How does your research address the global issue of increasing garbage production and its

impact on waste management?

Ans. The research addresses the global issue of increasing garbage production and its
impact on waste management by focusing on a specific and influential aspect: the role
of waste signage in shaping waste sorting behavior among canteen users at Liceo de
Cagayan University. The background of the study underscores the escalating global
waste generation and its strain on environmental sustainability. The study recognizes
waste signage as a key tool for directing and informing the public on proper waste
disposal, with the potential to influence attitudes and actions toward efficient waste
management.
By investigating the effects of waste signage within a university setting, the
research contributes to a localized solution with broader implications. Effective waste
sorting practices at educational institutions can serve as models for other communities,
fostering a culture of responsible waste disposal that extends beyond university
boundaries.
The study is aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, emphasizing
the need for sustainable waste management practices within urban areas. The research
aims to provide practical insights into waste sorting strategies, contributing to the global
effort of reducing waste generation and promoting responsible waste disposal practices.
In essence, by exploring the impact of waste signage on waste sorting behavior at the
university level, the research seeks to offer a microcosmic solution that can potentially
influence waste management practices on a larger scale, contributing to the global
conversation on mitigating the challenges posed by increasing garbage production.

Follow up question: how does focusing on a local level such as your university
contributes to the SDG 11 goal?
Ans. I firmly believe that the first step towards impactful change is to start with
ourselves, and in this case, within the Liceo de Cagayan University community. By
focusing on our local level, we recognize the power of collective action within our
immediate environment. Our study, centered on waste management practices among
canteen users, directly aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, which
emphasizes the importance of sustainable cities and communities. In implementing
effective waste sorting strategies, as guided by waste signage, we not only contribute to
a cleaner and healthier campus but also instill a culture of responsibility and discipline
among our community members. This local initiative serves as a testament to our
commitment to environmental sustainability, echoing the principles of SDG 11.
Liceo, as a learning institution, plays a vital role in shaping the attitudes and
behaviors of its students and staff. By instilling values of discipline and responsible
waste sorting within our community, we are contributing to the broader global goal of
creating sustainable urban environments.
Our efforts at Liceo de Cagayan University contribute to SDG 11 by fostering a
culture of responsible waste management within our community. The implementation of
waste signage not only aligns with the university's commitment to discipline but also
sets an example for sustainable practices that can be adopted on a broader scale.
Through collective awareness and action within our local community, we contribute to
the global goal of creating sustainable and resilient cities. Our small step within the
university echoes the idea that positive change starts at home, and when multiplied
across communities worldwide, it plays a crucial role in achieving the larger aim of
sustainable urban development outlined in SDG 11.
Can you elaborate on the specific role of waste signage in promoting efficient waste
management?
Ans. Waste signage plays a crucial role in promoting efficient waste management by
influencing individuals' behaviors and attitudes towards proper waste disposal. The
comprehensive review of related literature underscores the significance of waste sorting
behavior in waste management, emphasizing its role in reducing landfill contributions
and promoting recycling. The specific roles of waste signage can be elucidated as
follows:
Waste signage serves as a communication tool that provides clear and explicit
instructions on how individuals should sort their waste. As highlighted in various studies,
effective signage incorporates psychological concepts and proper design, motivating
individuals to dispose of their unwanted items correctly. By offering explicit guidance,
signage facilitates the efficient separation of recyclable materials, such as paper, plastic,
glass, and metal.
Numerous studies, including those in road safety, health crises, and waste
management, affirm the positive impact of signage on behavior change. In the context
of waste management, well-designed and clear signage has been shown to encourage
proper disposal choices and reduce contamination levels in various settings, such as
food service institutions and university campuses. The literature review indicates that
when individuals are presented with clear messaging through signage, there is a
noticeable improvement in waste disposal behaviors, leading to increased recycling
rates and reduced environmental impact.
Signage not only provides instructions but also enhances knowledge and awareness
about waste sorting. Studies conducted in Taiwan and Hong Kong demonstrated that
the presence of waste signage significantly improved students' knowledge of waste
sorting, leading to better waste sorting behaviors. By conveying information and raising
awareness about the importance of waste sorting, signage becomes a catalyst for
informed decision-making, aligning with the goal of reducing environmental harm
associated with improper waste disposal.
The studies on signage effectiveness in different contexts, such as road safety, health,
and waste management, underscore the importance of tailoring signage to specific
environments. The research conducted at Liceo de Cagayan University and other
locations acknowledges the role of effective signage in canteens and public spaces.
This emphasizes the need to design signage that is context-specific, taking into account
the unique characteristics and behaviors of the target audience in a particular setting.
In summary, waste signage is a multifaceted tool that goes beyond providing
instructions; it actively influences behaviors, enhances knowledge, and contributes to
positive environmental outcomes. By integrating insights from the literature, the study
aims to explore how signage can be optimized to encourage responsible waste sorting
behaviors within the university context, providing practical data for refining waste
management policies and contributing to the broader field of sustainable waste
practices.

