COMSATS University, Islamabad

(DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS)

Subject: Economics of Environment

Submitted By: Ayaz Ahmed Khan

Submitted to: Dr. Zainab Khalid

Registration#: FA21-BEC-010

Assignment#: 04
Title: The Latest IPCC Report: Implications and Urgency for Pakistan's Climate
Policy

Introduction:

The latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (#IPCC) serves as a stark
reminder of the urgent need for global climate action. This analysis aims to provide a more
comprehensive overview of the key findings of the report and their implications for Pakistan's
climate policy. By examining the report's graphs and data, we can delve deeper into the
challenges Pakistan faces and build a compelling case for proactive measures to mitigate and
adapt to climate change.

Rising Temperatures:

The IPCC report highlights the significant rise in global temperatures and warns of dire
consequences if action is not taken. Pakistan, being a climate-vulnerable country, faces severe
risks. The graph depicting temperature anomalies over the past century emphasizes the urgency
to limit temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Higher temperatures in
Pakistan can intensify heatwaves, leading to increased mortality rates and affecting agriculture
and livestock. Furthermore, rising temperatures can accelerate glacial melt in the Himalayas,
impacting water availability and exacerbating the country's water scarcity challenges.

Extreme Weather Events:

The report indicates an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such
as storms, floods, and droughts. Pakistan has already experienced devastating floods in recent
years, causing loss of life, infrastructure damage, and economic setbacks. The graph showing the
rise in extreme precipitation events underscores the need for Pakistan to strengthen its disaster
management and adaptation strategies to minimize the impacts of such events. Additionally,
prolonged droughts can have detrimental effects on agriculture, livelihoods, and food security in
the country.

Water Scarcity:
Water scarcity is a critical issue for Pakistan, aggravated by climate change. The report
highlights the impact of rising temperatures on the availability of freshwater resources. The
graph depicting shrinking glaciers in the Himalayas is particularly relevant for Pakistan, as it
relies heavily on glacier-fed rivers. Reduced water availability can lead to conflicts over
resources, disrupt agricultural practices, and affect hydropower generation. Pakistan must
prioritize water conservation, efficiency, and invest in alternative water sources, such as
rainwater harvesting and wastewater recycling, to ensure water security.

Agricultural Challenges:

Agriculture, a vital sector of Pakistan's economy, is highly vulnerable to climate change. The
report emphasizes the risks of reduced crop yields and food security. The graph showing the
decline in crop suitability due to increased temperatures underscores the urgency of
implementing climate-smart agricultural practices. Pakistan must invest in resilient crop
varieties, improve irrigation systems, and enhance farmer education and support to adapt to
changing climatic conditions. Furthermore, the increased occurrence of pests and diseases due to
changing climatic conditions requires effective monitoring and pest management strategies.

Biodiversity Loss:

The IPCC report highlights the rapid loss of biodiversity and the associated ecological
consequences. Pakistan's unique ecosystems, including mangroves, forests, and coral reefs, are at
risk. The graph depicting deforestation rates in Pakistan underscores the need for robust
conservation efforts. Pakistan should prioritize the protection of biodiversity hotspots, promote
afforestation, and strengthen legislation to combat illegal logging and habitat destruction.
Preserving biodiversity not only ensures the integrity of ecosystems but also provides important
ecosystem services that are crucial for the well-being of local communities.

Coastal Vulnerability:

Pakistan's coastal areas face significant risks due to sea-level rise and coastal erosion. The
report's graph illustrating rising sea levels emphasizes the urgent need for adaptation measures.
Coastal infrastructure, including cities like Karachi, faces the threat of inundation, salinization of
groundwater, and damage to coastal ecosystems. Pakistan must develop comprehensive coastal
management strategies, including the construction of seawalls, mangrove restoration, and
climate-resilient urban planning. Additionally, community awareness and preparedness programs
can help vulnerable coastal communities respond effectively
Conclusion:

The latest IPCC report serves as a wake-up call for Pakistan to urgently address climate change
and its impacts. The graphs and findings discussed above highlight the risks faced by Pakistan's
economy, environment, and population. To mitigate these risks and adapt to a changing climate,
Pakistan must prioritize climate action by investing in renewable energy, adopting sustainable
practices, and enhancing climate resilience across sectors. International collaboration, technology
transfer, and financial support are crucial to enable Pakistan to implement effective climate
policies. By taking decisive action, Pakistan can safeguard its future, protect vulnerable
communities, and contribute to global efforts in combatting climate change.