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CHAPTER 4
1st Law of
Thermodynamics:
Energy Balance Analysis
(Closed and Open Systems)
MUMJ 17/18 (KIL1001 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I)

Chapter Objectives
• Define the concept of boundary work, internal
energy and specific heat.
• Understand the concept of energy analysis of the
closed system that involved only heat and work in
the system.
• Understand the concept of energy analysis of the
open system that involved with mass flow of the
system.
• Applied the concept of energy analysis of both
closed and open system in various engineering
device application.
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Energy Analysis of the closed

system: Boundary Work, Wb

Boundary Work

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Net work of a cycle

Common Process of
Boundary Work
• Isochoric/Isometric Process (constant
volume)
• Isobaric Process (constant pressure)
• Isothermal Process (constant temperature)
• Polytrophic Process (constant PVn, which
related to expansion and compression of
gases)
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Isochoric Process

Isobaric Process

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Problem 1
A cylinder piston device contains 6 kg of steam at 400 kPa and
200 oC. Heat is transferred to the steam until temperature reach
250 oC. Determine the work done by the steam during the
process if,
(a) Isochoric system is applied
(b) Isobaric system is applied

Isothermal Process

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Polytrophic Process

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Polytrophic Process

_ _

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Problem 2
A cylinder piston device initially contains 0.07 m3 of nitrogen gas
at 130 kPa and 120 oC . Determine the work done by the
nitrogen gas during the process if,
(a) Expansion of nitrogen gas to 100 kPa in the Ideal gas state
and isothermal system.
(b) The nitrogen expanded polytropically to a state of 100 kPa
and 100 oC, ideally.

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Internal Energy, Specific heat

and Enthalpy Analysis

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Specific heat

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Internal Energy and Enthalpy

of Ideal Gas

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Internal Energy, Specific heat

and Enthalpy relation

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Average Specific heat

determination

First, find the average temperature using eq, Tavg = (T1 + T2)/2
Then, find the Cp or Cv for Tavg at Table A-2 (b)

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Summary of Internal Energy

and Enthalpy analysis

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Problem 3
Determine the internal energy change in kJ/kg of hydrogen, as
its heated from 200 to 800 K, using,
(a) The empirical specific heat equation (table A-2c)
(b) The specific heat value at average temperature (table A-2b)
(c) The specific heat value at room temperature (table A-2a)

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1st Law of Thermodynamics

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Energy Balance of the Closed system

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Energy balance for closed system device

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Energy balance for cycle

system

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Summary of Energy Balance

for Closed System

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Problem 4
Nitrogen gas of 150 kPa and 40 oC initially occupies a volume of
0.025 m3 in a rigid container equipped with stirring paddle
wheel. After 6 kJ of paddle wheel work is done on nitrogen,
what is the final temperature of the system? Assuming the
system is in isochoric condition.

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Problem 5
An insulated piston-cylinder device contains 100 L of air at 400
kPa and 25oC. A paddle wheel within the cylinder is rotated until
15 kJ of work is done on the air while the pressure is held
constant. Determine the final temperature of the air. Neglect
the energy store in the paddle wheel.

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Energy Balance for Open

System
• An open system or control volume (CV) system: a system that involve
heat, work and mass flow in and out of the system.

• Unlike closed system that only heat and work can cross the boundary, CV
system have mass and energy content from the mass flow in and out of the
boundary (complex system for energy analysis)
• To simplify the CV energy balance analysis,
• CV system is assumed in the steady-flow process.
• Conservation of mass (mass balance) of the CV system should be firstly
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Steady-Flow Process

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Conservation of Mass

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Problem 6
A steady-flow compressor is used to compress helium from 100
kPa and 20oC at the inlet to 1400 kPa and 315oC at the outlet.
The outlet area and velocity are 0.001 m2 and 30 m/s,
respectively, and the inlet velocity is 15 m/s. Determine the
mass flow rate and the inlet area of the compressor if helium
behave ideally.

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Work by Mass Flow (Wflow)

• Unlike closed system, CV system involves mass flow across their boundaries.
• Work (Energy) is required to push the mass into or out of the CV.
• This energy is called flow work or flow energy, Wflow.