Why did you choose the Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive Theory as your
theoretical frameworks?
ans. In the context of the Sign-to-Behavior Process, the emphasis is on understanding
how signage serves as a tool for behavior change. This model posits that individuals,
upon encountering signage, encode it to construct an action representation, which then
influences their behavior unless inhibited (Meis &Kashima, 2017). In the case of waste
sorting, signage acts as a visual cue that individuals interpret and internalize, shaping
their actions. The clarity and effectiveness of the waste signage, including the
 incorporation of symbols, colors, and graphics, play a crucial role in guiding individuals
toward responsible waste sorting behavior. The Sign-to-Behavior Process, therefore,
allows us to explore how the presence and design of signage impact the cognitive
processes involved in behavioral change, contributing to a better understanding of how
individuals respond to visual cues in the context of waste management.
On the other hand, within the framework of Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) by Albert
Bandura, the focus is on the reciprocal determinism between individuals, behavior, and
the environment. In the case of waste management, the canteen area serves as the
designated "environment,"and signage becomes a prominent factor within this space.
SCT recognizes that individuals, influenced by their environment, continually shape and
are shaped by their behaviors. The presence of waste signage in the canteen
environment becomes a social cue that influences the behaviors of individuals (canteen
users). SCT, with its emphasis on observational learning, highlights that individuals in a
social setting observe and learn from the behaviors of others. Therefore, the existence
and quality of signage in the environment contribute to shaping social norms and
expectations related to waste sorting. This theoretical framework allows for an
exploration of how the reciprocal interaction between individuals and their environment,
mediated by signage, impacts waste sorting behaviors within the university context.
In summary, the Sign-to-Behavior Process delves into the cognitive processes activated
by signage as a tool for behavior change, while Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the
reciprocal relationship between individuals, their behaviors, and the environment, with a
specific focus on the role of signage as a social cue influencing individual behaviors
within a communal setting like a university canteen. Together, these frameworks provide
a comprehensive understanding of the role of signage in shaping waste sorting
behaviors.

How do these frameworks contribute to understanding the psychological mechanisms behind

waste signage and waste sorting behavior?
ans. The Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) contribute valuable
insights into the psychological mechanisms behind waste signage and waste sorting
behavior, offering a comprehensive understanding of how individuals perceive, interpret,
and respond to visual cues in the context of waste management.
Sign-to-Behavior Process:
Encoding and Action Representation: This framework allows for an exploration of how
individuals encode information from waste signage, constructing mental
representations of actions related to waste sorting. The model highlights the importance
of clear instructions, symbols, and graphics in the signage that influence the creation of
action representations. Understanding this encoding process provides insights into the
initial psychological steps individuals take when exposed to waste signage.
Decision-Making: The Sign-to-Behavior Process identifies decision-making as a crucial
step after the comprehension process. By examining the decision-making phase, the
framework enables researchers to investigate factors that inhibit or facilitate the
enactment of the action representation. This includes internal factors such as individual
beliefs, attitudes, and external factors like social influence and the effectiveness of the
signage.
Behavioral Effects:The model acknowledges that individuals may act upon the action
representation unless inhibited. Studying the behavioral effects of waste signage
through this framework provides insights into how well-designed and clear signage can
lead to actual changes in waste sorting behavior. It allows for an examination of the
direct impact of signage on individuals' actions in the context of waste disposal.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):
 Reciprocal Determinism:SCT emphasizes the continuous and reciprocal interaction
between individuals, their behaviors, and the environment. In the context of waste
signage and sorting behavior, this framework enables an exploration of how the
presence of signage in the environment shapes individual behaviors and, conversely,
how individual behaviors influence the environment. It recognizes the dynamic interplay
between individuals and their surroundings.
Observational Learning:SCT highlights the role of observational learning, emphasizing
that individuals learn from observing others. Within the context of waste signage, this
means that individuals in a communal setting, such as a university canteen, observe and
learn from the behaviors of their peers. The presence and visibility of waste signage
contribute to establishing social norms and influencing observational learning related to
waste sorting practices.
Environment as a Determinant:SCT recognizes the environment as a significant
determinant of behavior. In the case of waste sorting, the canteen environment, marked
by the presence and quality of signage, becomes a key factor influencing individual
behaviors. By examining the reciprocal relationship between individuals and their
environment, researchers can understand how signage in the environment contributes to
the development and reinforcement of waste sorting behaviors.

