
  Divide both sides
a 2b2 a 2b2 a 2b2
by a 2b2

11
 x2 y 2
 1 Simplify
a 2 b2

When we let b  a  c , we assumed a  c . To see why this is true, look at

2 2 2

PF1F2 in Figure 2. By the Triangle Inequality, PF1  PF2  F1F2 , which implies 2a  2c
, so a  c .
We collect here the features of the graph and an ellipse with the standard
x2 y 2
equation 2  2  1 , where a  b . Let c  a  b
2 2

a b

Source: (Snipped) K-12 Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Teaching Guide

Figure 3

(1) center: origin (0,0)

(2) foci : F1 (c,0) and F2 (c,0)
• Each focus is c units away from the center.
• For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is 2a .
(3) vertices: V1 (a,0) and V2 (a,0)
• The vertices are points on the ellipse, collinear with the center and foci.
• If y  0 , then x   a . Each vertex is a units away from the center.
• The segment V1V2 is called the major axis. Its length is 2a . It divides the
ellipse into two congruent parts.
(4) covertices: W1 (0,b) and W2 (0, b)
• The segment through the center, perpendicular to the major axis, is the
minor axis. It meets the ellipse at the covertices. It divides the ellipse into
two congruent parts.
• If x  0 , then y  b . Each covertex is b units away from the center.
• The minor axis W1W2 is 2b units long. Since a  b , the major axis is
longer than the minor axis.

Standard forms of equations tell us about key features of graphs. By learning

to interpret standard forms of equations, we are bridging the relationship between
algebraic and geometric representations of mathematical phenomena.

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 There are four variations of the standard form of the ellipse. These variations
are categorized first by the location of the center (the origin or not the origin), and
then by the position (horizontal or vertical). Each is presented along with a
description of how the parts of the equation relate to the graph. Interpreting these
parts allows us to form a mental picture of the ellipse. See Figure 4.

Source: (Snipped) K-12 Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Teaching Guide

Figure 4

13
 In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is horizontal. If the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is vertical.

General Form to Standard Form (Completing the Square)

The key features of the ellipse are its center, vertices, co-vertices, foci, and
lengths and positions of the major and minor axes. Just as with other equations,
we can identify all of these features just by looking at the standard form of the
equation.
With this, we need to learn first how to write an equation of ellipse from general
to standard form by applying the steps of completing the square.

Example 1: Write the equation of an ellipse 9 x 2  16 y 2  126 x  64 y  71 from general

to standard form

Solutions:

9 x 2  126 x  16 y 2  64 y  71 Combine like terms

9( x 2  14 x)  16( y 2  4 y )  71 Factor out common terms

9( x 2  14 x  49)  16( y 2  4 y  4)  71  9(49)  16(4) Completing the square

9( x  7) 2  16( y  2) 2  576 Simplify

9( x  7) 2 16( y  2) 2 576
  Divide both sides by 576
576 576 576
( x  7) 2 ( y  2) 2
 1 Standard Form
64 36

( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
The major axis is not in the x-axis so we have the form  1
a2 b2
We can now identify the key features of this equation referring to Figure 4, however,
we will be focusing only in writing this from general to standard form. Further
discussions will be discussed in the next module for graphing equations of ellipse.

The Foci and Length of Major Axis

If an equation is not given, we can still determine the standard equation of an

ellipse given its foci and the length of major axis. Let us consider the next example.

Example 2: Determine the (standard) equation of the ellipse whose foci are F1 (3,0)
and F2 (3,0) , such that for any point on it, the sum of its distances from the foci
(major axis) is 10. See Figure 1.

Solutions: We have 2a  10 and c  3 , so a  5 and b  a  c  4 .

2 2

14
 x2 y2
Thus, the standard form is  1
25 16

The Foci and Vertices

The end points of major axis will be considered as vertices of the ellipse. We
will see in the next example of their relationship. See Figure 1.

Example 3: Determine the (standard) equation of the ellipse whose foci are F1 (5,0)
and F2 (5,0) , and vertices are V1 (8,0) and V2 (8,0) .

