TEST 2
will review your symptoms and medical history
1-(I)Shyness is a feeling of fear or discomfort
caused by other people, especially in new
situations or among strangers.(II)Shyness is an
unpleasant feeling of self-consciousness—a fear
of what other people are thinking.(III) Children
who are not allowed to experience things may
have trouble developing social skills.(IV)This
fear can inhibit a person's ability to do or say
what he wants.(V)It can also prevent the
formation of healthy relationships.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
2-(I)Yoga is an ancient practice rooted in Indian
philosophy.(II)Originally observed as a method
of reaching spiritual enlightenment, yoga is a
combination of physical postures, breathing
exercises, and meditation that aims to bring
balance to the mind and body.(III)This included
calming restless eyeballs, softening the tongue,
and relaxing the forehead.(IV) Yoga’s popularity
is growing.(V) Many use it to relieve stress and
anxiety, as well as ease physical conditions like
high blood pressure or stiff muscles.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
3-(I)Kwashiorkor is caused by not eating enough
protein.(II)They may order tests to measure a
patient’s level of protein and sugar in the
blood.(III) It is most common in countries where
there is limited food supply or in places with
low levels of education.(IV)The disease is most
frequently found in children and infants in
Africa and Central America.(V)It is especially
common in developing countries that are
experiencing famine, political unrest, natural
disasters, such as earthquakes, landslides,
hurricanes and floods
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
4-(I)During a physical examination, your doctor
and observe the way you walk to diagnose your
walking abnormality.(II)He or she may order
tests to check your nerve or muscle function.
(III)This will help your doctor determine if there
is a structural problem causing your
condition.(IV)If you’ve had a recent injury or
fall, the doctor may order an imaging scan, such
as an X-ray, to check for fractures or
brokenbones.(V) Walking abnormalities are
separated into five groups based on their
symptoms
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
5-(I)Experts found that 56% of 166 bacteria
strains isolated from the urine of people with
UTI showed a high degree of resistance to
antibiotics.(II)Urinary tract infection is the
second most common infectious disease
encountered in community practice. (III)
However, about 82% of the antibiotic resistant
bacteria were susceptible to a crude aqueous
extract of Allium sativum. (IV)According to the
researchers, "ours is the first study to report the
antibacterial activity of aqueous garlic extract
against multidrug resistant bacterial isolates
from infected urine samples leading to
UTI.(V)However, it is necessary to determine
the bioavailability, side effects and
pharmacokinetic properties in more detail."
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
6-(I) For decades, the tobacco and alcohol
industries have been accused of advertising
their products to kids.(II) Tremendous public
pressure has prompted the implementation of
strict guidelines.(III)Today, tobacco and alcohol
advertising are among the most highly
regulated forms of marketing in existence.(IV)
But, are all of the rules having any effect on the
adolescents we seek to protect?(V) It's
important to note that much research has been
done surrounding how consumers respond to
personal dissatisfaction.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
7- (I) Ear candling involves placing a hollow
candle in the ear canal and burning it, with the
goal of creating a suction force for removal of
wax from the ears. (II) According to the
American Academy of Otolaryngology- Head
and Neck Surgery, ear candling or ear coning is
not considered a safe option for ear wax
removal. (III) Studies have shown that the
procedure does not create a vacuum that can
remove the wax effectively, and it the wax left
inside candle is from the candle itself, not from
the ear. (IV) These are oils or ear drops that
soften or break up the wax to help in removal.
(V) The procedure also carries health risks that
include burns to the ear canal, development of
new blockage of the canal from the candling
wax, ear infection, and perforation of the
eardrum.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
8- (I) Health organizations reminded people of
the importance of regular handwashing with
warm water and soap. (II) People who
developed the flu were advised to stay home to
recover and avoid spreading the virus to
others.(III) For example, one such study was
conducted by a team of researchers from the
University of Michigan on more than 1,000
students living in residence halls. (IV)Then,
some people started doing something most of
us hadn't seen before: wearing surgical
masks.(V) Learn more about whether facemasks
can really prevent spread of the flu, and which
masks are the most effective.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
9-(I) One of the most important stages of sleep
is known as rapid eye movement (REM).(II) At
this stage, your eyes move back and forth very
quickly, though your muscles are
relaxed.(III)Your breathing may become
irregular and your pulse may increase
slightly.(IV) Many adults suffer from insomnia,
and though there are a number of causes, stress
and anxiety are the main culprits.(V)This is the
dream state, though you don't always
remember it when you awake
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
10- (I) At one time, scientists believed aging to
be not just deterioration but an active
continuation of an organism’s genetically
programmed development. (II) Once an
individual achieved maturity, “aging genes”
began to direct its progress toward the grave.
