Solargis® Report

Solar Resource Overview

Site name: Date of Issue:

Aklera 01 February 2022

Type of Data: Issued by:

Hourly time series (01/01/1999 - 31/01/2022) Solargis s.r.o.

TMY P50 (01/01/1999 - 31/12/2021) Tel. +421 2 4319 1707
contact@solargis.com
Customer: solargis.com
UL Business Services India LLP

Direct Normal Irradiation - long-term average © 2022 Solargis

Report number: SG-63294-2202-39-2 © 2022 Solargis

SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

1. Site Info

Site name: Aklera

Latitude: 26.456622°

Longitude: 71.529569°

Elevation: 279 m a.s.l.

Location on the map:

https://apps.solargis.com/prospect/map?s=26.456622,71.529569&c=26.456622,71.529569,14&m=mapbox-satellite

Google Maps © 2022 Google

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

2. Executive Summary

Long-term average yearly values calculated from time series (TS) representing 23 complete calendar years (1999-2021):

TS TMY P50

Global Horizontal Irradiation 2063 2063 kWh/m²

Direct Normal Irradiation 1792 1792 kWh/m²

Diffuse Horizontal Irradiation 892 897 kWh/m²

Air Temperature at 2 m 26.9 27.0 °C

3. Solargis Database Description

This report and data is based on Solargis high-resolution database operated by Solargis s.r.o. company. Solar resource data
(GHI, DIF, DNI and GTI) is calculated by a suit of solar models, and the data inputs are derived from geostationary
meteorological satellites and global meteorological models. Meteorological data (TEMP, RH, WS, WD, WG, PREC, AP, SDWE
and PWAT) are processed from the outputs of global meteorological models. All Solargis parameters are validated by
quality-controlled ground measurements acquired by high-accuracy meteorological equipment worldwide. The spatial and
time resolution of the original input data are harmonized during the model processing to achieve the best possible.

Output from the database Solargis v2.2.23

Solar Resource
Description: Data calculated from Meteosat MSG IODC and Meteosat MFG IODC satellite data (© 2022
EUMETSAT) and from atmospheric data (© 2022 ECMWF, NOAA and NASA) by Solargis method

Spatial resolution: 250 m

Meteorological Data
Description: Spatially disaggregated from CFSv2 and GFS (© 2022 NOAA) and ERA5 (© 2022 ECMWF) by
Solargis method

Spatial resolution: Temperature 1 km, other meteorological parameters 33 km to 55 km

Terrain shading is not considered in this delivery. Occasional deviations in calculations may occur as a result of
mathematical rounding and cannot be considered as a defect of algorithms. Acronyms used later in this report: TS - time
series, TMY - typical meteorological year, LTA - long-term average, STDEV - standard deviation.

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

4. Time Series (TS) Overview

Type of data: Hourly time series (time reference UTC+0)

Period: 01/01/1999 - 31/01/2022 (202368 records)

Parameters:
Code Description CSV file PDF report

GHI Global horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DNI Direct normal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DIF Diffuse horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

flagR Cloud identification quality flag: 0: sun below horizon, 1:

model value, 2: interpolated 1hour, 5: long term monthly
median or persistence, 6: synthetic data, 11:NWP forecast

SE Sun altitude (elevation) angle [deg.]

SA Sun azimuth angle [deg.]

TEMP Air temperature at 2 m [deg. C]

AP Atmospheric pressure [hPa]

RH Relative humidity [%]

WS Wind speed at 10 m [m/s]

WD Wind direction at 10 m [deg.]

PWAT Precipitable water [kg/m²]

Regarding data tables on the next pages, background color of cells in the 'Year' column means: grey color - yearly value is
within the standard deviation band - a normal year, red or blue color is reserved for exceptional years above or below
standard deviation band respectively.