What led you to focus on waste sorting behavior in university canteen users?
ans. The choice to study waste sorting behavior in the Liceo de Cagayan University
Canteen, specifically the riverside area with 26 tables and seating for around 156 users,
stems from practical considerations and the potential impact on a diverse group of
people. This location was selected because it provides a chance to observe a broad mix
of canteen users with different eating habits and preferences. The ample seating
options ensure a large and varied population, making the research findings more reliable
and applicable. By focusing on this bustling area, the study aims to capture genuine and
varied behaviors related to waste sorting practices among university canteen-goers,
contributing valuable insights that can be practically implemented in waste management
policies.
The study's decision to concentrate on waste sorting behavior in this specific canteen
setting aligns with the desire to address a practical and impactful aspect of waste
management within the university. By choosing an area with diverse user preferences
and group dynamics, the study aims to observe real-world behaviors and understand
how waste signage influences the actions of individuals in their daily routines. This
approach not only enhances the validity of the results but also provides practical data
that can be directly applied to improve waste management practices within the
university community.
ALTERNATIVE ANSWER:
The decision to focus on waste sorting behavior in university canteen users was guided
by several considerations that align with the objectives of the research and the context
of the study:
1. Proximity to Daily Activities:
- University canteens are integral parts of students' and staff members' daily activities,
making them convenient locations for observing and influencing waste sorting behaviors.
Focusing on this specific setting allows for a close examination of routine behaviors
related to waste disposal, providing insights into practices that directly impact the
university environment.
2.Impact on Campus Environment:
- Waste generated in university canteens contributes significantly to the overall waste
production on campus. By concentrating on waste sorting behavior within this specific
 context, the study aims to address and improve waste management practices in an area
with direct and noticeable consequences for the cleanliness and sustainability of the
university environment.
3. Relevance to University Values:
- Universities often uphold values of discipline, responsibility, and environmental
consciousness. By examining waste sorting behavior within the university canteen, the
research aligns with these values, contributing to the university's commitment to instill
discipline in its students and promoting environmentally responsible practices.
4. Practical Application of Findings:
- Focusing on waste sorting behavior in university canteen users provides practical
insights that can be directly applied to enhance waste management policies and
practices within the institution. The findings have immediate relevance to the daily lives
of students, staff, and visitors, fostering a more sustainable and responsible waste
disposal culture.
5.Observation of Social Dynamics:
- University canteens serve as social hubs where individuals from diverse backgrounds
interact. This setting allows for the observation of social dynamics and peer influences
on waste sorting behavior. Understanding how individuals in a communal setting
respond to waste signage and environmental cues contributes to the broader
understanding of social factors in behavior change.
6. Educational Setting for Behavioral Change:
- Universities are educational institutions where behavior change initiatives can have a
lasting impact on individuals. Focusing on waste sorting behavior in a university setting
allows for the exploration of educational strategies, such as the use of signage, to
positively influence behaviors. The research contributes to the growing body of
knowledge on effective interventions in educational environments
.
How do the three phases (Baseline, Intervention, Follow-up Observation) contribute to
addressing your research questions?
ANS. The three phases—Baseline, Intervention, and Follow-up Observation—serve as
crucial components in addressing the research questions and understanding the impact
of waste signage on university canteen users' waste sorting behavior.
1. Baseline Phase: This phase establishes the initial conditions by examining the waste
sorting behavior of canteen users before the introduction of waste signage.It provides a
baseline understanding of the existing waste sorting practices, allowing researchers to
identify the starting point and assess the need for intervention. The information gathered
during this phase forms the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of the signage in
influencing behavior.
2. Intervention Phase:This phase involves the introduction of waste signage in the
canteen area. It assesses how the implementation of waste signage influences canteen
users' waste sorting behavior. Researchers can observe changes in behavior, if any, and
analyze the immediate impact of the intervention. This phase helps answer the second
research question by examining the real-time effects of waste signage on sorting
practices.
3. Follow-up Observation Phase: This phase occurs after the intervention, allowing
researchers to observe sustained or changed behavior over time. It provides insights
into the durability of the observed changes. By conducting follow-up observations, the
study evaluates whether the positive effects on waste sorting behavior persist or if there
is a return to baseline behaviors. This phase directly addresses the longitudinal impact
of waste signage, helping answer the third research question regarding the sustainability
of behavior change.
 In summary, the Baseline Phase sets the initial context, the Intervention Phase assesses
immediate effects, and the Follow-up Observation Phase evaluates the long-term impact
of waste signage on waste sorting behavior. Together, these phases create a
comprehensive understanding of how waste signage influences canteen users'
behaviors over time, contributing valuable insights to the broader field of waste
management strategies.

How does your research contribute to environmental psychology, social psychology, and
future research in waste management?
ANS. This research makes significant contributions to environmental psychology by
delving into the psychological processes that influence waste sorting behaviors in a
university canteen setting. By examining how waste signage shapes individual actions,
the study provides practical insights into effective interventions that can foster
environmentally responsible behaviors. This understanding contributes to the broader
field of environmental psychology by offering specific strategies—such as optimizing
signage design and placement—that can be applied to influence positive waste
management practices not only in academic settings but also in various communal
spaces.
In the realm of social psychology, the study adds to the knowledge base by
exploring the social dynamics and observational learning aspects of waste sorting
behaviors. Understanding how individuals in a communal setting respond to
environmental cues, like signage, sheds light on the role of social influences in shaping
sustainable behaviors. This has implications for designing interventions that leverage
social norms and peer influences to promote responsible waste disposal. The findings
bridge the gap between individual behaviors and social context, making valuable
contributions to the intersection of social psychology and sustainable practices.
Moreover, The findings of this study will be a valuable resource for future
researchers interested in the relationship between signage and behavior in waste
management settings. This might lead to more investigations and analysis in the area of
environmental psychology and sustainability studies. Future researchers may utilize the
findings of the study and possibly broaden the scope of their work to other organizations
or settings
.
In what ways do you anticipate your findings benefiting the university and its community?
ANS. The anticipated findings of this study hold substantial benefits for both Liceo de
Cagayan University and its community. Firstly, a better understanding of how waste
signage influences canteen users' waste sorting behavior provides the university with
actionable insights to enhance its waste management policies. By optimizing the design
and placement of signage, the university can effectively promote a culture of responsible
waste disposal among its students and staff. This, in turn, contributes to the university's
commitment to environmental sustainability and aligns with its core values of discipline
and excellence.
Moreover, the study's findings can positively impact the overall campus
environment and the well-being of the community. A more disciplined and responsible
waste disposal culture, fostered by effective signage, leads to a cleaner and healthier
campus. Reduced litter and improved waste sorting practices contribute to the aesthetic
appeal of the university, creating a more pleasant atmosphere for everyone. Additionally,
the community benefits from the potential environmental sustainability outcomes, such
as reduced landfill contributions and increased recycling rates. Overall, the study's
findings offer practical and tailored solutions for waste management that align with the
university's values and contribute to a more sustainable and vibrant campus community.
Why did you choose the university canteen as your research environment, and how
representative is it of the overall campus?
ANS. The choice of the university canteen as the research environment was deliberate
due to its centrality in the daily lives of students and staff, making it a key area to
observe and influence waste sorting behaviors. The specific canteen area by the
riverside, with 26 tables accommodating approximately 156 users, was selected to
ensure a diverse representation of canteen-goers with varying dining preferences. This
location was deemed highly relevant as it reflects a bustling and communal space where
individuals interact and engage in routine activities, providing a realistic setting to
observe genuine waste sorting behaviors. The abundance of seating options further
enhances the representativeness of the sample, accommodating various groups and
allowing for thorough observations that accurately capture the diverse behaviors of
university canteen users in relation to waste management practices.
While the focus is on a specific canteen area, the choice is considered
representative of the overall campus environment. The canteen is a microcosm of the
broader university community, attracting individuals from different academic disciplines
and backgrounds. By selecting a canteen area that accommodates a substantial number
of users, the study aims to capture a cross-section of the university population, ensuring
that the observed behaviors are reflective of the diversity present on the campus. While
variations may exist across different areas of the campus, the chosen canteen setting
provides a practical and applicable context to draw insights that can be broadly relevant
for waste management initiatives across the entire university.