(III) If they remain active long enough, they can
also dramatically enhance the organism’s health
and extend its life span. (IV) This idea has been
discredited, and conventional wisdom now
holds that aging really is just wearing out over
time because the body’s normal maintenance
and repair mechanisms simply wane. (V)
Evolutionary natural selection, the logic goes,
has no reason to keep these mechanisms
working once an organism has passed its
reproductive age.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
11-(I) Eye allergies mainly involve the
conjunctiva, which is the tissue lining (mucus
membrane) that covers the white surface of the
eyeball and the inner folds of the eyelids. (II)
Approximately 54 million people, about 20% of
the U.S. population, have symptoms of allergies.
(III) The conjunctiva is a barrier structure that is
exposed to the environment and the many
different allergens that become airborne. (IV)
Moreover, when you open your eyes, the
conjunctiva becomes directly exposed to the
environment.(V) It is rich in blood vessels and
contains more mast cells than the lungs.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
12-(I) Why do some people eat sweet or fatty
foods when they’ve heard bad news or feel
depressed? (II) A study of the link between
chronic stress and overeating has found that
longterm stress overstimulates the adrenal
system. (III) The consumption of sugar and fat
counters that response by producing a feeling
of calm. (IV) Most people enjoy eating a meal
together with friends or family. (V) Besides the
immediate effects of fats and sugar, there is a
feeling of comfort caused by eating many of
these foods.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
13- (I) High blood sugar in diabetes causes the
lens of the eye to swell, which changes your
ability to see. (II) To correct this kind of eye
problem, you need to get your blood sugar back
into the target range (90-130 milligrams per
deciliter or mg/dL before meals, and less than
180 mg/dL one to two hours after a meal).(III) It
may take as long as three months after your
blood sugar is well controlled for your vision to
fully get back to normal. (IV) Blurred vision can
also be a symptom of more serious eye problem
with diabetes. (V) That is, new blood vessels
start to grow in the back of the eye.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
14- (I) Combat stress may arise when an event,
situation or condition in a fighting zone requires
a soldier to alter his or her behaviour in
response to new demand. (II) As a result,
certain situations could have placed so much
strain on an individual that he or she could not
maintain a normal level of functioning. (III) This
change in behaviour typically presents
cognitive, physiological and emotional
challenges. (IV) Such stress is a normal and
expected experience for deployed personnel,
and the vast majority of soldiers manage it
effectively. (V) Many actually perform better
under reasonable levels of stress.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
15. (I) The statistics are staggering. (II) Since
1981, an estimated 28 million people have died
of AIDS. (III) Today, 42 million men, women and
children are believed to be living with HIV. (IV)
What is even more disturbing, 5 million new
infections are occurring each year. (V) Indeed,
vaccines have helped to eradicate some of the
worst diseases of the 20th century.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
16.(I) Deep brain stimulation (or DBS) is a way
to inactivate parts of the brain that cause
Parkinson's disease and its associated
symptoms without purposefully destroying the
brain.(II) In deep brain stimulation, electrodes
are placed in the thalamus (to treat essential
tremor and multiple sclerosis) or in the globus
pallidus (for Parkinson's disease). (III) In deep
brain stimulation electrodes are connected by
wires to a type of pacemaker device implanted
under the skin of the chest, below the
collarbone. (IV) Another significant advantage
of deep brain stimulation relates to future
treatments. (V) Once activated, the device
sends continuous electrical pulses to the target
areas in the brain, blocking the impulses that
cause tremors.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
17. (I) For a small child it is not obvious which
shoe goes on which foot. (II) The problem of
fitting molecules into biological systems
presents a similar dilemma. (III) In life, and
especially in developing pharmaceuticals, shape
matters. (IV) Making pure left-handed or right-
handed drugs is therefore hard. (V) Using the
wrong-shaped molecule to treat a disease is
about as effective as using the wrong key to get
into your house.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
18.(I) Food poisoning is a brief illness that is
caused by toxins produced by bacteria. (II) The
toxins cause abdominal pain and vomiting, and
also cause the small intestine to secrete large
amounts of water that leads to diarrhea. (III)
The nature of the symptom or symptoms
provides the most important clues to the cause
of dysphagia. (IV) The symptoms of food
poisoning usually last less than 24 hours. (V)
With some bacteria, the toxins are produced in
the food before it is eaten, while with other
bacteria, the toxins are produced in the
intestine after the food is eaten.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
19. (I) In any school, in any week of the year a
dyslexic child experiences a huge amount of
failure. (II) Without self confidence no real
progress is possible. (III) With sequencing
difficulties, any form of writing or maths is
going to present severe problems. (IV) The
dyslexic child cannot fail to notice that almost
all the other children can do the work fairly
easily. (V) He therefore concludes that he must
be stupid and his confidence goes.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
20. (I) The popular belief that coffee is bad for
the teeth is apparently wrong. (II) It may, in
fact, do some good. (III) New research indicates
that coffee might help to prevent cavities
thanks to antibacterial elements that work
against certain microorganisms. (IV) The
method of roasting the beans, however, may
affect them adversely. (V) Among these is
Streptococcus mutens, a major cause of dental
caries.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
21. (I) Nowadays many more patients suffering
from an infectious disease can be managed at
home. (II) Antibacterial drugs, improvement in
nutrition, in housing and in the general
standard of living have all contributed to a
reduction in the need for admission to hospital.
