17- 3 Standard Voltages 441

Table 17.1 Standard Potentials in Water Solution at 258C

Acidic Solution, [H1] 5 1 M
E8red (V)
1 2
Li (aq) 1 e 9: Li(s) 23.040

!
Lithium is the strongest reducing
K1(aq) 1 e2 9: K(s) 22.936 agent.
Ba21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ba(s) 22.906
Ca21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ca(s) 22.869
9: Na(s) 22.714 Lithium and !uorine are very dan-
Na1(aq) 1 e2 gerous materials to work with.
Mg21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Mg(s) 22.357
Al31(aq) 1 3e2 9: Al(s) 21.68
Mn21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Mn(s) 21.182
Zn21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Zn(s) 20.762
9: Cr(s) 20.744
Cr31(aq) 1 3e2
9: Fe(s) 20.409
Fe21(aq) 1 2e2
9: Cr21(aq) 20.408
Cr31(aq) 1 e2
9: Cd(s) 20.402
Cd21(aq) 1 2e2 20.356
9: Pb(s) 1 SO422(aq)
PbSO4(s) 1 2e2 20.336
9: Tl(s)
Tl1(aq) 1 e2 9: Co(s) 20.282
Co21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ni(s) 20.236
Ni21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ag(s) 1 I2(aq) 20.152
AgI(s) 1 e2 9: Sn(s) 20.141
Sn21(aq) 1 2e2 9: Pb(s) 20.127

Increasing strength of reducing agents

Increasing strength of oxidizing agents

Pb21(aq) 1 2e2 9: H2(g) 0.000

2H1(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ag(s) 1 Br2(aq) 0.073
R O5strongest oxidizing agent;

!
AgBr(s) 1 e2 9: H2S(aq) 0.144 R 5 strongest reducing
S(s) 1 2H1(aq) 1 2e2 9: Sn21(aq) 0.154 O agent.
Sn41(aq) 1 2e2 9: SO2(g) 1 2H2O 0.155
SO422(aq) 1 4H1(aq) 1 2e2 9: Cu1(aq) 0.161
9: Cu(s) 0.339
Cu21(aq) 1 e2
9: Cu(s) 0.518
Cu21(aq) 1 2e2
0.534
Cu1(aq) 1 e2 9: 2I2(aq)
0.769
I2(s) 1 2e2 9: Fe21(aq)
0.796
Fe31(aq) 1 e2 9: 2Hg(l)
0.799
Hg221(aq) 1 2e2 9: Ag(s)
0.908
Ag1(aq) 1 e2 9: Hg221(aq)
0.964
2Hg21(aq) 1 2e2 9: NO(g) 1 2H2O
NO3 2(aq) 1 4H 1(aq) 1 3e2
AuCl4 2(aq) 1 3e2 9: Au(s) 1 4Cl2(aq) 1.001
Br2(l) 1 2e2 9: 2Br2(aq) 1.077
O2(g) 1 4H1(aq) 1 4e2 9: 2H2O 1.229
MnO2(s) 1 4H1(aq) 1 2e2 9: Mn21(aq) 1 1.229
Cr2O722(aq) 1 14H1(aq) 1 6e2 2H2O 1.33
Cl2(g) 1 2e2 9: 2Cr31(aq) 1 1.360
7H2O
2 1 2 9: 12Cl2(aq)
ClO3 (aq) 1 6H (aq) 1 5e 9: 2 Cl2(g) 1 1.458
Au31(aq) 1 3e2 3H2O 1.498
9: Au(s)
MnO4 2(aq) 1 8H 1(aq) 1 5e2 9: 2 (aq) 1 4H O
2 1.512
1
Mn
PbO2(s) 1 SO422(aq) 1 4H1(aq) 1 9: PbSO4(s) 1 2H2O 1.687 Lithium and !uorine are very dan-
2e2 9: 2H2O 1.763 gerous materials to work with.
H2O2(aq) 1 2H1(aq) 1 2e2 9: Co21(aq) 1.953
Co31(aq) 1 e2 9: 2F2(aq) 2.889
Fluorine is the strongest oxidizing
F2(g) 1 2e2
!

Basic Solution, [OH2] 5 1 M agent.

E8red (V)
Fe(OH)2(s) 1 2e2 9: Fe(s) 1 2OH2(aq) 20.891
2H2O 1 2e2 9: H2(g) 1 2OH2(aq) 20.828
Fe(OH)3(s) 1 e2 9: Fe(OH)2(s) 1 OH2(aq) 20.547
S(s) 1 2e2 9: S22(aq) 20.445
3
NO 2(aq) 1 2H2 O 1 3e2 9: NO(g) 1 4OH2(aq) 20.140
NO 2(aq) 1 H2 O 1 2e2 9: NO2 2(aq) 1 2OH2(aq) 0.004
3 ClO4 2(aq) 1 H2O 1 2e2 9: ClO32 (aq) 1 2OH (aq)
2 0.398
 ClO 2(aq) 1 3H O 1 6e2 0.614
3 2 9: Cl2(aq) 1
ClO2(aq) 1 H2O 1 2e2 0.890
6OH2(aq)
9: Cl2(aq) 1
2OH2(aq)

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