How might the limitations in external factors affect the generalizability of your research
findings?
ANS.The limitations in external factors, such as variations in waste management
infrastructure or cultural differences, may impact the generalizability of the research
findings. For example, if the university campus has unique waste management practices
or facilities that differ significantly from those in other institutions, it could limit the
applicability of the study's recommendations to settings with similar infrastructural
conditions. Similarly, if the cultural context surrounding waste disposal varies
significantly from one region to another, the effectiveness of waste signage may be
influenced by cultural nuances, potentially limiting the generalizability of the findings to
communities with different cultural norms.
Additionally, the canteen area chosen for the study, while representative of a
university setting, may have characteristics that are specific to Liceo de Cagayan
University. Factors such as the layout of the canteen, seating arrangements, and user
demographics may vary across campuses, impacting the extent to which the findings
can be generalized to other academic institutions. It's crucial to recognize that the
effectiveness of waste signage and waste sorting behaviors can be influenced by
contextual factors unique to each environment, and as such, the study's generalizability
may be constrained by the specific conditions present at Liceo de Cagayan University.

What factors influenced your choice of the Liceo de Cagayan University canteen for the study?
ANS. Several factors influenced the choice of the Liceo de Cagayan University canteen
as the study's research environment. Firstly, the canteen serves as a central hub for
students and staff, making it a pivotal location to observe and understand waste sorting
behaviors in the context of daily activities. The canteen, being a frequented space,
ensures a high likelihood of capturing authentic and routine waste disposal practices.
Secondly, the specific canteen area by the riverside, featuring 26 tables with
seating for around 156 users, was selected to provide a diverse representation of
 canteen-goers with varied dining preferences. This diversity enhances the robustness of
the study's findings, allowing for a comprehensive examination of waste sorting
behaviors among different user groups.
Moreover, the choice aligns with the university's commitment to discipline and
excellence, emphasizing the importance of responsible waste management as part of
daily life. The canteen setting, reflecting communal activities and interactions, allows for
the exploration of social influences on waste sorting behaviors.

How do the seating arrangement and diversity of canteen users enhance the validity of your
results?
ANS. The seating arrangement and diversity of canteen users contribute to the validity of
the research results in several key ways. Firstly, the canteen's seating arrangement,
comprising 26 tables with 6 chairs each, ensures that the study observes a considerable
number of users in a structured setting. This arrangement provides a systematic
approach to data collection, allowing for thorough observations of waste sorting
behaviors across a diverse range of tables and users.
Secondly, the diversity of canteen users, facilitated by the ample seating options,
enhances the external validity of the study. By including users with various dining
preferences, social dynamics, and group sizes, the research captures a representative
sample of the university's population. This diversity is essential for generalizing the
findings to the broader campus community, as it reflects the varied behaviors and
attitudes present in a real-world, communal setting.
Moreover, the seating arrangement enables researchers to observe how different
user groups interact with waste signage and engage in waste sorting practices. This
comprehensive approach allows for a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing
waste disposal behaviors, contributing to the overall validity of the study's results.
In summary, the seating arrangement and diversity of canteen users enhance the
validity of the results by providing a structured and representative sampling approach,
ensuring that the study captures genuine and varied waste sorting behaviors within the
university community.