(III) The presence of fever in a patient does not
necessarily prove that he or she is suffering
from an infection. (IV) However, management
in hospital may still be required because of the
severity of the illness. (V) In convenient home
conditions may also make it desirable.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
22. (I) Foods rich in complex carbohydrates tend
to be low in fat and added sugars. (II) They can
therefore promote weight loss by providing less
energy per bite. (III) They also provide satiety
and delay hunger. (IV) Indeed, several studies
show that people who eat a high carbohydrate
breakfast take in fewer calories at later meals
than people who eat low fibre breakfasts.(V) So
dietary fibres enhance the health of the large
intestine.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
23. (I) Whatever its origin, severe tetany should
be treated immediately by an intravenous
injection. (II) This should be given slowly over
the course of 5 to 10 minutes, and should be
repeated as often as necessary to relieve
recurrent severe cramp. (III) It should be noted
that these injections provide a dose of 180 mg
only of calcium. (IV) Acute parathyroid
insufficiency with tetany may occur as an
emergency after removal of a parathyroid
tumour. (V) The need for repeated injections
will depend upon the severity of the tetany, the
extent of the calcium deficit and the efficacy of
other corrective measures.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
24. (I) The treatment of diseases of the skin is
particularly complex. (II) Since the skin is the
frontier between the patient and his
environment, it is subject to influences from
within and without. (III) Eczema is by far the
most prevalent of the skin disorders. (IV) It is,
therefore, necessary in considering skin disease,
to pay attention to the physical and emotional
influences of the environment. (V) It is equally
important to take into consideration the
emotional and physical state of the patient.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
25. (I) The impressionist painters Monet and
Degas drastically changed their styles late in
their lives, each becoming uncharacteristically
abstract with visible brush strokes and darker
colours. (II) This abrupt change was probably
not a coincidence. (Ill) According to a recent
study made by ophthalmologist M. Marmor,
this change was not an artistic choice; instead,
cataracts and retinal disease affected how these
artists saw their own work. (IV) Bright colours
and lines were not used by some artists. (V) Dr.