• By considering imaginary piston in the fluid inlet, the force applied on the piston
given by
F = PA
• To push the piston and fluid in the CV, the force F must act through the distance,
denoted by L. Thus, the work done by pushing the piston and fluid is given by
Wflow = FL = PAL = PV (kJ) in per unit mass, wflow = Pv (kJ/kg)
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Energy Balance for Open System

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Summary of Energy Balance

for CV

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Problem 7
Refrigerant-134a enters a stationery steady-flow compressor as
saturated vapor at 0.14 MPa and leaves as superheated vapor at
0.8 Mpa and 60oC at rate 0.06 kg/s. Determine the rates of
energy transfer by mass into and out of the compressor. Assume
the kinetic and potential energies to be negligible.
(hint: used Tables A-12 and A-13 for Refrigerant-134a)

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Steady-Flow CV Engineering Devices

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Nozzle and Diffuser

Device that commonly used in jet engines, rockets, spacecraft and even garden hose.

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Problem 8
The diffuser in a jet engine is designed to decreased the kinetic
energy of air entering the engine compressor without any work
or heat interactions. Calculate the velocity at the exit of a
diffuser when air at 100 kPa and 30oC enters it with a velocity of
350 m/s and the exit state is 200 kPa and 90oC

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Turbines
Ẇout

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 i =
?

P : 100 kPa P2 : 200 kP9

°
T, = 30 C Tc = 90 % C

>

iz
-

V, :
350 m/S :?

M, = M2 I Steady State

Ein : Eout 2 Stationary and DE = O

E, 3 W O Q
= EC Work or Q out and in ; =
,
= O

i h, + KE ,
= M he + KEz

he + (V , )" = ha + (V2)
>

2
2
1 .
005k]/kg)
>

V2 :
2 Ch 1
-
h2) + VI hi -
h2 =
(pCT , - T2)

I
is = 2(1 005k3/k9)
. . /(303-363/k 1000 m 2/32
+ (350m(s)"
1k]/kg

is =
43 . 59 m/s
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Problem 9
Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic turbine. The inlet
condition of the steam are 4 MPa, 500oC, and the exit condition
are 30 kPa, and 92% of quality. The mass flow rate of the steam
is 12 kg/s. Determine the power output of the turbine.

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Compressor

Ẇin

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Problem 10
Helium is to be compressed from 105 kPa and 295 K to 700 kPa
and 460 K. A heat loss of 15 kJ/kg occurs during the compression
process. By neglecting kinetic energy changes, determine the
power input required for a mass flow rate of 60 kg/min.

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Throttling Valve

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Problem 11
Saturated liquid vapor mixture of water is a pipe line at 1500 kPa
is throttle to 50 kPa and 100 kPa and 100 oC. What is the quality
of the starting pipeline?

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Throttling Valve for Ideal Gas

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Mixer/Mixing Chamber

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Problem 12
Liquid water at 300 kPa and 20oC is heated in a chamber by
mixing it with superheated steam at 300 kPa and 300 oC. Cold
water enters the chamber at a rate of 1.8 kg/s. if the mixture
leaves the chamber at 60 oC, determine the flow rate of the
superheated steam required.

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Heat Exchangers

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MB and EB of Heat exchanger is

depend on How we defined the SYSTEM

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Problem 13
A heat exchanger is to heat water (Cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.K) from 25 to
60 oC at rate of 0.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by
geothermal water (Cp = 4.31 kJ/kg.K) available at 140 oC at a
mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. determine the rate of heat transfer in
the heat exchanger and the exit temperature of geothermal
water.

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Problem 14
Refrigerant-134a at 1 Mpa and 90 oC is to be cooled to 1
Mpa and 30 oC in the condenser by air. The air enters at
100 kPa and 27 oC with a volume flow rate of 600 m3/min
and leaves at 95 kPa and 60 oC . Determine the mass flow
rate of Refrigerant-134a.

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Pipes and Duct Flows

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Liquid Pump

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Summary of Steady Flow CV

Engineering Devices

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