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Global horizontal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums

GHI
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1999 136 138 208 230 223 209 171 189 194 172 142 135 2149 1999
2000 140 161 201 212 219 195 167 184 186 178 135 127 2104 2000
2001 143 150 197 209 221 193 134 177 184 172 140 124 2045 2001
2002 135 149 200 210 220 220 179 162 187 173 118 117 2071 2002
2003 136 143 191 213 224 192 158 160 183 183 143 128 2055 2003
2004 131 163 210 205 211 191 202 171 177 165 138 120 2086 2004
2005 129 136 198 214 223 215 190 195 169 181 138 133 2122 2005
2006 137 148 199 211 226 200 154 135 174 173 134 121 2013 2006
2007 138 141 193 219 227 201 176 170 178 183 141 126 2092 2007
2008 127 159 190 207 210 177 175 158 181 177 140 114 2015 2008
2009 127 148 192 215 221 213 179 182 196 175 132 124 2103 2009
2010 137 148 200 207 227 201 166 154 176 172 126 133 2045 2010
Year

2011 140 144 201 211 229 188 172 165 149 181 132 128 2040 2011
2012 134 158 193 191 222 200 170 142 156 176 136 126 2004 2012
2013 137 144 198 202 230 206 170 173 177 172 134 130 2073 2013
2014 137 140 188 207 211 196 165 177 179 167 133 127 2027 2014
2015 136 146 183 204 219 185 149 187 183 176 134 126 2028 2015
2016 131 155 185 204 215 188 166 158 193 169 140 131 2035 2016
2017 124 150 197 216 220 198 169 184 174 176 141 122 2070 2017
2018 140 143 201 211 222 192 175 168 181 172 136 131 2073 2018
2019 129 141 182 207 217 200 190 173 172 167 119 129 2027 2019
2020 126 158 180 203 219 222 197 165 174 165 136 130 2073 2020
2021 136 154 197 217 213 213 179 204 153 174 138 118 2094 2021
2022 125 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2022
LTA 134 149 195 210 220 200 172 171 177 174 135 126 2063

Unit: kWh/m² Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 38 kWh/m²

Monthly long-term average, minimum and maximum Interannual variability of yearly values with average line and
STDEV band

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Direct normal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums

DNI
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1999 177 150 227 218 172 132 84 136 179 202 183 212 2072 1999
2000 188 200 184 166 143 100 85 117 153 207 145 162 1851 2000
2001 184 162 184 161 145 104 53 109 146 177 159 149 1734 2001
2002 154 168 196 159 143 154 78 83 141 164 105 115 1660 2002
2003 191 159 167 175 147 107 92 85 140 204 181 163 1812 2003
2004 159 206 220 149 136 104 111 88 140 151 167 146 1777 2004
2005 160 137 196 179 159 152 93 130 145 210 158 188 1906 2005
2006 173 157 201 163 154 117 66 72 140 174 145 149 1711 2006
2007 171 148 183 189 164 148 86 101 131 208 160 161 1849 2007
2008 142 190 164 157 121 89 80 82 142 189 171 144 1671 2008
2009 151 163 176 177 147 156 94 101 185 179 140 147 1816 2009
2010 176 172 190 152 158 130 83 80 143 180 135 185 1785 2010
Year

2011 179 158 201 177 165 95 80 94 121 213 146 162 1791 2011
2012 155 176 162 129 147 113 79 63 119 196 146 169 1654 2012
2013 175 159 200 149 168 145 82 108 150 185 157 174 1852 2013
2014 167 148 162 161 130 112 82 111 154 167 148 160 1703 2014
2015 167 157 159 149 143 102 61 108 150 185 141 161 1682 2015
2016 152 179 154 147 133 107 71 84 168 171 169 182 1717 2016
2017 141 176 188 174 147 124 94 118 146 196 182 164 1849 2017
2018 183 149 200 166 151 111 90 93 141 175 157 188 1805 2018
2019 152 148 157 163 144 129 107 124 138 175 127 184 1750 2019
2020 154 185 158 153 148 169 129 103 143 175 162 184 1864 2020
2021 180 185 192 185 141 151 108 159 111 187 163 151 1912 2021
2022 146 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2022
LTA 167 167 184 165 148 124 86 102 145 186 154 165 1792

Unit: kWh/m² Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 99 kWh/m²

Monthly long-term average, minimum and maximum Interannual variability of yearly values with average line and
STDEV band

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Diffuse horizontal irradiation: monthly and yearly sums

