TUPT-BASD-CHEMISTRY Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Manual 2022

Experiment No. 2
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN THE PREPARATION AND
STANDARDIZATION OF SOLUTIONS
POST-LAB

Name: Score:
Program: Date:
Yr & Sec.: Group No.:
DATA AND RESULTS

Job 2. Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Mass of KHP (g)

Initial Volume of NaOH

Final volume of NaOH

Volume of NaOH used

Normality of NaOH

Ave. N of NaOH

Job 3. Determination of the Concentration of Acetic Acid in a vinegar

Sample Sample No. _______
Trial 1 Trial 2

Mass of vinegar sample (g)

Volume of NaOH used (L)

Normality of NaOH (Ave. N from Job 1)

Mass of CH3COOH in vinegar

% by mass CH3COOH in vinegar

Ave. % by mass CH3COOH in vinegar

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS

Job 1. Standardization of NaOH solution with KHP

 1. Calculate the normality of NaOH in each trial.

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TUPT-BASD-CHEMISTRY Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Manual 2022

2. Calculate the average normality from the three trials.

Job 2. Determination of the Concentration of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Sample

1. Calculate the mass of acetic acid, CH3COOH, in each trial using

mass of acid
(acetic acid)
equivalent weight of acid (acetic acid

thus mass of acid (acetic acid) = Nb Vb (equivalent

bb=
weight of acid acetic acid)

NV
 2. Calculate the % CH3COOH in each trial.

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TUPT-BASD-CHEMISTRY Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Manual 2022

mass of acid
COOH)
% acetic acid 3
(CH
x 100
mass of unknown vinegar sample =

3. Calculate the average % CH3COOH from the two trials.

QUESTION
1. How will the following techniques affect the volume of the base consumed during
titration (increase, decrease or no effect) and explain briefly your answer. This is
referring to the actual volume used if the procedure was done correctly.
a. Methyl red was used as the indicator instead of phenolphthalein.

The amount of base consumed during the titration can change when the indicator in
a titration is switched from phenolphthalein to methyl red.

The pH ranges at which phenolphthalein and methyl red change color are two
different types of acid-base indicators.

1. Methyl Red is an indicator that changes color at lower pH levels, usually between
4.4 and 6.2. In acidic solutions, it turns red, and in basic solutions, it turns yellow.

2.Phenolphthalein: On the other hand, phenolphthalein changes color at higher pH

levels, typically between 8.2 and 10.0. In basic solutions, it turns pink or purple from
being colorless in acidic solutions.

Let's now consider what would happen if methyl red were used in place of
phenolphthalein:

You would be altering the titration's endpoint if you were using phenolphthalein and
then switched to methyl red. Comparatively to phenolphthalein, methyl red would
indicate the endpoint at a lower pH.

As a result, the titration will seem to reach its endpoint at a lower volume of the base
being added when using methyl red as the indicator. This implies that compared to
when using phenolphthalein, you would need to use less base to neutralize the
acidic solution.

In conclusion, using methyl red as the indicator in place of phenolphthalein would

typically lead to a reduction in the amount of base consumed during the titration
because the methyl red indicator changes color at a lower pH, indicating the
endpoint at an earlier stage in the process.

b. There were air bubbles in the burette.

 Because an air bubble will undoubtedly have a specific volume that will affect the
titration, the presence of air bubbles is a potential source of error. Any error in the
volume of the solution could result in an error in the titration values, which would
affect the solution's concentration.

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TUPT-BASD-CHEMISTRY Chemistry for Engineers Laboratory Manual 2022

c. What are the other factors that could influenced the result of the
titration? Explain the effect on the concentration.

The Titration Process Is Influenced by the Following Factors:

-Measuring method
-Instrument (instrument uncertainty/abrasion of the burette)
-Electrodes (electrode uncertainty/alteration of electrodes)
-Handling
-Balance (weighing error)
-Temperature
-Volumetric solution (change of the concentration,through alteration, carbon
dioxide, vaporation of water/solvent)

All the mentioned points could be eliminated with the determination of the titer
as a correction factor.

It is important to exactly define both the sample method and the titer method to
receive correct titration and titer results. The instrument itself could differ
slightly, as well as the burette, which would change the volume, especially with
alkaline solutions; therefore, a titer determination must be done with the same
instrument used for the sample determination. Depending on usage and
treatment of the electrodes, their lifetime and accuracy can vary. Refined
distinction in the handling could also influence the results.
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