Alkylation

Alkylation in petroleum chemistry refers to a chemical reaction where an alkyl

group is added to a molecule to produce high-octane gasoline and other valuable
products by using an alkylating agent, typically an olefin reacts with an isoparaffin)
in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Example

Dealkylation
It is a chemical process that occurs in petroleum refining, specifically in the
production of gasoline involving the removal of alkyl groups from aromatic
hydrocarbons, resulting in the formation of lighter hydrocarbons. Dealkylation
reactions are typically carried out in the presence of a catalyst, such as zeolites or
alumina, to enhance the reaction rate and improve the selectivity toward the
desired products.

Example

First, oxidize the toluene with hot potassium manganate solution and then react it
with sodium hydroxide or calcium oxide.So by these two steps, toluene can be
converted into benzene.
Hydrodealkylation
Hydrodealkylation is a chemical process used in petroleum refining to remove
alkyl groups from aromatic hydrocarbons involving the use of hydrogen gas (H2)
and a catalyst to break the carbon-carbon bonds in the alkyl groups, resulting in
the production of simpler aromatic compounds. The reaction is highly exothermic
and the typical operating conditions are 600 C to 660 C, and 35-40 bar.

Example

Cracking & Pyrolysis:

In petroleum chemistry, cracking or pyrolysis refers to a process in which larger
hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by the
application of heat which is carried out in the presence of a catalyst or in certain
cases, through thermal decomposition alone.

Dehydration:
Dehydration, in the context of petroleum chemistry, refers to a process that
involves the removal of water or water-containing compounds from crude oil or
natural gas. It is a crucial step in the refining and processing of petroleum
products.

Example
Halogenation
Halogenation refers to a chemical reaction where a halogen element, such as
chlorine (Cl2) or bromine (Br2), is introduced into a hydrocarbon compound found
in petroleum. Halogenation reaction modifies the properties of hydrocarbons,
such as improving their stability, increasing their density, or altering their
reactivity.

Example

Hydrohalogenation
Hydrohalogenation is a chemical reaction in which a hydrogen halide (such as
hydrochloric acid, HCl, or hydrobromic acid, HBr) adds across carbon-carbon
multiple bonds to form a halogenated compound.

Hydration
In petroleum chemistry, hydration is a chemical process where water is added to a
compound or molecule, resulting in the formation of a new substance such as
alcohol or acids.

Example

Hydrolysis
In petroleum chemistry, hydrolysis can occur when water reacts with various
petroleum compounds, leading to the decomposition or transformation of these
substances. Hydrolysis ("hydro" = water and "lysis" = break) involves adding water
to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules.
Example

Nitration
Nitration refers to a chemical reaction where a nitro group (-NO2) is introduced
into a molecule by using a nitrating agent, such as nitric acid or a mixture of nitric
acid and sulfuric acid. Nitrobenzene is an important chemical used in the synthesis
of various compounds, including dyes, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides
Hydrogenation
• It is an addition reaction where hydrogen molecules are used to saturate

organic compounds. It is basically a reduction reaction.

Dehydrogenation
• It is the process by which hydrogen is removed from an organic compound

to form a new chemical. Dehydrogenation processes are used extensively

to produce aromatics in the petrochemical industry. Such processes are
highly endothermic and require temperatures of 500 °

•
Esterification
Esterification is the process of combining an organic acid (RCOOH) with an alcohol
(ROH) to form an ester (RCOOR) and water; or a chemical reaction resulting in the
formation of at least one ester product.

Example
Ester is obtained by an esterification reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
 Synthesis of acetylene

Uses of acetylene
 Acetylene is used for welding and cutting. The welding process that uses
acetylene is known as oxy-fuel cutting or gas cutting.
 Polyethylene plastics, PVC and PVDF are produced from ethylene or
methane, which are in turn derived from acetylene.
 It is used in the synthesis of certain vitamins like Vitamin A and E.
 It can also be used to produce certain components of perfumes, solvents, etc.

Chemical reactions of ethylene

Uses of ethylene
 Polymers of ethylene are used to manufacture fibers, bins, crates, bottles,
piping, food packaging films, trash liners, bags, wire and cable sheathing,
insulation, surface coatings for paper and cardboard, and a wide variety of
other products including tile and flooring for building and construction.
 Ethylene is also used to manufacture chemicals that are used as antifreeze,
solvents, surfactants, detergents, polyglycols, and ethanolamines.
 Minor uses of ethylene are: as a fuel gas in welding and cutting operations,
in petrochemical industries as a refrigerant, and in commercial greenhouses.
It is used as a ripening agent for fruits and vegetables

The chemical reaction of propylene

Uses of propene (propylene)

  It is used mainly in the preparation of alkylates for gasoline and in the
production of polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide, and a number of
other industrial chemicals.
 Propylene is used to make polypropylene, a plastic resin used to make
apparel, plastic squeeze bottles, outdoor furniture, and many other products.
 Propylene glycols: can be used as a food additive, and excipient, in
cosmetics, antifreeze, and de-icing systems.
Separation and purification of benzene and toluene
Benzene and toluene are virtually impossible to separate from close boiling
nonaromatic hydrocarbons by rectification. Benzene and toluene can be readily
separated from similar boiling nonaromatics by using extractive distillation in
which the extractive distillation agent is a proper mixture of organic compounds
boiling higher than benzene or toluene.

 The boiling point of benzene is 80.1°C and the boiling point of toluene
is 110.6°C.
 As a result of this Benzene first gets vaporized and condensed, and then it is
collected
 Thus in this way, the two miscible liquids are separated.

Therefore, Benzene and Toluene can be separated through fractional distillation.

Synthesis of aspirin
Aspirin is prepared by chemical synthesis from salicylic acid, through acetylation
with acetic anhydride. The molecular weight of aspirin is 180.16g/mol.
It is odorless, colorless to white crystals or crystalline powder.
Uses of Aspirin
Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions
such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.
It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.

Synthsis of paracetamol
A direct synthesis of paracetamol (acetaminophen) from hydroquinone has been
developed using ammonium acetate as an amidating agent. The reaction proceeds
in acetic acid at elevated temperatures without any metallic catalyst.

Uses of paracetamol
Paracetamol is a commonly used medicine that can help treat pain and reduce a
high temperature (fever).
It's typically used to relieve mild or moderate pain, such as headaches, toothache or
sprains, and reduce fevers caused by illnesses such as colds an