DIF
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1999 46 51 59 73 92 104 103 87 69 51 46 34 813 1999
2000 44 45 76 90 107 112 98 93 79 53 56 48 900 2000
2001 48 55 74 89 107 108 92 92 82 63 55 51 917 2001
2002 54 52 68 91 107 99 114 98 85 70 61 58 959 2002
2003 40 50 79 85 108 106 86 92 84 58 47 48 883 2003
2004 49 45 65 93 104 107 112 101 78 70 49 49 920 2004
2005 47 56 66 83 100 96 114 95 69 54 54 42 876 2005
2006 47 55 66 89 105 105 101 80 76 64 57 47 893 2006
2007 50 54 70 81 100 89 107 93 83 56 55 47 884 2007
2008 53 48 79 89 113 104 110 94 80 61 50 44 925 2008
2009 49 52 73 85 106 92 105 103 69 64 56 51 905 2009
2010 47 47 73 93 104 99 100 92 76 61 54 43 889 2010
Year

2011 48 51 67 81 101 111 107 92 66 51 54 49 878 2011

2012 53 55 82 93 107 108 107 92 73 57 58 44 929 2012
2013 48 51 67 90 100 93 104 91 71 59 52 45 871 2013
2014 51 54 77 88 107 106 100 92 72 63 54 48 912 2014
2015 50 54 75 93 106 104 100 102 78 62 58 48 929 2015
2016 53 51 79 93 109 102 107 92 76 64 51 43 920 2016
2017 50 47 70 87 104 99 93 95 73 56 45 42 861 2017
2018 45 55 67 87 103 102 101 96 82 64 52 40 893 2018
2019 50 54 74 86 103 98 102 81 74 59 50 39 870 2019
2020 47 50 72 88 103 90 96 86 73 58 49 40 851 2020
2021 43 47 69 80 100 93 93 84 76 58 51 44 839 2021
2022 49 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2022
LTA 48 51 72 87 104 101 102 92 76 60 53 45 892

Unit: kWh/m² Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 33 kWh/m²

Monthly long-term average, minimum and maximum Interannual variability of yearly values with average line and
STDEV band

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Average diurnal (24 hour) air temperature at 2 m

TEMP
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
1999 15.2 19.7 25.8 32.3 31.9 32.1 31.3 28.8 30.8 29.0 24.1 18.3 26.6 1999
2000 17.1 18.4 24.9 32.7 33.6 33.4 30.2 30.5 30.6 30.4 23.3 18.9 27.0 2000
2001 15.9 20.7 26.2 30.8 34.0 32.7 28.7 28.8 31.0 30.3 23.9 19.4 26.9 2001
2002 16.4 19.5 26.8 32.5 35.0 34.0 31.5 31.2 30.8 30.0 23.7 19.2 27.6 2002
2003 17.0 19.8 26.0 31.9 34.1 33.3 29.6 29.3 29.3 28.6 22.1 17.6 26.6 2003
2004 16.9 21.0 28.8 32.8 33.8 33.5 32.4 30.6 31.3 27.1 23.7 18.9 27.6 2004
2005 15.0 18.9 26.2 30.0 33.5 34.0 31.8 29.6 30.1 28.8 23.7 16.7 26.6 2005
2006 16.7 24.0 25.3 31.6 34.7 33.7 32.2 27.8 29.3 28.8 23.5 17.1 27.1 2006
2007 16.6 20.4 24.2 32.8 34.1 33.3 31.2 29.3 30.7 28.5 24.4 16.9 26.9 2007
2008 15.1 18.1 28.1 30.7 32.8 32.2 31.2 28.8 30.7 29.8 23.5 19.1 26.7 2008
2009 17.3 21.3 27.1 31.5 35.2 33.4 31.2 30.5 31.3 29.2 22.6 18.9 27.5 2009
2010 16.5 20.8 29.5 33.8 36.2 33.4 31.0 29.5 29.1 29.5 22.3 16.5 27.4 2010
Year

