ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Provides large-scale employment opportunities and increase the

purchasing power of the people.

Lesson 1: Introduction to Entrepreneurship
Relevance of Entrepreneurship to an organization
1. Development of Managerial Capabilities- this means that one of
the benefits an entrepreneur gets is to develop his managerial skills.
- Promotes balanced regional development.
- Helps in reducing concentration of economic power.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. Personality Factors

2. Creation of Organizations- which means that because of 2. Environmental Factors

entrepreneurships many organizations will exist.
FACTORS AFFECTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP
3. Improving standard of living- this means that entrepreneurship can
lift up the economic status of an individual. 1. Personality Factors
 Initiative – means doing things even before being told.
4. Means of economic development- this means that not only the life  Proactive – which means he can classify opportunities
of the entrepreneur is improved but also the society where the business and seize it.
is located.  Problem solver – which means he can retain good
relations with other people.
Concept of Entrepreneurship
 Perseverance – meaning he will pursue things to get
done regardless of challenges.
 Persuasion – means that he can entice people to buy
even if they don’t want.
 A Planner – meaning he makes plan before doing
things and do not fail to monitor it.
 Risk-Taker – which means that he is willing to gamble
but he will calculate it first.
2. Environmental Factors
Business – is the activity of making, buying, selling, or supplying goods  Political
or services for money.  Climate
 Legal System
Revenue – is the amount of money that is brought into a company by its  Economic and Social Conditions
business activities.  Market Situations

Profit – is the money a business makes after accounting for all the QUALITIES OF SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEUR
expenses.

Revenue – Expenses = Profit

Entrepreneur – is a person who starts a business and is willing to take

risk loss in order to make money.

Employee – is a person employed for wages or salary. Therefore, an

employee is a person working for another person or a business firm for
pay. ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ENTREPRENEUR Lesson 2: Competencies and Career Opportunities

THREE LEVELS OF COMPETENCIES

The word “entrepreneur” was derived from the French
verb entreprendre, which means “to undertake”. 1. Personal Competencies

- A person who tries to do something new, visualizes a - Creativity

business opportunity, organizes the necessary resources for
putting up the business and bears the risk involved. - determination
 Innovator
 Organizer - integrity
 Risk taker
- tenacity
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
- emotional balance and self criticism
- It refers to an individual’s ability to turn ideas into action
through application of innovative thinking and execution to 2. Interpersonal Competencies
meet consumer needs.
- Identifying and using the opportunities exist in the market. - communication
- Undertaking promotional activities
- engagement/charisma
- Striving for excellence in his/her field of work.
- Bearing the risk and uncertainties involved - delegation
- Is the attempt to create value through recognition of business
opportunity, the management of risk taking, and through the - respect
communicative and management skills to mobilize human,
financial, and material resources necessary to bring a project 3. Business Competencies
fruition.
- business vision
IMPORTANCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP
- resource management
- Helps the formation of capital by bringing together the savings
and investments of people. - networking

- negotiating skill
 TYPES OF ENTREPRENEURS How long does it take to find Potential Markets?

1. INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURS have the ability to think
newer, better, and more economical ideas
2. IMITATING ENTREPRENEURS – these are people who follow
the path show by innovative entrepreneurs
You need to spend a vast amount of time looking for potential markets
for all your products and you need to keep looking for new markets
every year.
5 ELEMENTS TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL MARKET

3. FABIAN ENTREPRENEURS – are skeptical about changes to be 1. Market size

made in the organization
2. Market growth
4. DRONE ENTREPRENEURS – these are entrepreneurs who do not
like change. They want to do business in their own traditional or 3. Competition
orthodox methods of production and systems. 4. Profitability
5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS – are people who pursue innovative 5. Consumer and product type
ideas with the potential to solve a community problem.
MARKET SIZE
JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A
CAREER Market size is the total market sales potential of all companies put
together.
JOB OPPORTUNITY – is simply an opportunity for employment
•Determining market size is the first step to determine market potential
CAREER– it is a long-term professional journey you may determine
based on your passions. MARKET GROWTH RATE

CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP Refers to the percentage increase or decrease in the total market size
over a specified period. It is a crucial metric for businesses and
1. Business Consultant investors to assess the health and potential of a market.