Marmor created a computer stimulation to
reproduce how the painters' diseases would
have dulled colour and blurred lines,
demonstrating how these transformations
might explain their stylistic changes.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
26. (I) By 2012, doctors expect a painless spit
cup to replace certain dreaded blood tests. (II)
Scientists working on the Human Salivary
Proteome Project have recently identified 1,166
proteins in saliva, including five indicators of
oral cancer. (Ill) A simple spit test could soon
help police officers keep tired drivers off the
road. (IV) They have also found specific markers
in the spit of patients with breast cancer and
are now working to identify the protein linked
to ovarian cancer. (V) Detecting the proteins
during a routine spit test could help doctors
diagnose cancers early enough to cure them.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
27. (I) Beginning in 1979, neuropsychologist
Nancy Wexler and her colleagues travelled to a
small village in Venezuela where the inhabitants
exhibited a startlingly high rate of
neurodegeneration. (II) Her team spent several
years collecting tissue samples from large
families there. (Ill) Fourteen years later, in 1993,
her research team identified the single gene
that causes Huntington's disease, an incurable
degenerative disorder that affects muscle
coordination and cognitive function. (IV) This
breakthrough discovery was one of the first
successful attempts to identify a gene
associated with a disease. (V) The collection of
samples was rather difficult in both groups.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
28. (I) Researchers at the Washington University
School of Medicine have invented a new type of
technology that could revolutionize the
diagnosis of gum disease. (II) They have
developed a thumbnailsized chip that can
detect gum disease long before your dentist
can. (III) The automated system analyzes the
patient's saliva. (IV) These antibodies attach to
the proteins secreted by unhealthy cells. (V)
Brightly glowing cells in the saliva indicate high
levels of protein and, thus more disease.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
29. (I) At present, condoms and pills are the
most common forms of birth control used in the
Western world. (II) These are 98 and 99 per
cent effective,respectively. (Ill) Some other
methods are longacting contraceptives, such as
subcutaneous implants or injections. (IV) These
keep working for anything from two months to
five years and can achieve reliabilities in excess
of 99 per cent. (V) The reason was that roughly
one in 200 female tubal sterilizations and one in
2,000 male vasectomies are unsuccessful.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
30. (I) Huge dust storms, like those that turned
the air red across much of eastern Australia
during 2009, spread lethal epidemics around
the world. (II)For instance, dust storms
originating in the Sahara Desert are thought to
be responsible for spreading meningitis spores
throughout semiarid central Africa. (III) Higher
temperatures and more intense storms are
likewise linked to “valley fever”, a fatal disease
contracted from a fungus in the soil of the
central valley of California. (IV) According to the
World Meteorological Organization, dust storms
cause enormous damage to the ecology of
forests. (V) Scientists now see such dust clouds
as possible transmitters of influenza, SARS, and
foot and mouth diseases.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
31- Tobacco use accounts for most oral cancers.
Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes; using
chewing tobacco; and dipping snuff are all
linked to oral cancer. However, some studies
suggest that not eating enough fruits and
vegetables may increase the chance of getting
oral cancer. The use of other tobacco products
(such as bidis and kreteks) may also increase
the risk of oral cancer. Heavy smokers who use
tobacco for a long time are most at risk.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
32. (I) British medical researchers recently
looked at the records of more than 800,000
people who had been treated for high blood
pressure between 2002 and 2006. (II) Those
who took angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
were up to 50% less likely to be diagnosed with
dementia, compared with those on other
bloodpressure medications. (III) When they
took their medicine in combination with the
more commonly prescribed ACE inhibitors, the
risk was even further reduced. (IV) Of those
with an existing diagnosis of dementia, this
same combination meant they were less likely
to be admitted to a nursing home or die
prematurely. (V) High blood pressure over long
periods can lead to damaged blood vessels.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
33- (I) Many people eat excessively in response
to emotions such as boredom, sadness, stress,
or anger. (II) Obesity is not just a cosmetic
consideration; it is harmful to one's health.(III)
In the United States, roughly 112,000 deaths
per year are directly related to obesity, and
most of these deaths are in patients with a BMI
over 30. (IV) For patients with a BMI over 40,
life expectancy is reduced significantly. (V)
Obesity also increases the risk of developing a
number of chronic diseases, including type 2
diabetes, stroke, high cholesterol and heart
attack.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
34- (I) The calendar rhythm method to avoid
pregnancy relies upon calculating a woman's
fertile period on the calendar. (II) There are a
number of ovulation prediction kits sold at
pharmacies which range from simple to
complex. (III) Based upon her 12 previous
menstrual cycles, a woman subtracts l8 days
from her shortest menstrual cycle to determine
her first fertile day, and 11 days from her
longest menstrual cycle to determine her last
fertile day. (IV) She can then calculate the total
number of days during which she may ovulate.