Solutions:

The foci are on the x-axis, so the major axis is the x-axis. Thus, the equation
x2 y2
will have the form   1.
a 2 b2

The vertices are V1 (8,0) and V2 (8,0) , so a  8 and a  64

2

The foci are F1 (5,0) and F2 (5,0) , so c  5 and c  25

2

We know that the vertices and foci are related by the equation c  a  b .
2 2 2

2
Solving for b , we have

c2  a2  b2

25  64  b 2 2
Substitute for c and a
2

b 2  39 Solve for b
2

Now we need to substitute a  64 and b  39 into the standard form of the equation.
2 2

x2 y2
The standard form of the ellipse is   1.
64 39

A Point and Vertices

By definition, the set of all points P( x, y) , whose distances from F1 (c,0) and
from F2 (c,0) add up to a certain constant, is called an ellipse. See Figure 2. In this
section, the foci is not given. Let us take a look at this example.

Example 4: Determine the (standard) equation of the ellipse (centered at the origin)
with vertices are V1 (0,5) and V2 (0,5) that passes through the point P(4,2) .

Solutions:

The vertices could describe exactly the features of the major axis. In this case,
the major axis is the y-axis. Thus the equation will have the form

15
 ( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
 1 (See Figure 4)
b2 a2

The major axis represents a , and the vertices are V1 (0,5) and V2 (0,5) ,
so a  5 and a  25 .
2

The point P( x, y) is P(4,2) and the center (h, k ) is (0,0) , so we will substitute
now substitute this to the equation. We have
(4  0) 2 (2  0) 2
 1
b2 25
42 22
 1
b 2 25
16 4
 1 Simplify expression
b 2 25
16 4 4 4 4
2
   1 Subtract both sides
b 25 25 25 25
16 21
 Simplify expression
b 2 25
400
b2  Solve for b
21
400
Now we need to substitute a  25 and b 2   19.05 into the standard form of the
2

21
equation.

x2 y2 21x 2 y 2
The standard form of the ellipse is   1 or  1
400 25 400 25
21

The Center and Length of Major and Minor Axis

The segment V1V2 is called the major axis. Its length is 2a . It divides the
ellipse into two congruent parts. Hence, the midpoint of that segment is the center
(h, k ) . Also, segment W1W2 is called the minor axis with length 2b .

Example 5: Determine the (standard) equation of the ellipse (centered at the origin)
with vertical major axis length is 8 and minor axis length is 6.

Solutions:

It is clearly stated that it is a vertical ellipse. Thus, the equation will have the
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
form  1.
b2 a2

The length of the major axis 2a  8 , so a  4 and a  16

2

The length of the minor axis 2b  6 , so b  3 and b  9

2

16
Now we need to substitute a  16 and b  9 into the standard form of the equation.
2 2

Note that the origin (0,0) is the center (h, k ) . We have,

( x  0) 2 ( y  0) 2
 1
9 16

x2 y2
The standard form of the ellipse is   1.
9 16

The Graph of Ellipse

Earlier we have discussed that we can easily identify the features of ellipse by
just looking at the standard form of the equation.

Example 6. Considering Figure 1, we can already identify the center, foci, vertices
and covertices. We are not going to sketch the graph but we will use this concepts to
determine the standard form.

Solutions:
We can see that it is a horizontal ellipse. Thus, the equation will have the
( x  h) 2 ( y  k ) 2
form   1.
a2 b2
This time we will just identify the length of major axis which is 10 and the length of
minor axis which is 8. We have

length of the major axis 2a  10 , so a  5 and a  25

2

length of the minor axis 2b  8 , so b  4 and b  16

2

Now we need to substitute a  25 and b  16 into the standard form of the equation.
2 2

Note that the origin (0,0) is the center (h, k ) . We have,

( x  0) 2 ( y  0) 2
 1
25 16

x2 y2
The standard form of the ellipse is   1.
25 16

This solution is quietly similar to example 5. Moreover, we can vary our

solutions depending on the features that we will be using. You may try to apply
solutions from previous examples to verify the process.

17
 If we already mastered the concepts and can easily identify the features of
ellipse expressed in standard form, we can now proceed to the next lesson which
focuses in graphing the equation. You may have your practice in the next activity.

What’s More

Activity 1. General to Standard

Directions: Write the equation of an ellipse from general to standard form. Write
your final answers on the space provided. You may use another sheet of paper for
the solutions.
General Form Standard Form

1. 20 x 2  15 y 2  60 ___________________________

2. 2 x 2  9 y 2  16 x  90 y  239 ___________________________

3. 9 x 2  16 y 2  72 x  96 y  144  0 ___________________________

4. 36 x 2  20 y 2  144 x  120 y  396  0 ___________________________

5. x 2  4 y 2  10 x  16 y  25  0 ___________________________

Activity 2. What’s My Standard?