2. Teacher

3. Researcher

4. Sales Manager
PROFITABILITY
5. Business Reporter
Determining and forecasting your profitability is important to
understand the market potential. If the business is going to give low
ENTREPRENEURSHIP LESSON 3 profitability, then the volumes need to be high (ex. Fmcg products) or if
the business is going to give low volumes, then the profit needs to be
higher (ex. Industrial goods).
Lesson 3: Recognize Potential Market
Calculation of profitability to determine market potential can use four
POTENTIAL MARKET
main elements
A potential market is a group of consumers that show some level of •ROI –Return on Investment
interest in a market offer.
•ROS –Return on Sales
A potential market is the part of the market you can capture in the
future. •RONA –Return on Net Sales

It includes people that are not buying to you today but could potentially •ROCE –Return on Capital Employed
become customers.
COMPETITION
They might buy new products you have not made yet, or they might buy
Competition is the act or process of trying to get or win something Five
products that you will improve or market or brand more effectively
forces competing in the industry:
later.
•Buyers
How do you identify a potential market?
•Potential new entrants
You have to identify the potential market with your current audience.
To do this, you must go outside the current audience and look for •Rivalry among existing firms
people who are certain age, certain sex, and certain socioeconomic
status and examine their certain needs. •Substitute products

What is the potential market’s purpose? •Supplier

The potential market is something that you can look forward to in the PRODUCT AND CONSUMER TYPE
future, and it is a market that will surely make future money if you are •Is your product a repeat buying product or one time sale only?
focused on it.
•How frequently is your product going to be bought again?
How many types of Potential Markets are there?
•Is your product completely new in the market? How likely is the
There are infinite types of potential markets. customer to accept and adopt the same and what are the hurdles to be
faced in product adoption?
You will find one everytime you come up with a new type of customer
that you want to sell to and you need to make sure that you have
thought of all of them before you move forward.
 DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION

Lesson 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk

Disaster - A sudden calamitous event, bringing great damage, loss,

destruction, and devastation.

Ring of Fire - A path along the Pacific Ocean characterized by active

volcanoes and frequent earthquakes.

Calamity - An event causing great and often sudden damage or distress.

Earthquake - Shaking of earth caused by waves moving on and below

the earth's surface.

Volcanic Eruption - When lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic
vent.

Pacific Ocean - Largest and deepest of Earth's oceanic divisions.

Typhoon - Type of tropical cyclone, or severe tropical storm.

Natural Disaster - A natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or

hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.

Destruction - A sudden or great misfortune or failure.

Man made Disaster - Caused by man are those in which major direct
causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human actions.

Disaster

- is "a sudden, calamitous occurrence that causes great harm, injury,
destruction, and devastation to life and property”.
- It disrupts the usual course of life, causing both physical and
emotional distress such as an intense feeling of helplessness and
hopelessness.
- A preceding definition of disaster stresses that two elements are
affected – life (whether human or animal) and property. The
effects vary – it maybe a minor damage (like broken windows
and doors), major damage (like torn rooftops, collapsed walls),
total destruction (like completely destroyed houses and structures
rendering them useless and inhabitable) and the worst scenario, it
can lead to death. (Asian Disaster Preparedness Center,
ADPC, 2012)
Classification of Disasters:
Disasters can be divided into 2 large categories:
A. Natural Disasters – a natural phenomenon is caused by natural
forces, such as earthquakes, typhoon, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes,
fires, tornados, and extreme temperatures. They can be classified as
rapid onset disasters and those with progressive onset, such as droughts
that lead to famine. These events, usually sudden, can have tremendous
effects.
B. Man-made - Disasters caused by man are those in which major
direct causes are identifiable intentional or non-intentional human
actions.

Subdivided into three categories:

• According to the Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO, 2008), disaster is “a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources”.
• The United Nations International Strategy for Disaster
Reduction defines disaster as a serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society involving
widespread human, material, economic or environmental
losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
1.Technological/industrial disasters - Unregulated industrialization
and inadequate safety standards increase the risk for industrial disasters.
EXAMPLE: leaks of hazardous materials; accidental explosions; bridge
or road collapses, or vehicle collisions; Power cuts
2.Terrorism/Violence - the threat of terrorism has also increased due to
the spread of technologies involving nuclear, biological, and chemical
agents used to develop weapons of mass destruction.
EXAMPLE : bombs or explosions; release of chemical materials;
release of biological agents; release of radioactive agents; multiple or
massive shootings; mutinies

• Disasters are often a result of the combination of: the
exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that
are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce
or cope with the potential negative consequences.
• Its impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other
negative effects on human physical, mental, and social
wellbeing, together with damage to properties, destruction of
assets, loss of services, social and economic disruptions, and
environmental degradation.
3.Complex humanitarian emergencies - the term complex emergency
is usually used to describe the humanitarian emergency resulting from
an international or civil war. In such situations, large numbers of people
are displaced from their homes due to the lack of personal safety and the
disruption of basic infrastructure including food distribution, water,
electricity, and sanitation, or communities are left stranded and isolated
in their own homes unable to access assistance.
EXAMPLE: conflicts or wars and Genocide the deliberate killing of a
large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group.