(V) If a woman's menstrual cycles are quite
irregular from month to month, there will be a
greater number of days during which she might
become pregnant
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
35- (I) Nasal packs are used when less
conservative measures fail. (II) These packs are
frequently placed in both sides of the nose. (III)
The packs are usually made of a material called
"Merocel" which is a compressed sponge-like
material or a gel gauze-wrapped balloon (called
a "Rhino Rocket") used to help compress the
area of the nose that is bleeding. (IV) Patients
with nosebleeds should not take aspirin or any
other blood thinning products. (V) The doctor
usually leaves them in for several days.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
36- (I) The circadian rhythms are controlled by
brain neurons that respond to light,
temperature and hormones and other signals
and comprise the body's biological clock.(II) This
clock helps regulate the "normal" awake and
sleep cycles. (III) Disruption of these cycles can
make people sleepy, or somnolent, at times
people want to be awake.(IV) It may take
several days to reset a person's biologic clock,
depending on how much it has been altered by
the time change. (V) For example, travelers
experience "jet lag" when they cross time
zones.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
37. (I) One of the drawbacks of drugs in general
is that they have a variety of adverse side
effects.(II) Treatment of vertigo can be divided
into three general categories: specific,
symptomatic, and rehabilitive. (III) In the first
category are included antibiotics,
anticoagulants, and surgery. (IV) In fact, many
different classes of drugs have been found to
have anti vertiginous properties. (V) However,
all of these drugs can cause metabolic
complications, so the decision on which drug or
combination to use is based on their known
properties and on the severity and duration of
the vertigo.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
38. (I) Sutures have a long and bizarre history,
dating back to ancient Egypt, where everything
from tree bark to hair was used to stitch human
flesh back together again. (II) In Egypt’s wars
with its neighbours, unknown numbers of
young men were wounded while fighting. (III)
Fifty years ago, a soldier injured on the
battlefield would have been sewn up by medics
using sheep’s gut.(IV) A hundred years earlier,
they would have used silk; before that, metal
wire. (V) Today, surgeons often prefer plastics
such as polypropylene.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
39. (I) The government of Botswana, knowing
that up to a third of its population had HIV or
AIDS, announced in 2001 that it would offer
free antiretroviral treatment to every citizen
with AIDS. (II) It was a major medical step
forward for subSaharan Africa. (III) By the time
the HIV drugs had hit the shelves, just about
everybody in Botswana knew of it. (IV) And yet,
on the last day of 2003, more than two years
after the launch of the programme, only about
15,000 people had come forward for treatment.
(V) Due to widespread starvation and disease,
the African continent will always be a risky
place to raise children.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
40. (I) Some pathogens are spread from one
person to another by direct contact. (II) They
leave the first person through body openings,
mucous membranes, and skin wounds, and they
enter the second person through similar
channels. (III) Many pathogens that once meant
certain death for these people are now dealt
with easily by wide spectrum antibiotics. (IV)
Other pathogens involve an intermediary
carrier, such as an insect. (V) The malarial
parasite, for example, spends part of its life
cycle in mosquitoes, then enters a person's
bloodstream when the mosquito bites the
person.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
41.(I) Infections in the roots of teeth are very
difficult to treat.(II) This may help to explain the
related mystery of why dentists have one of the
highest suicide rates among professions. (III)
The tooth needs to be drilled into, right down to
the bottom of the nerve carrying canal that runs
through the root.(IV) The infected material
must then be cleaned out completely and the
drilled section filled in.(V) Although the
procedure is routine, it is common for some of
the bacteria to survive and , therefore, for
infections to reemerge shortly after treatment.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
42.(I) Like many other activities, global health
has fashions.(II)Recently, For the past couple of
decades, AIDS has captured both the
imagination and the research dollars.(III)This
tropical disease kills a million people a year,
most of them children, and debilitates hundreds
of millions more.(IV) In Eastern Europe, for
example, there has been much concern about
illicit drug use since the Cold War ended.(V)
That is why researchers are racing against one
another to be the first to devise an effective
vaccine.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
43- (I) Good wound care is important in
preventing excessive scarring as well as
speeding the healing process. (II) Since scars are
part of the normal healing process, ordinary
scars are not treated. (III) Only when superficial
scars become cosmetically undesirable do they
require treatment. (IV) This would include scars
in those who are predisposed to develop
keloids, as well as scars in anatomical regions
known to produce thick scars and scars that
produce a significant, unpleasant distortion of
adjacent anatomical structures. (V) Thick scars
and keloids often flatten out after injections of
steroids directly into the fibrous scar tissue.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
44.(I) Many people associate shaky hands with