Directions: Write your complete solution on the box provided after each number.
Determine the standard form of equation of an ellipse given:

a. foci F1 (6,0) , F2 (6,0) and the length of major axis is 16;

18
b. foci F1 (10,0) , F2 (10,0) and vertices V1 (12,0) , V2 (12,0)

c. point P(4,0) and vertices V1 (0,6) , V2 (0,6)

d. the center at the origin and lengths of major axis is 18 and minor axis 14

e. the graph

19 Source: (Snipped) www.desmos.com/graph

Figure 5
 What I Have Learned

1. An ____________________ is the set of all points in a plane such that the

sum of the distances from two points (foci) is a constant.
2. For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is
_______________.
3. If y  0 , then x   a . Each vertex is a units away from the ____________.
4. In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is _________________.
5. If the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse is _______________.

What I Can Do

We now apply the concept of ellipse to some situational problems in life. Read
and understand the problem carefully. Show your complete solutions on the box
provided below.

A truck transporting essential goods

during Covid 19 pandemic need to pass the
border tunnel having the shape of a semiellipse
that is 15 ft high at the center, and 36 ft across
at the base. At most how high should a passing
truck be, if it is 12 ft wide, for it to be able to fit Source: (Snipped) K-12 Grade 11 Pre-Calculus Teaching Guide
through the tunnel? Figure 6

20
 Assessment

A. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. It is the set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from
two points (foci) is a constant.
a. ellipse c. origin
b. foci d. vertices

2. For any point on the ellipse, the sum of its distances from the foci is _______.
a. 2b c. 2a
2 2
b. a d. b

3. If y  0 , then x   a . Each vertex is a units away from the ____________.

a. ellipse c. foci
b. center d. vertices

4. In the standard equation, if the x-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is _________________.
a. horizontal c. vertical
b. positive d. negative

5. In the standard equation, if the y-part has the bigger denominator, the ellipse
is _________________.
a. horizontal c. vertical
b. positive d. negative

B. Write the equation of an ellipse from general to standard form. Write your final
answers on the space provided. You may use another sheet of paper for the solutions.

General Form Standard Form

6. x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  21 ___________________________

7. x 2  4 y 2  12 x  8 y  29 ___________________________

8. 4 x 2  5 y 2  32 x  20 y  64  0 ___________________________

9. 2 x 2  3 y 2  8 x  30 y  65  0 ___________________________

10. 8 x 2  5 y 2  16 x  10 y  27 ___________________________

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C. Write your complete solution on the box provided after each number. Determine
the standard form of equation of an ellipse given:
given:

a. foci F1 (8,0) , F2 (8,0) and the length of major axis is 20;

b. foci F1 (9,0) , F2 (9,0) and vertices V1 (13,0) , V2 (13,0)

c. point P(6,0) and vertices V1 (0,8) , V2 (0,8)

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d. the center at the origin and lengths of major axis is 20 and minor axis 16

e. the graph

Source: (Snipped) www.desmos.com/graph

Figure 7

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 Additional Activities

This section includes supplementary activities related to the standard form of an

equation of ellipse.
1. Give 2 examples of real life situations that can be solved using the concept
of ellipse. Explain the importance of its key features.

2. Show that 36 x 2  20 y 2  144 x  120 y  396  0 is a vertical ellipse. Determine

its standard equation.

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 25
What I Know What's More
A. Multiple Choice Activity 1. Assessment
6. A General to Standard
7. C A. Multiple Choice
6.
8. B 1. A
9. A 2. C
10.C 7. 3. B
B. Multiple Choice 4. A
5. C
11. B. Multiple Choice
8.
1.
12.
9.
2.
13.
10.
3.
14. Activity 2.
What’s My Standard
4.
a.
15.
b. 5.
C. Multiple Choice
a. c.
C. Multiple Choice
d. a.
b.
e. b.
c.
c.
d.
What Have I
Learned d.
e.
1. ellipse
2. 2a e.
3. center
4. horizontal
5. vertical
Answer Key
References

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

Pre-Calculus Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) (2016)

Pre-Calculus Teacher’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc., Philippines

Graphing Calculator. Desmos. Accessed June 30, 2020.

https://www.desmos.com/graph/ellipse

Learning, Lumen. O (n.d). College Algebra. Retrieved June 30, 2020.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/ivytechcollegealgebra/chapter/deriving-
the-equation-of-an-ellipse-centered-at-the-origin/

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 DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN with
the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents
of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies
(MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all learners of Region XII
in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The process of LR development
was observed in the production of this module. This is version 1.0. We highly
encourage feedback, comments, and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph

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