Why did you opt for a quasi-experimental design, and how does it address the ethical
considerations in your study?
ANS. The decision to employ a quasi-experimental design for this study was driven by
both practical considerations and ethical concerns. Randomizing participants to control
and experimental groups, as commonly done in experimental designs, might be
impractical or ethically challenging in the context of waste sorting behaviors in a
university canteen. Instead, a quasi-experimental design allows the study to leverage
naturally occurring conditions and observations, enhancing the ecological validity of the
research within the real-world setting of the canteen.
Ethical considerations play a crucial role in this choice as well. Intervening in
individuals' waste sorting behaviors might raise ethical concerns, as it involves
influencing behavior without their explicit consent. The quasi-experimental design, by
using observational data and naturally occurring conditions, minimizes the need for
direct intervention, respecting the autonomy and privacy of canteen users. This design
prioritizes ethical principles while still allowing for valuable insights into the causal
effects of waste signage on waste sorting behavior within the authentic context of the
university canteen.
How does the ecological validity of observations align with the real-world context of waste
management?
ANS. Ecological validity refers to the extent to which research findings accurately
represent behaviors and phenomena in real-world settings. In the context of waste
management, the ecological validity of observations aligns with the real-world context by
ensuring that the study reflects the natural and complex conditions of waste sorting
behaviors within the designated canteen environment.
The use of ecological validity in observations acknowledges the dynamic and
multifaceted nature of waste management practices. By conducting observations in a
real-world setting like the university canteen, the study captures the genuine behaviors
of canteen users interacting with waste signage as they would in their everyday routines.
This approach ensures that the findings are contextually relevant and applicable to the
challenges and intricacies of waste sorting faced by individuals in their daily lives.
Aligning with the real-world context of waste management is crucial for the study's
practical implications. The observations conducted in the canteen setting provide
insights that can be directly translated into effective waste management strategies,
considering the unique factors and dynamics present in the actual environment where
waste sorting behaviors occur. In summary, the ecological validity of observations
enhances the study's relevance to real-world waste management contexts, facilitating
the development of practical and applicable insights for sustainable behavioral change
.
Can you elaborate on the design considerations for the waste signage, such as color, font, and
images?
ANS. The design considerations for the waste signage in this study were carefully
crafted to optimize visual appeal, legibility, and effective communication of the intended
message. Several factors were taken into account during the design process:
1. **Message Alignment with Core Values:** The waste signage message, "We are
Liceans, We are disciplined. We sort wisely, We dispose properly,"strategically aligns
with the university's core value of discipline. The emphasis on responsible waste
management is portrayed as an integral part of the disciplined lifestyle instilled in every
student.
2. **Color Scheme:** The choice of colors—red, yellow, and white—was not only aligned
with the university's branding but also intended to enhance visibility and clarity for
canteen users. Previous research suggesting that red font attracts greater attention
influenced the decision to incorporate the university's red color, contributing to the
overall visual appeal.
3. **Font Selection and Size:** The "Intro Rust"font was chosen for its bold and distinct
characteristics, ensuring easy readability. The font size of 58 struck a balance between
visibility and proportionality, making the signage both noticeable and understandable
within the designated spaces.
4. **Inclusion of Images:** Grounded in the findings of Wu et al. (2018), which
highlighted the improved sorting performance with signs featuring icons or pictures, the
researchers opted to incorporate images in the design. This choice aimed to enhance
clarity and comprehension, making it easier for individuals to understand and follow
waste sorting guidelines.
5. **Visual Appeal Assessment:** To assess visual appeal, a pre-survey using Google
Forms was conducted, allowing participants to choose among different signage options.
The selected signage (Signage Option 1) was determined as the most visually appealing
based on participant responses. The study acknowledged the significance of
background color in participants' assessments, aligning with previous research
emphasizing the importance of visual components, including color, in enhancing signage
 efficacy and appeal.
In summary, the design considerations for the waste signage were comprehensive,
integrating visual, psychological, and practical elements to create an effective tool for
conveying the intended message and promoting positive waste sorting behaviors among
canteen users.

How did the pre-survey responses influence your decision on the final signage design?
ANS. The pre-survey responses played a crucial role in influencing the decision on the
final signage design. Through the survey, participants were given the opportunity to
express their preferences among different signage options, providing valuable insights
into the visual appeal and effectiveness of each design. The following ways highlight
how the pre-survey responses influenced the decision:
1. **Visual Appeal Ranking:** Participants were asked to choose the signage
option that most appealed to them visually. The responses indicated a clear preference
for Signage Option 1, which garnered the highest ranking in terms of visual appeal. This
preference served as a key factor in the decision-making process.
2. **Background Color Significance:** A significant number of participants
emphasized the importance of background color in assessing the overall look of signs.
This feedback aligned with previous research highlighting the significance of visual
components, including color, in enhancing the overall efficacy and appeal of signage.
3. **Alignment with Audience Preferences:** By considering the participants'
preferences, the researchers aimed to align the final signage design with what resonated
most with the audience. This approach ensures that the selected signage not only
effectively conveys its message but also visually appeals to a wider audience, increasing
the potential impact of the research action.
4. **Wider Audience Impact:** Taking into account the preferences expressed by
a diverse range of respondents in the pre-survey, the final signage design was chosen to
have broad visual appeal. This consideration was essential to ensure that the signage
could effectively capture the attention and engagement of a wide audience within the
canteen setting.
In conclusion, the pre-survey responses served as a foundation for the researchers'
decision on the final signage design, guiding the selection of Signage Option 1 based on
its visual appeal as perceived by the participants. This approach reflects a user-centered
design methodology, ensuring that the chosen signage resonates with the preferences
of the target audience.