Risk and Disaster Risk

• Risk is defined as “the combination of the probability of

an event and its negative consequences” (UNISDR, 2009).
 The term risk is thus multidisciplinary and is used in a
variety of contexts. It is usually associated with the degree to
which humans cannot cope (lack of capacity) with a
situation (e.g. natural hazard).
• The term disaster risk refers to the potential (not actual and
realized) disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods,
assets, and services which could occur in a community or
society over some specified future time period.
• Disaster risk is the product of the possible damage caused
by a hazard due to the vulnerability within a community.
It should be noted that the effect of a hazard (of a particular
magnitude) would affect communities differently (Von
Kotze, 1999:35
• It can also be determined by the presence of three
variables:
 hazards (natural or anthropogenic);
 vulnerability to a hazard;
 and coping capacity linked to the reduction,
mitigation, and resilience to the vulnerability of a
community.
DISASTER RISK AND REDUCTION
Lesson 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
Differentiating Risk Factors Underlying Disaster
At Risk…
Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate
between and among social classes, gender, creed, race, and nationality.
But certain risk factors put those affected in a position where they will
have graver or longer-lasting post-disaster stress reactions. These
aggravating factors contribute to evident differences in the stress
reactions of certain individuals with certain characteristics.
Disaster risk has three important elements such as:
1.Exposure - the “elements at risk from a natural or man-made hazard
event (Quebral, 2016).
2.Hazard -a potentially dangerous physical occurrence, phenomenon or
human activity that may result in loss of life or injury, property damage,
social and economic disruption, or environmental degradation.
3.Vulnerability - the condition determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the
susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United nation, FAO 2008).
The following are also taken into consideration when risk factors
underlying disaster are involved:
 Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience
disaster firsthand which has the highest risk of developing future
mental problems, followed by those in contact with the victims
such as rescue workers and health care practitioners and the
lowest risk are those most distant like those who have awareness
of the disaster only through news.
 Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse
effects. This worsens when children are present at home. Marital
relationships are placed under strain.
 Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after
disasters but in general, children exhibit more stress after disasters
than adults do.
 Economic status of country - evidence indicates that severe
mental problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in
developing countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has been
observed that natural disasters tend to have more adverse effects
in developing countries than do man caused disasters in developed
countries.
Factors which underlie disasters:
1.Climate Change - can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways – by
altering the frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting
vulnerability to hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most
people, the expression “climate change” means the alteration of the
world’s climate that we humans are causing such as burning of fossil
fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon footprint
and concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
This is in line with the official definition by the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that
climate change is the change that can be attributed “directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods”
2.Environmental Degradation - changes to the environment can
influence the frequency and intensity of hazards, as well as our
exposure and vulnerability to these hazards. For instance, deforestation
of slopes often leads to an increase in landslide hazard and removal of
mangroves can increase the damage caused by storm surges (UNISDR,
2009b).
It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the
capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs. Over
consumption of natural resources results in environmental degradation,
reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem services, such as the
mitigation of floods and landslides. This leads to increased risk from
disasters, and in turn, natural hazards can further degrade the
environment.
3.Globalized Economic Development - It results in an increased
polarization between the rich and poor on a global scale. Currently
increasing the exposure of assets in hazard prone areas, globalized
economic development provides an opportunity to build resilience if
effectively managed. By participating in risk sensitive development
strategies such as investing in protective infrastructure, environmental
management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be reduced.
Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and cities are
expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer, 2013).
4.Poverty and Inequality - Impoverished people are more likely to live
in hazard exposed areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing
measures. The lack of access to insurance and social protection means
that people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited assets
to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further poverty. Poverty
is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster risk (Wisner et al.,
2004), particularly extensive risk, with drought being the hazard most
closely associated with poverty (Shepard et al., 2013).
The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss
of life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods,
displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other consequences.
Vulnerability is not simply about poverty, but extensive research over
the past 30 years has revealed that it is generally the poor who tend to
suffer worst from disasters (DFID, 2004; Twigg, 2004; Wisner et al.,
2004; UNISDR, 2009b).
5.Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development - A new wave
of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed countries and with it,
new opportunities for resilient investment emerge. People, poverty, and
disaster risk are increasingly concentrated in cities.
The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in
population density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially
when urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context of
widespread poverty. Growing concentrations of people and economic
activities in many cities are seen to overlap with areas of high-risk
exposure.
6.Weak Governance - weak governance zones are investment
environments in which public sector actors are unable or unwilling to
assume their roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing
basic services and public services. Disaster risk is disproportionately
concentrated in lower-income countries with weak governance
(UNISDR, 2015a).
Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements that
societies put in place to manage their disaster risk (UNISDR, 2011a;
UNDP, 2013a) within a broader context of risk governance (Renn, 2008
in UNISDR, 2015a). This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop
of broader social and economic concerns (Holley et al., 2011).
 ANO ANG PAGSULAT?