2011 15.4 19.7 26.8 30.8 34.0 34.0 32.1 29.5 27.7 28.1 24.9 17.9 26.8 2011
2012 14.9 17.7 25.6 30.9 34.0 33.3 32.1 29.8 28.7 28.2 22.8 17.8 26.3 2012
2013 15.9 19.2 25.7 30.6 34.4 33.3 31.2 28.4 29.9 28.5 21.7 16.8 26.3 2013
2014 15.0 18.7 24.8 31.4 33.4 34.7 31.8 29.9 29.6 29.2 23.7 17.0 26.6 2014
2015 15.6 21.1 24.7 31.5 35.0 33.2 30.8 29.7 30.2 28.7 22.9 16.8 26.7 2015
2016 17.2 20.5 26.5 31.7 35.2 34.5 31.9 29.5 30.8 28.9 23.3 20.5 27.6 2016
2017 15.3 21.2 26.7 32.4 35.1 33.5 29.6 29.2 30.8 29.8 22.1 17.1 26.9 2017
2018 17.3 21.6 27.7 32.8 36.1 33.7 31.5 30.4 30.5 29.3 23.7 16.9 27.7 2018
2019 15.8 18.1 24.3 32.8 33.9 35.0 32.7 30.2 30.4 28.1 21.4 15.2 26.5 2019
2020 14.3 20.1 23.5 31.9 34.8 34.5 32.6 30.3 30.7 29.0 21.3 17.4 26.7 2020
2021 15.2 22.3 28.1 31.7 33.4 33.2 31.8 31.8 30.0 28.4 23.0 16.7 27.1 2021
2022 15.9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2022
LTA 16.0 20.1 26.2 31.8 34.3 33.6 31.3 29.7 30.2 29.0 23.1 17.7 26.9

Unit: °C Long-term statistics is calculated from complete years Yearly STDEV: 0.4 °C

Monthly long-term average, minimum and maximum Interannual variability of yearly values with average line and
STDEV band

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

5. Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) Overview

TMY data is delivered, together with the time series data and this report. TMY contains hourly values derived from the time
series covering complete calendar years. The data history is compressed into one year, following two criteria. The first is
minimum difference between statistical characteristics (annual average, monthly averages) of TMY and time series. This
criterion is given 80% weighting. The second criterion is maximum similarity of monthly Cumulative Distribution Functions of
TMY and full-time series, so that the occurrence of typical hourly values is well represented for each month. This criterion is
given 20% weighting.

TMY P50 data set represents, for each month, the average climate conditions and the most representative cumulative
distribution function, therefore extreme situations (e.g. extremely cloudy weather) are not represented in this dataset.

Type of data: Hourly TMY, 8760 records (time reference UTC+5)

Time representation: 01/01/1999 - 31/12/2021

TMY method: solargis_3

Parameters:
Code Description CSV file PDF report

GHI Global horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DNI Direct normal irradiation [Wh/m²]

DIF Diffuse horizontal irradiation [Wh/m²]

SE Sun altitude (elevation) angle [deg.]

SA Sun azimuth angle [deg.]

TEMP Air temperature at 2 m [deg. C]

AP Atmospheric pressure [hPa]

RH Relative humidity [%]

WS Wind speed at 10 m [m/s]

WD Wind direction at 10 m [deg.]

PWAT Precipitable water [kg/m²]

Important note:
Data reduction in TMY is not possible without loss of information contained in the original multiyear time series. Therefore time
series data can only be considered as the reference for the statistical analysis of solar resource and meteorological conditions of
the site. Only time series data are used for the statistical analysis in this report.

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Monthly and Yearly Averages

Long-term averages of GHI

GHI [kWh/m²] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 134 149 195 210 220 200 172 171 177 174 135 126 2063

TMY P50 136 147 197 211 219 197 176 170 173 172 134 128 2063

Long-term averages of DNI

DNI [kWh/m²] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 167 167 184 165 148 124 86 102 145 186 154 165 1792

TMY P50 167 163 185 166 149 124 86 101 144 186 157 164 1792

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Long-term averages of TEMP

TEMP [°C] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year

Time series 16.0 20.1 26.2 31.8 34.3 33.6 31.3 29.7 30.2 29.0 23.1 17.7 26.9

TMY P50 15.5 21.2 26.2 32.8 34.8 33.6 31.2 29.3 30.7 28.5 21.7 17.6 27.0

Seasonal Hourly Profiles

Hourly profiles for TMY P50.

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SITE: 26.456622°, 71.529569° | TYPE OF DATA: Hourly time series | CUSTOMER: UL Business Services India LLP

Data Snapshot

Snapshot of TMY P50. Days of year are on the x-axis, hours are on the y-axis.

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6. Data Uncertainty

Solar Resource

Quality of Solargis data is determined by underlying models, spatial and temporal resolution of atmospheric and
meteorological inputs, and their accuracy. Solargis data has been validated at 250+ public and many commercial
locations, where high quality measurements were available. Statistics such as bias and RMSD are used for estimation of
user‘s uncertainty. Solargis model demonstrates stable performance globally, and uncertainty lies within the margins
described below.