Why did you choose a naturalistic experimental approach, and how does it reflect real-world
waste sorting behaviors?
ANS. The adoption of a naturalistic experimental approach in this study stems from the
desire to authentically capture the complexities of waste sorting behaviors within the
university canteen setting. By conducting observations in the natural context of the
canteen, the study aims to maintain a high level of realism and ecological validity,
ensuring that the behaviors observed closely mirror those occurring in everyday
scenarios. This approach minimizes artificial constraints that might influence
participants' behaviors in a more controlled setting, allowing for a dynamic and
contextual understanding of waste sorting decisions.
The naturalistic experimental design is well-suited to uncover the variability in
waste sorting behaviors among individuals and in different contexts within the canteen.
It recognizes the diversity inherent in real-world scenarios and provides a nuanced
perspective on the factors influencing waste sorting practices. Furthermore, the
practical applicability of the study is enhanced, as the findings derived from a
 naturalistic experimental approach are directly relevant to the implementation of
effective waste management strategies within the university canteen. In essence, the
choice of this approach reflects a commitment to studying waste sorting behaviors as
they naturally occur, offering valuable insights for sustainable waste management
practices in real-world communal environments.

How does the three-week observation period contribute to capturing both short-term and
potential long-term effects?
ANS. The three-week observation period is strategically structured to capture both short-
term and potential long-term effects of the waste signage intervention. The initial week
serves as a baseline, offering a clear picture of the unaltered waste sorting behaviors of
canteen users. This baseline not only establishes a reference point but also provides
crucial control data for evaluating the subsequent impact of the intervention. The
following week, designated as the intervention phase, introduces the waste signage as a
visual cue to promote responsible waste sorting practices. By placing the signage
strategically and complementing it with labeled bins, the study aims to assess
immediate changes in behavior. This short-term focus allows for an understanding of
how visual cues influence waste sorting practices in real-time. The third week, serving as
the follow-up observation, removes the signage to explore the potential long-term
effects of the intervention. This phase evaluates whether the observed changes in waste
sorting behaviors are sustained over an extended period, shedding light on the durability
and lasting impact of the signage intervention. Together, these three weeks provide a
comprehensive view of the dynamics of behavioral change, from the initial uninfluenced
state through the short-term effects of intervention to the assessment of potential long-
term behavioral shifts.

How did you identify the need for research on waste sorting behavior in university canteen
users?
ANS. The identification of the need for research on waste sorting behavior in university
canteen users stemmed from a recognition of the increasing global concern over rising
waste generation and the critical role educational institutions play in promoting
sustainable practices. As waste production escalates worldwide, the specific challenges
faced by local communities, such as those in the Philippines, highlighted the urgency to
address waste management issues. The notable increase in daily waste generation per
capita, coupled with the environmental strain on cities and communities, prompted a
closer look at the waste management practices within the university setting.
Recognizing the university's commitment to discipline and its role in shaping students'
behaviors, the need to investigate and optimize waste sorting behaviors in the canteen, a
central hub of student activity, became apparent. This research aims to contribute
valuable insights into effective waste management strategies tailored to the university
context, aligning with broader global sustainability goals and emphasizing the
significance of starting positive environmental practices within educational institutions.
ALTERNATIVE: The identification of the need for research on waste sorting behavior in
university canteen users arose from a recognition of the escalating challenges
associated with global waste production and the pressing need for sustainable waste
management strategies. As waste generation continues to rise globally, there is a
growing realization that effective waste sorting at the source plays a pivotal role in
mitigating environmental impacts. The decision to focus on university canteen users
stemmed from the acknowledgment that educational institutions are influential hubs
where behavioral norms can be shaped and adopted. Recognizing the importance of
instilling responsible waste management habits early on, the research honed in on
 university canteens as microcosms of daily waste generation, with the aim of
understanding and enhancing waste sorting behaviors among students and the broader
university community.
Moreover, the selection of the university canteen as the research environment was
guided by the potential for immediate and tangible impact within the campus community.
University campuses serve as vibrant and diverse spaces where behavioral interventions
can be effectively implemented and tested. By investigating waste sorting behaviors in
this specific setting, the research aims to contribute practical insights that can be
directly applied to campus waste management policies, fostering a culture of
responsibility and sustainability among canteen users. In essence, the identification of
the research need arose from a combination of global environmental concerns, the
influential role of educational institutions, and the desire to enact positive change within
a localized and impactful context.

Can you elaborate on the broader global context and trends that motivated your research on
waste management?
ANS. The motivation for researching waste management is deeply rooted in the broader
global context characterized by escalating challenges posed by increasing garbage
production and its consequential environmental impacts. Globally, waste generation has
witnessed a concerning upward trend due to factors such as rapid urbanization,
population growth, and evolving consumer behaviors. The surge in waste production has
led to strains on cities and communities, adversely affecting environmental
sustainability and overall quality of life. Landfills contribute to air and water pollution,
greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion of natural habitats, necessitating urgent
and effective waste management strategies.
In the Philippines, for instance, the specific focus of the study, waste generation
reached 40,000 kg per year in 2016, with daily waste generation per capita ranging from
300 to 700 grams. This stark reality underscores the urgency to address waste
management challenges at the local level, aligning with global Sustainable Development
Goal 11 (SDG 11), which emphasizes the need for sustainable waste management
practices within urban areas. The research is motivated by the recognition that individual
actions, particularly in spaces like university campuses, contribute to the broader global
issue of waste generation. By understanding and optimizing waste sorting behaviors
among university canteen users, the study seeks to make a meaningful contribution to
global efforts in promoting responsible waste management practices, aligning with the
principles of environmental sustainability and a more circular economy.