 Ang pagsusulat ay isa sa mga makrong kasanayang dapat

mahubog sa mga mag-aaral. Sa limang makrong kasanayang
pangwika, ang pagsusulat ay isa sa mga dapat pagtuunan ng
pansin na malinang at mahubog sa mga mag-aaral sapagkat dito
masusukat ang kahandaan at kagalingan sa iba’t ibang disiplina.
Sa mga makrong kasanayang tulad ng pakikinig, pagbabasa,
panonood, madalas ang isang indibidwal na gumagawa nito ay
kumukuha o nagdaragdag ng mga kaalaman sa kanyang isipan.
Subalit sa pagsasalita at pagsusulat ang taong nagsagawa nito ay
nagbabahagi ng kanyang mga kaisipan at nalalaman tungkol sa
isang tiyak na paksa sa pamamagitan ng kanyang sinabi at isinulat.
 Ang pagsusulat ay isang kasanayang naglulundo ng kaisipan at
damdaming nais ipahayag ng tao gamit ang pinakaepektibong
midyum ng paghahatid ng mensahe, ang wika. (Cecilia Austera
et al. (2009) May-akda ng Komunikasyon sa Akademikong
Filipino )
 Ang pagsusulat ay isang pambihirang gawaing pisikal at mental
dahil sa pamamagitan nito ay naipapahayag ng tao ang nais niyang
ipahayag sa pamamagitan ng paglilipat ng kaalaman sa papel o
anumang kagamitang maaaring pagsulatan. Sa pamamagitan ng
pagsusulat, maisatitik ang nilalaman ng isipan, damdamin ,
paniniwala , at layunin ng tao sa tulong ng mga salita ,ayos ng
pangungusap sa mga talata hanggang sa mabuo ang isang akda o
sulatin. (Edwin Mabilin et al. sa aklat na Transpormatibong
Komunikasyon sa Akademikong Filipino (2012)
 Ang pagsusulat ay isang pagpapahayag ng kaalamang kailanman
ay hindi naglalaho sa isipan ng mga bumasa at babasa sapagkat ito
ay maaaring magpasalin-salin sa bawat panahon. Maaaring
mawala ang alaala ng sumulat ngunit ang kaalamang kanyang
ibinahagi ay manatiling kaalaman.(Edwin Mabilin, (2012)

Layunin at Kahalagahan ng Pagsulat:

Ayon kay Royo, na nasulat sa aklat ni Dr. Eriberto

Astorga ,Jr. na Pagbasa, Pagsulat at Pananaliksik (2001), malaki
ang naitutulong ng pagsulat sa paghubog ng damdamin at isipan ng tao.
Sa pamamagitan nito, naipahahayag niya ang kanyang damdamin,
mithiin, pangarap, agam-agam, bungang-isip at mga pagdaramdam.
Dahil din sa pagsulat, nakikilala ng tao ang kanyang sarili, ang kanyang
mga kahinaan at kalakasan, ang lawak at tayog ng kanyang isipan, at
ang mga naaabot ng kanyang kamalayan. Ang pangunahing layunin ng
pagsulat ay ang mapabatid sa mga tao o lipunan ang paniniwala,
kaalaman at mga karanasan ng taong sumusulat. Kaya naman ,
napakahalaga na bukod sa mensaheng taglay ng akdang susulatin,
kailangan ang katangiang mapanghikayat upang mapaniwala at makuha
ang atensyon ng mga mambabasa. Mahalagang isaalang-alang ang
layuning ito sapagkat masasayang ang mga isinulat kung hindi ito
magdudulot ng kabatiran at pagbabago sa pananaw ,pag-iisip at
damdamin ng makababasa nito.