For objective evaluation, the model has to be evaluated with quality-controlled data measured using high standard and
professionally maintained instruments. If validation at a particular site shows higher deviations, there is high probability
that there are issues with local measurements.

Uncertainty of Solargis GHI and DNI yearly summaries for 80% of observations is within the range of ±4% and ±8%
(±5% and ±10% for 90% of observations), respectively. In complex geographies and extreme cases, uncertainty of
GHI and DNI yearly summaries can be as high as ±8% and ±15%, respectively.

Regions where lower uncertainty (below or equal to ±4% for yearly GHI and ±8% for DNI) can be typically expected:
Most of Europe and North America below latitude approx. 50° (see exceptions below), South Africa, Chile, Brazil,
Australia, Japan, Morocco, Mediterranean region and Arabian Peninsula (except the Gulf region). Lower uncertainty is
expected in regions with good availability of high-quality ground measurements.

Regions where higher uncertainty can be expected (above ±4% for yearly GHI and above ±8% for DNI): high latitudes
(approx. above 50°), high mountains, regions with regular snow and ice coverage, high-reflectance deserts, urbanized
and industrialized areas, regions with high and dynamically changing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols (Northern
India, West Africa, Gulf region, some regions in China), coastal zone (approx. up to 15 km from water) and humid
tropical climate. Higher uncertainty is also assumed in regions with limited or no availability of high-quality ground
measurements.

Meteorological Data

Meteorological parameters are derived from the numerical weather models CFSR, CFSv2, MERRA-2 and GFSprod.
Compared to solar resource data, they have lower spatial and temporal resolution, and lower accuracy. They
characterize wider geographic region rather than a specific site. Especially relative humidity, wind speed and wind
direction values have higher uncertainty, they may not accurately characterize the local microclimate and should be
used with caution. The validation procedure was carried out to compare the modelled data with ground-measured data
from the meteorological stations available through NOAA Integrated Surface Database network. In the validation of air
temperature, wind speed and relative humidity, the hourly measurements at more than 11000 stations were used.
Uncertainty of yearly estimates for selected meteorological parameters (considering 80% occurrence): air temperature
±1.3 °C, relative humidity: ±11%, wind speed ±1.7 m/s.

More about Solargis models, the underlying algorithms, input data and uncertainty can be consulted at:
https://solargis.com/support/knowledge-base/methodology/solar-radiation-modeling/

7. Disclaimer and Legal Information

Considering the uncertainty of data and calculations, Solargis s.r.o. does not guarantee the accuracy of estimates. The
maximum possible has been done for the assessment of weather parameters based on the best available data, software
and knowledge. Solargis s.r.o. shall not be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect or punitive damages
arising or alleged to have arisen out of use of the provided report.

This data and report is copyright to © 2022 Solargis. All rights reserved.

8. Service Provider

Solargis s.r.o., Bottova 2A, 811 09 Bratislava, Slovakia

Company ID: 45354766, VAT Number: SK2022962766
Registration: Business register, District Court Bratislava I, Section Sro, File 62765/B
Tel. +421 2 4319 1707
solargis.com, contact@solargis.com

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9. Delivered Items and Data Files Originality

The complete delivery SG-63294-2202-39-2 consists of the following items (5):

CSV data files:

item format file checksum sum of all values

1 Hourly time series Solargis 3c45de770deae35a25887ac89207035c 363008671

2 Hourly TMY P50 Solargis c31c2b47d763fbb1f02535d4757497f2 15719915

3 Hourly TMY P50 for SAM SAM CSV 6bba045a5535ba5be1eae3868e88badf --

The originality of CSV data files can be verified by the 'file checksum' (e.g. on this web page http://onlinemd5.com/).
MD5 algorithm is used for the checksum. Using the 'sum of all values' is another way how to check the data originality in
case the 'file checksum' is not longer valid (e.g. the file was edited and saved in Excel). The indicative sum of all data
values in Solargis CSV files is rounded to an integer.

PDF files:
item format description

4 Terms and conditions of Solargis PDF Signed/accepted terms and conditions are supplied as a separate
data use document sent via e-mail.

5 Solargis Report PDF This PDF report is electronically signed by Solargis s.r.o.. The
authenticity of this PDF report can be verified here:
http://solargis.info/embedded/pdfverify.html.

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