Parkinson’s disease.(II)The types of treatment
you use will depend on how severe the shaking
is and the possible side effects that treatment
may cause.(III) However, the most common
cause of shaking hands is actually essential
tremor.(IV) Essential tremor is the most
common neurologic disorder affecting adults,
but it’s not well understood.(V) It’s likely caused
by a disruption in normal brain function of the
cerebellum, though researchers are not entirely
sure what causes the interruption, if it is a
degenerative process, or how it can be stopped.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
45.(I) Water aids your digestive health by
helping to cleanse the entire system.(II) It’s
particularly helpful in preventing constipation
because water helps soften your stools.(III)
When digestion problems fail to resolve with
tweaks to your lifestyle, it may be time to plan
an appointment with a gastroenterologist. (IV)
Furthermore, water may help your digestive
system absorb nutrients more effectively by
assisting the body to break down food.(V)Aim
to drink eight glasses of water a day, and skip
the sugary drinks.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
46.(I) Astigmatism is a common vision problem
caused by an error in the shape of the
cornea.(II) With astigmatism, the front surface
of the eye (the cornea) or the lens of the eye
has an irregular curve, which can change the
way light is passed to the retina (or
refracted).(III) This causes blurry, fuzzy, or
distorted vision. (IV) Farsightedness and
nearsightedness (hyperopia and myopia) are
two other types of refractive errors.(V) The
machine has multiple corrective glass lenses
(like eyeglass lenses of different strengths.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
47.(I) On occasion, many of us may worry about
whether or not we left the stove on before
leaving the house or if we locked our doors.(II)
This worry may prompt us to return home to
make sure that everything is all right.(III) While
this type of worry and behavior is normal, some
people experience extreme anxiety about these
issues.(IV) He or she may also ask you to
complete tests such as the Yale-Brown
Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS). (V) Often
the anxiety is so intense that it impacts a
person’s ability to live a normal life.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
48.(I) It can be difficult to understand why some
people are more prone to addiction than
others.(II) Addiction doesn’t seem to
discriminate based on race, ethnicity,
education, height, weight, or social status.(III)
Also, trying to pinpoint the cause of addiction is
not easy.(IV) In fact, scientists estimate that 40
to 60 percent of a person’s risk for addiction is
based on genetics.(V) There are many risk
factors that may increase the risk of addiction,
regardless of a person’s upbringing or moral
code.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)V
49.(I) Fatigue is a term used to to describe the
general overall feeling of tiredness and/or a lack
of energy.(II) There are many potential causes
of fatigue, which can be divided into three
general categories—lifestyle factors, medical
issues, and mental health issues. (III) Other
words that are sometimes used in place of
fatigue include exhaustion, weariness, and
lethargy.(IV) According to the National
Institutes of Health, feeling fatigued is not the
same different from just feeling drowsy or
sleepy.(V) When you are fatigued, you have no
motivation and no energy.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E)
50- (I) Cancer screening looks for a hidden
cancer before a person has any warning signs or
symptoms. (II) Although the number of men
with prostate cancer is large, most men
diagnosed with this disease do not die from it.
(III) This can help find cancer at an early stage.
(IV) When abnormal tissue or cancer is found
early, it may be easier to treat. (V) By the time
symptoms appear, cancer may have begun to
spread.
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V
51- (I) Gastritis is diagnosed based on the CVPLAR
patient's symptoms and history of a previous
diagnosis and treatment of gastritis, alcohol 1-C 27-E
consumption, and use of NSAIDs. (II) Definitive 2-C 28-D
3-B 29-E
diagnosis of gastritis is made by identifying the
underlying cause of the gastric mucosal 4-E 30-D
inflammation and/or by tissue (gastric) biopsy. 5-B 31-C
(III) For example, the major infective cause of 6-E 32-E
gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). (IV) 7-D 33-A
The most common treatments are over-the- 8-C 34-B
counter (OTC) and prescription medications for 9-D 35-D
10C 36-D
symptom relief. (V) This bacterium can be
detected by breath, blood, stool, immunological 1-B 37-A
12-D 38-B
and biopsy tests.
13-E 39-E
A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V 14-B 40-C
15-E 41-B
52- (I) Swine influenza virus was first isolated 16-D 42-D
from pigs in 1930 in the U.S. and has been 17-D 43-A
recognized by pork producers and veterinarians
18-C 44-B
to cause infections in pigs worldwide. (II) In a 19-B 45-C
number of instances, people have developed 20-D 46-E
the swine flu infection when they are closely
21-C 47-D
associated with pigs and likewise, pig 22-E 48-D
populations have occasionally been infected 23-C 49-B
with the human flu infection. (III) The newest 24-D 50-B
swine flu virus that has caused swine flu is 25-D 51-D
influenza A H3N2v (commonly termed H3N2v) 26-C 52-C
that began as an outbreak in 2011. (IV) In most
instances, the cross-species infections (swine
virus to man; human flu virus to pigs) have
remained in local areas and have not caused
national or worldwide infections in either pigs
or humans. (V) Unfortunately, this cross-species
situation with influenza viruses has had the
potential to change.

A) I B) II C) III D) IV E) V