Ayon naman kay Mabilin sa kanyang aklat na Transpormatibong

Komunikasyon sa Akademikong Filipino (2012), ang layunin sa
pagsasagawa ng pagsulat ay maaaring mahati sa dalawang bahagi.

➢ Una, ito ay maaaring personal o ekspresibo kung saan ang layunin

ng pagsulat ay nakabatay sa pansariling pananaw, karanasan,naiisip o
nadarama ng manunulat. Ang ganitong paraan ng pagsulat ay maaaring
magdulot sa bumabasa ng kasiyahan, kalungkutan, pagkatakot o
pagkainis depende sa layunin ng taong sumusulat.

Halimbawa: sanaysay ,maikling kwento , tula , dula ,awit at iba pang

akdang pampanitikan.

➢ Pangalawa, ito ay maaari namang maging panlipunan o sosyal kung

saan ang layunin ng pagsulat ay ang makipag-ugnayan sa ibang tao o sa
lipunang ginagalawan. Ang ibang tawag sa layuning ito ng pagsusulat
ay transaksiyonal.

Halimbawa: pagsulat ng liham ,balita, korespondensya , pananaliksik,

sulating panteknikal, tesis, disertasyon at iba pa.

Ginagawa ang mga sulating ito taglay ang isang tiyak na

PAGSULAT SA FILIPINO SA PILING LARANG
layunin at ito ay walang iba kundi ang layuning makipag-ugnayan sa tao
o sa lipunan. Sa kabilang dako, maaari rin naming magkasabay na
maisagawa ang layuning personal at panlipunan partikular sa mga
Lesson 1:
akdang pampanitikang naisulat bunga ng sariilng pananaw ng may-akda
na maaaring magkaroon ng tiyak na kaugnayan sa lipunan tulad
halimbawa ng talumpati na karaniwang binibigkas sa harap ng madla
upang maghatid ng mensahe at manghikayat sa mga nakikinig.

Kahalagahan o ang mga benepisyo na maaaring makuha sa

pagsusulat:

1. Masasanay ang kakayahang mag-organisa ng mga kaisipan at

maisulat ito sa pamamagitan ng obhetibong paraan.

2. Malilinang ang kasanayan sa pagsusuri ng mga datos na

kakailanganin sa isinasagawang imbestigasyon o pananaliksik.

3. Mahuhubog ang isipan ng mga mag-aaral sa mapanuring pagbasa sa

pamamagitan ng pagiging obhetibo sa paglalatag ng mga kaisipang Arts through the Ages
isusulat batay sa mga nakalap na impormasyon.

4. Mahihikayat at mapauunlad ang kakayahan sa matalinong paggamit

ng aklatan sa paghahanap ng mga materyales at mahahalagang datos na
kakailanganin sa pagsulat.

5. Magdudulot ito ng kasiyahan sa pagtuklas ng mga bagong kaalaman

at pagkakaroon ng pagkakataong makapag-ambag ng kaalaman sa
lipunan.

6. Mahuhubog ang pagpapahalaga sa paggalang at pagkilala sa mga

gawa at akda ng kanilang pag-aaral at akademikong pagsisikap.

7. Malilinang ang kasanayan sa pangangalap ng mga impormasyong

Contemporary Arts
mula sa iba’t ibang batis ng kaalaman para sa akademikong pagsusulat.
- Is the art that springs out of the present-day events and passions of
the society.
- It is the newest form of art, amusing people from the late 1960s or
early around 1970s up to this very minute.
- This art functions in a global society that is culturally diverse and
technology oriented.
- It has become a collaborative process and the audience plays an
active role in reacting and constructing meaning about the work of
art.

Why study contemporary arts?

- Contemporary art is essential to you not only because it belongs to

your time but it also serves a form of expression of the people’s
present feelings and longings
- Contemporary works of art are the means through which the
artists of today communicate their sentiments.

Contemporary Arts in the Philippines

Contemporary Philippine Arts from Regions

Lesson 1:

Art
Traditional vs Contemporary
- It is the expression or application of human creative skill and
imagination, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their
beauty or emotional power.
- It is a form of creative activity such as painting, music, literature,
and dance.

Arts in History
An Overview of the Contemporary Arts in the Different Regions of
the Philippines