Why did you choose waste signage as a focal point for promoting efficient waste
management?
ANS: The choice of waste signage as a focal point for promoting efficient waste
management is grounded in its recognized effectiveness as a behavioral intervention
tool. Waste signage serves as a visual communication tool that conveys clear
instructions and cues to individuals, reminding them of the importance of waste sorting
and guiding them on how to properly manage their waste. The Sign-to-Behavior Process
model, developed by Meis and Kashima (2017), emphasizes the significance of signage
in influencing behavior by proposing that individuals encode signs to construct action
representations, subsequently leading to behavioral enactment. The comprehension
process, wherein individuals perceive the signage, understand its intent, and construct
an action representation, aligns with the idea that effective waste signage can shape
individuals' understanding and guide their actions regarding waste sorting.
 Several studies have explored the impact of signage on behavior change in
various contexts, providing valuable insights into the potential of signage as a tool for
influencing actions. In road safety and traffic safety, effective signage has been found to
increase knowledge about rules and duties, ultimately reducing accidents (Hess
&Peterson, 2015). Similarly, in the context of waste management, studies like Verdonk et
al. (2017) and Leigh (2018) have demonstrated the positive impact of signage on waste
disposal behavior. The incorporation of psychological concepts and effective sign
design has been shown to motivate individuals to properly dispose of their waste
(Verdonk et al., 2017). The choice of waste signage as a focal point is, therefore,
informed by the understanding that well-designed signs can have a favorable impact on
waste sorting behavior, aligning with the overarching goal of promoting efficient waste
management practices.

How do you define and conceptualize waste signage in the context of your study?
ANS. In the context of this study, waste signage is defined as a visual communication
tool strategically designed and placed within the university canteen environment to
convey clear instructions, reminders, and cues related to responsible waste sorting and
disposal. Conceptually, waste signage encompasses a range of visual elements,
including labels, symbols, colors, and graphics, that collectively aim to influence the
behavior of canteen users regarding waste management. The specific message
conveyed by the waste signage in this study is, "We are Liceans, We are Disciplined. We
sort wisely, We dispose properly."This message is aligned with the core values of Liceo
de Cagayan University, emphasizing discipline and wisdom in waste sorting practices.
The conceptualization of waste signage is informed by the Sign-to-Behavior
Process model, which posits that individuals perceive and encode signs to construct
action representations, subsequently influencing their behavior (Meis &Kashima, 2017).
In this study, waste signage is viewed as a crucial component of the university's waste
management strategy, serving as a catalyst for behavioral change among canteen users.
It goes beyond being a mere informational tool; instead, it is considered a visual cue that
triggers a mental representation of responsible waste sorting actions, aligning with the
university's values and encouraging individuals to act in accordance with the depicted
norms. The conceptualization of waste signage is, therefore, anchored in its role as a
behavioral intervention that shapes attitudes and actions regarding waste management
within the university canteen context.

What led you to select Liceo de Cagayan University as the research setting, and how
representative is it of broader contexts?
ANS: The selection of Liceo de Cagayan University as the research setting was driven by
several factors that make it a suitable and representative context for studying waste
sorting behavior. Firstly, the university's commitment to discipline, as highlighted in its
core values, creates an environment where responsible waste management aligns with
the institution's ethos. This emphasis on discipline extends beyond academic settings
and into daily life, making waste disposal practices an integral part of the university's
culture.
Moreover, the university's diverse and sizable population, consisting of students, staff,
faculty members, and visitors, provides a representative sample for observing a range of
waste sorting behaviors. The canteen area, chosen as the specific research environment,
caters to a large number of individuals daily, allowing for a comprehensive examination
of diverse dining preferences and waste disposal practices.
While the study focuses on a specific university context, the findings can offer
valuable insights applicable to broader contexts. Universities often serve as microcosms
 of larger communities, and waste management challenges faced by educational
institutions are reflective of those encountered in urban areas and communities globally.
The study at Liceo de Cagayan University serves as a case study that can provide
transferable lessons and recommendations for promoting efficient waste sorting
behavior in various settings. The goal is to contribute not only to the specific waste
management practices of the university but also to the broader discourse on sustainable
waste management strategies applicable in different socio-cultural and educational
contexts.

How do the theoretical frameworks of Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive Theory
complement each other in your study?
ANS: The theoretical frameworks of the Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive
Theory (SCT) complement each other in providing a comprehensive understanding of
how waste signage influences waste sorting behavior among university canteen users
The Sign-to-Behavior Process offers insights into the cognitive processes
involved when individuals encounter waste signage. According to this model, individuals
encode signage to construct action representations, and these representations guide
subsequent behavioral enactment. In the context of waste signage, the Sign-to-Behavior
Process helps explain how canteen users perceive and interpret the waste signage
message ("We are Liceans, We are Disciplined. We sort wisely, We dispose properly"). It
outlines the steps from perception to the construction of mental representations of
actions aligned with responsible waste sorting behavior. This theoretical framework
provides a systematic exploration of the cognitive processes that occur when individuals
encounter waste signage in the university canteen.
On the other hand, Social Cognitive Theory by Albert Bandura adds depth by
emphasizing the reciprocal and dynamic interactions between individuals, their behavior,
and the environment. Within SCT, the canteen area serves as the designated
"environment,"offering situations for observational learning and behavioral modeling.
Canteen users, as "individuals"in the SCT framework, assess their beliefs, thoughts, and
feelings in response to the visual cues presented by the waste signage. The observable
"behavior"in this scenario is the act of sorting or not sorting waste, influenced by the
dynamic and reciprocal interaction facilitated by the canteen environment and waste
signage. SCT provides a valuable lens for comprehending the intricate dynamics
influencing waste sorting behaviors in the university canteen, considering the interplay
between individual cognitions, behaviors, and the environmental context.
Together, these theoretical frameworks offer a robust foundation for
understanding the psychological mechanisms at play when canteen users encounter
waste signage, construct action representations, and ultimately decide whether to enact
responsible waste sorting behaviors. The Sign-to-Behavior Process sheds light on the
cognitive processing, while Social Cognitive Theory enriches the analysis by considering
the broader environmental and social influences on individual behaviors within the
canteen setting.

Can you provide examples of how the Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive Theory
apply specifically to waste sorting behavior in your study?
ANS: Certainly! Let's explore how the Sign-to-Behavior Process and Social Cognitive
Theory (SCT) apply specifically to waste sorting behavior in the context of the study on
university canteen users.
Sign-to-Behavior Process:
The Sign-to-Behavior Process involves the steps of perceiving signage, understanding its
intent, and constructing an action representation. In the study, canteen users perceive
 the waste signage conveying the message, "We are Liceans, We are Disciplined. We sort
wisely, We dispose properly."The action representation is the mental framework that
includes cognitive representations of goals, sub-goals, and concrete actions related to
responsible waste sorting. As users encounter the signage, the process unfolds:
1. **Perception**: Canteen users visually encounter the waste signage, which includes
symbols, colors, and clear instructions.
2. **Understanding**: Users interpret the message, connecting it with the university's
core value of discipline and responsible waste sorting.
3. **Action Representation**: Individuals construct a mental framework that aligns
responsible waste sorting with the university's values, forming a basis for subsequent
behaviors.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):
SCT emphasizes the reciprocal interaction between individuals, behavior, and the
environment. In the canteen setting:
1. **Individual (Canteen Users)**: SCT considers the cognitive processes of individuals,
such as beliefs and thoughts about waste sorting. Canteen users assess the visual cues
from the signage and internalize the values associated with responsible waste
management.
2. **Behavior (Waste Sorting)**: The observable behavior is the act of sorting or not
sorting waste. Users' decisions are influenced by the reciprocal relationship between
their internal cognitions and the external environmental factors, including the presence
of signage.
3. **Environment (Canteen Setting)**: The canteen environment serves as the contextual
factor where observational learning occurs. The signage, as part of the environment,
plays a role in shaping behaviors, and the designated bins reinforce the visual cues,
guiding users in waste sorting practices.
Together, these frameworks provide a comprehensive understanding of the cognitive
processes involved in perceiving and responding to waste signage and the dynamic
interplay between individuals, behavior, and the environment within the university
canteen context.

P.S
What would you do if there are canteen users who purchased from the other part of the
canteen and segregated their waste on the area near the river side which is the research
environment? would you record their sorting behavior?
ANS. As a researcher, we would not record the waste sorting behaviors of canteen users
who purchased from other parts of the canteen and segregated their waste near the
riverside, outside the defined canteen environment. This decision aligns with the study's
defined target population, which specifically focuses on individuals interacting within the
canteen premises. The definition of canteen users, encompassing university students,
staff, faculty members, and visitors, centers on those participating in the process of
waste disposal within the established canteen boundaries.
Recording the waste sorting behaviors of individuals who purchased from other areas
and segregated waste outside the defined canteen environment would introduce
extraneous variables and confound the results. These individuals are not part of the
target population as per the study's scope, and their behaviors may be influenced by
factors unrelated to the presence of waste signage within the designated canteen
setting. By adhering to the defined parameters of the study, we ensure the integrity and
relevance of the data collected, maintaining the focus on waste sorting behaviors
influenced by the signage within the specified canteen premises.
What about those who dined in the specific canteen environment but did not purchase
anything in the canteen?
ANS. As a researcher, individuals who dine in the specific canteen environment but did
not purchase anything directly from the canteen would be included in the study. The
rationale behind this inclusion is based on their presence within the designated canteen
environment, which is the defined research setting. Since these individuals are inside the
specific research environment, they are exposed to the waste signage present in the
canteen premises.
The inclusion of these individuals ensures a comprehensive analysis of waste
sorting behaviors influenced by the presence of signage within the canteen. Even though
they may not have made direct purchases from the canteen, their exposure to the
signage is relevant, as the study seeks to understand the impact of signage on waste
sorting behaviors among all individuals present in the designated canteen area.
Including this group in the observation pool provides a more holistic and representative
view of the behaviors influenced by the signage within the defined canteen setting.